With the proposal of "peak carbon dioxide emissions" and "carbon neutral" strategic objectives, developing clean energy and promoting the development of new energy industry has become the consensus of the whole society. Lithium battery as the candidate for new generation of energy storage equipment due to its remarkable advantages such as high energy density, high power density, long cycle life and environmental friendliness. Its development plays a significant role in alleviating energy crisis, driving the conversion of old kinetic energy into new and achieving the strategic goal of "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality". In order to further improve the energy density of lithium batteries, the most effective strategy is to use high voltage or high specific capacity cathode materials. However, due to the low oxidation stability and narrow electrochemical window of traditional carbonate ester electrolytes, they are prone to oxidative decomposition when the working voltage exceeds 4.2 V, which cannot be cycled stably at high voltages, so it is particularly important to broaden the electrochemical window of electrolytes. This paper mainly discusses the mechanism of organic solvents and additives in high-voltage electrolytes, explores effective methods to broaden the electrochemical window of new electrolytes, summarizes the characteristics of aqueous electrolytes, solid electrolytes, and polymer gel electrolytes, and finally; summarizes and outlooks the future development and prospects of high-voltage electrolytes to provide scientific basis for the design and development of high-voltage electrolytes for lithium batteries.

MIL-101(Fe) is a typical Fe-based metal-organic framework (Fe-MOF), which demonstrates the advantages of flexible structure, large specific surface area, large porosity, and adjustable pore size. In recent years, MIL-101(Fe) and its composites have been extensively studied in the field of water pollution remediation, especially in the hexavalent chromium (Cr(Ⅵ)) reduction and advanced oxidation processes for removing organic pollutants in water. The water stability, light absorption activity and the carrier separation efficiency can be significantly improved by functional modification with specific functional materials. In this review, the preparation strategies of MIL-101(Fe) and its composites, as well as their application as heterogeneous catalysts for photocatalysis, H₂O₂ activation, and persulfate activation were introduced. The future development of MIL-101(Fe) and its composites as catalysts for water purification is prospected.

1 Introduction

2 Preparation of MIL-101(Fe) and its composites

2.1 MIL-101(Fe)

2.2 MIL-101(Fe) composites

3 MIL-101(Fe) and its composites for reduction of Cr(Ⅵ)

4 Advanced oxidative degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater by MIL-101(Fe) and their composites

4.1 Photocatalysis

4.2 Activation of H₂O₂

4.3 Activation of persulfate

5 Water stability and biotoxicity of MIL-101(Fe)

6 Conclusions and prospective

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is a promising energy carrier and an environmentally friendly oxidant which is widely used in industry and health fields including organic synthesis, drinking water treatment, wastewater treatment and medical hygiene. With the promotion of environmental protection requirements, the demand for H₂O₂ is expected to increase substantially. H₂O₂ production by the traditional anthraquinone method (AQ) has a tedious process and pollutes the environment with a large amount of organic matter. In contrast, photocatalytic H₂O₂ production technology is a green process which uses O₂ and H₂O as raw materials, solar energy as energy source, and semiconductor as photocatalyst, with some distinct advantages, e. g, mild reaction conditions, simple and controllable operation, and no secondary pollution. Nowadays, the production of H₂O₂ via photocatalytic route has attracted extensive attention. This review introduces the mechanism of photocatalytic H₂O₂ production and the reasons for its low efficiency_. The typical photocatalyst systems and strategies for enhancing photocatalytic efficiency in H₂O₂ production are intensively summarized and discussed. Finally, the perspective for the future development of photocatalytic H₂O₂ production is proposed.

Metal oxides have been widely investigated in experimental and industrial catalysis due to their excellent activity, selectivity and stability in many important reactions, especially in some redox reactions, such as CO₂ reduction, water-gas shift (WGS) reaction, reduction of nitrogen, oxygen evolution reaction. It has been proved that metal oxides usually contain many defects, which are the active sites in catalytic reactions, and oxygen vacancies (OVs) are one of the most representative species among them. OVs affect crystal structure and electronic structure of the materials, thus affecting the catalytic activity, so they have great significance to be studied. In this review, we firstly introduce the classification and regulation strategies of OVs based on the formation of them in metal oxides. Secondly, the characteristics and mechanisms of OVs in thermocatalysis, electrocatalysis and photocatalysis were discussed. Finally, the potential applications and future challenges were summarized and prospected.

With the massive global consumption of fossil fuels, the energy crisis is getting worse and the emission of greenhouse gases such as CO₂ has made the environmental problems become increasingly prominent. Photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ to energy compounds is considered to be one of the best ways to effectively solve this problem. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a new type of crystalline porous organic polymer materials with high stability and pre-design ability, which makes COFs own great potential ability in the field of photocatalytic CO₂ reduction. This paper summarizes the research progress of COFs in the field of photocatalytic CO₂ reduction, including the introduction of different metal ions to provide the active site and increasing the photosensitive functional groups to improve their utilization of visible light. Since the research of COFs as photocatalytic CO₂ reduction catalyst is still an initial field, further exploration of synthesis, modification, and mechanism of COFs for CO₂ reduction is still promising research work.

1 Introduction

2 Covalent organic frameworks

2.1 Basic information of COFs

2.2 Application of COFs in photocatalysis

3 Basic principles of photocatalytic CO₂ reduction

4 COFs for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction

5 Conclusion and outlook

With the rapid development of portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, and smart grids, there is an increasing interest in high-energy-density lithium metal batteries. Uneven Li stripping or deposition on the surface of lithium metal will lead to the growth of lithium dendrites, which can easily pierce the separator and cause the short circuit in the battery. Moreover, the highly reactive lithium metal will continue to react with the electrolyte, resulting in an unstable solid electrolyte. interfacial (SEI) film and irreversible capacity loss. Taking high-energy-density and high safety into account is a key scientific problem that needs to be solved urgently in the development and application of lithium metal batteries. The interaction of strong electron withdrawing group (C≡N) in polyacrylonitrile (PAN) polymer and C=O in carbonate solvent can form a more stable SEI film. As a lithium anode coating, PAN can also inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites. In addition, due to the low lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, high electrochemical stability and wide electrochemical window, PAN can be regard as polymer electrolytes for lithium metal batteries, and matched with a high-voltage cathode to achieve both high energy density and safety. Thus, PAN polymer has significant potential application in electrolytes for lithium metal batteries. This review mainly starts from the different states of electrolytes (liquid, gel, and solid state). Recent research development of PAN polymer as separators and lithium anode protective layers in liquid electrolytes, as well as its application in gel electrolytes and solid-state electrolytes are presented. Finally, the review prospects the development trend of PAN polymer in lithium metal battery electrolytes.

1 Introduction

2 The application of PAN in liquid state electrolytes

2.1 As separator

2.2 As lithium anode protective layers

3 The application of PAN in gel electrolytes

4 The application of PAN in solid-state electrolyte

4.1 Monolayer electrolytes containing PAN

4.2 Heterogeneous multilayer electrolytes containing PAN

4.3 PAN electrospinning fiber membrane

5 Conclusion and outlook

With the rapid development of current society and economy, as well as the accelerated process of industrialization and urbanization, the complexity and seriousness of environmental pollution issues are becoming increasingly apparent. Beyond traditional pollutants, the appearance of emerging pollutants on a global scale has brought new challenges to environment and public health. China’s “14th Five-Year Plan” and medium and long-term planning put forward “emerging pollutant control”, report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China also explicitly requested “carry out emerging pollutant control”. In 2022, General Office of the State Council issued “Action Plan for Emerging Pollutant Control”, followed by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment and various provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions, which released corresponding implementation plans, China has transferred to a new phase of environmental protection that balances the control of both traditional and emerging pollutants. However, management of emerging pollutants is a long-term, dynamic and complex systematic project, which urgently needs to strengthen top-level design as well as scientific and technological support. Conducting systematic research on emerging pollutants not only provides effective scientific guidance for their control and improves the level of environmental quality management, but also assists our country in fulfilling international conventions, enhances the discourse power in global environmental governance, ensures our country environmental security, food security, international trade security, etc., and is of great significance for realizing sustainable development. This review aims to comprehensively explore various aspects of emerging pollutants, including their types and characteristics, production, use and emission, identification and detection, environmental occurrence, migration and transformation, ecotoxicological effects, human exposure, health risks, and management strategies. Furthermore, it looks forward to the future research direction, with a view to providing a scientific basis and decision-making support for control of emerging pollutants in China.

Polyurethane, a prevalent polymer, has garnered considerable attention owing to its exceptional overall performance within various applications. However, even minor damages can significantly curtail the service life of polyurethane. Consequently, a promising approach to address this challenge involves conferring self-healing properties upon polyurethane. Among the various healing mechanisms found in self-healing polyurethane, the intrinsic driving force stands out as the most common. This mechanism entails the spontaneous re-entanglement of polyurethane molecular chains through meticulous molecular structure design, obviating the necessity for external healing agents. Intrinsic driving force encompasses reversible covalent bonds (e.g., disulfide bonds, Diels-Alder reactions, and boronic ester bonds) as well as dynamic non-covalent interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, metal coordination bonds, and host-guest interactions). The polyurethane main chain can possess a single intrinsic driving force or multiple intrinsic driving forces concurrently. Nevertheless, while self-healing polyurethane alone presents advantages in terms of extending service life and reducing maintenance costs through damage repair, it still falls short of meeting the usage requirements in certain specialized applications. To further enable the versatile application of self-healing polyurethane while preserving its self-healing properties, the incorporation of new functional groups becomes an enticing prospect. These functional groups can bestow specific properties upon polyurethane, such as shape memory, degradability, antibacterial properties and biocompatibility, thereby achieving functional integration within self-healing polyurethane. Importantly, these functionalized self-healing polyurethanes possess the potential to supplant traditional materials as dielectric materials, substrate materials, or encapsulation materials in the realm of flexible sensors. Consequently, they contribute to enhancing the reliability and durability of flexible sensors. Therefore, this article primarily focuses on elucidating the self-healing mechanism of self-healing polyurethane. Subsequently, it delves into the integration of functionality within self-healing polyurethane and its application within the field of flexible sensors. Lastly, based on these insights, the paper provides a glimpse into the future prospects for the development of self-healing polyurethane.

The research of high-performance electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials (WAM) is of great significance to enhance the stealth performance of weapons and equipment and solve the electromagnetic pollution problem. Silicon carbide (SiC) materials have good resistance to high temperature, corrosion and chemical stability, and show good application prospects in the field of electromagnetic wave absorption. However, the intrinsic properties of SiC materials are weak, and how to improve their wave-absorbing properties is an important research topic. Based on the electromagnetic wave-absorbing mechanism of SiC materials, firstly, the research status of SiC-based WAM with different morphologies (core-shell structure, aerogel structure, fibrous structure, hollow structure, MOFs structure, etc.) is analyzed and summarized. In addition, the research progress of composites of SiC with silicon carbide fibres, carbon materials and magnetic substances in the field of wave absorption is introduced in detail. The development status of special types of SiC-based WAM (SiC-based high-temperature WAM, SiC-based wave absorbing metamaterials, and SiC-based multifunctional WAM) is also reviewed. Finally, the future development direction of SiC-based WAM is prospected.

Carbon dots (CDs), with particle size less than 10 nm, are a new type of zero-dimensional photoluminescence nanomaterials. Due to the obvious advantages of adjustable fluorescence emission and excitation wavelength, light stability, low toxicity, good water solubility and biocompatibility, etc., CDs have been widely researched in recent years. As a treasure of ancient Chinese science, Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is rich in various active ingredients and plays a variety of pharmacodynamic effects, which has been used for thousands of years. TCM-CDs prepared with TCM as carbon source can create some special functions, and then may play a greater medicinal value. In this paper, the synthesis of TCM-CDs and its application in biological imaging and medical therapy are reviewed. Firstly, different synthetic methods of TCM-CDs (including hydrothermal, pyrolysis, solvothermal and microwave assisted method) are introduced in detail, and their advantages and disadvantages are compared. Subsequently, the latest research on TCM-CDs in biological imaging and medical treatment is comprehensively analyzed. This paper focuses on the application of imaging different types of cells in vitro and the distribution and uptake of TCM-CDs guided by imaging in vivo (mice, zebrafish, etc.). In addition, the intrinsic pharmacological activities of these TCM-CDs (including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, antioxidant and anticancer, etc.) and their mechanisms are also discussed in order to improve and promote their clinical application. Finally, the importance of TCM-CDs research, the main problems and challenges in this fields and the future development direction are summarized and outlooked.

Enzymes are considered as natural biocatalysts, which catalyze many biochemical reactions with good catalytic efficiency, biocompatibility, and substrate specificity. The intrinsic limitations of natural enzymes such as low stability, high cost, and storage difficulty have led to the introduction of artificial enzymes that imitate the activity of natural enzymes. With the rapid development of nanomaterials in the recent decade, novel enzyme-mimicking nanomaterials (nanozymes) have attracted considerable attention from researchers. Nanozymes are defined as a class of artificial nanomaterials possessing intrinsic enzymes-like activities, which have the advantages of simple preparation processes, low cost and some environmental tolerance. However, most of them are limited by their low activity and relatively poor stability, leading to many difficulties in the application of biochemical analysis. Among them, metal-organic framework nanozymes (MOFs) have demonstrated a wide range of uses because of their evident favorable circumstances, including the large surface area and porosity for functionalization, uniform active sites, high catalytic activity and stability, simple and controllable synthesis and low cost. In this review, we provide a summary of the clinical detection application of MOFs in nucleic acid, protein and small molecules based on their different activity classification (peroxidase, oxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and hydrolase). Finally, we look forward to the opportunities and challenges that MOFs will face in clinical detection, promoting their clinical application transformation.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a new generation of crystalline porous materials with void space structures constructed from metal ions or clusters and organic ligands through coordination bonds, and have been a hot research topic in the field of coordination chemistry over the past two decades. As the novel multifunctional materials, MOFs have been widely used in various fields due to their high porosities, low densities, large surface areas, tunable pore sizes, diverse topological structures and tailorabilities. Although MOFs have many advantages, most of MOFs materials have relatively lower water and chemical stability and cannot maintain their structures under harsh conditions, which greatly restrict their practical applications under moisture-rich conditions. Therefore, chemically stable MOFs materials will have greater application prospects. In recent years, researchers have carried out a lot of exploration in improving the chemical stability of MOFs, and developed some excellent methods to synthesize chemically stable MOFs. This review will mainly focus on the latest research progress in the syntheses of chemically stable MOFs during the past five years.

Recent research has revealed that PAA-based advanced oxidation processes (AOP) can simultaneously destroy developing micropollutants in water while having a greater disinfection efficacy than PAA alone. This paper summarizes the activation mechanism of PAA-based AOP and its use in water disinfection. According to recent study, UV/PAA has a good treatment effect in the cutting-edge problems of water disinfection, such as the removal of algae and algal toxins, the inactivation of fungus and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, etc. It is awaiting more investigation. There are few AOPs in the realm of water disinfection that activate PAA in other ways, but they have significant research promise. Identification of potential disinfection by-products found in AOP of PAA may also become a focus of future research.

Thermoelectric materials, as one new kind of energy materials, can realize the direct conversion of thermal and electrical energy, which have important applications in power generation and refrigeration. Compared with traditional thermoelectric materials, flexible thermoelectric materials demonstrate excellent application prospects in wearable devices and flexible electronics fields, due to the advantages of being bendable, a lightweight and environmentally friendly. At present, how to further improve the performance of flexible thermoelectric materials is the focus, especially the collaborative optimization of flexibility andthermoelectric properties. In this paper, we have reviewed the research progress of polymer-based flexible thermoelectric materials, carbon-based flexible thermoelectric materials and inorganic semiconductor flexible thermoelectric materials, introduced their characteristics, performance optimization and preparation methods, and summarized the applications of flexible thermoelectric materials in the fields of electronics, medicine and industry. Also, based on the shortcomings of flexible thermoelectric materials, the future research directions are prospected.

1 Introduction

2 Types of flexible thermoelectric materials and their thermoelectric properties

2.1 Polymer-based flexible thermoelectric materials

2.2 Carbon-based flexible thermoelectric materials

2.3 Inorganic semiconductor flexible thermoelectric materials

3 Preparation method of flexible thermoelectric materials

3.1 Physical vapor deposition

3.2 In-situ polymerization

3.3 Electrospinning

3.4 High temperature melting method

4 Applications of flexible thermoelectric materials

5 Conclusion and outlook

As the largest supply end and demand end in daily production respectively, the conversion, storage and utilization of electric energy and thermal energy play an important role in energy systems. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop high-efficiency materials for electro-thermal conversion and storage, especially facing today’s energy crises, environmental pollution and extreme climates. Among heat storage materials, phase change materials (PCMs) own unique advantages because of their high latent heat storage density and constant temperature during heat absorption and release. However, the low intrinsic conductivity of most PCMs does not match the large power requirements of current energy storage systems. This issue can be effectively improved by combining PCMs with conductive materials to obtain electrically heatable PCM composites. In this article, the latest research progress of electro-thermal conversion PCMs from three aspects of the functional mechanism, affecting factors and applications are systematically reviewed. Moreover, PCMs composited with conductive fillers, conductive framework and serving as conductive polymers are summarized and compared critically. Finally, this article points out the potential direction of future research and emphasizes the key points of this field.

1 Introduction

2 Electrothermal conversion mechanism of phase change composites

3 Functional phase change composites for electrical energy conversion, storage and utilization

3.1 Phase change composites doped with conductive fillers

3.2 Phase change composites supported by conductive framework

3.3 Phase change composites composed of conductive polymer

4 Application of electrothermal phase change composites

5 Conclusion and outlook

Click chemistry won the Noble Prize in 2022 due to easy synthesis, high selectivity, single product, and no toxic side product. Click chemistry was originally designed as green chemistry to work in aqueous solutions or environmentally friendly organic solvents. However, due to the poor solubility of reactants, polar and toxic solvents are usually required to use. The solvent used violates the concept of green chemistry, as well as increases the cost. These issues hinder click chemistry to be a state-of-art green chemistry. One of the solutions to optimize click chemistry is to avoid using any solvent. Herein, ball-milled mechanochemistry does not limit reactants’ solubility and could avoid solvent use. Ball-milled mechanochemistry is a new kind of chemical reaction that is conducted in a ball mill, is induced by mechanical force, and needs no solvent or a minimal amount of solvent. As a new way of organic synthesis, ball-milled mechanochemistry could easily achieve the low-energy carbon-heteroatom bonds, which constitute the linkages in click chemistry. Therefore, it could integrate with click chemistry and achieves ball-milled click chemistry. In comparison to traditional solution click chemistry, ball-milled click chemistry avoids solvent use. Moreover, it is even superior in the ways that the reaction time is shortened, the reaction temperature is lowered, and the catalyst used is simplified. In this review, ball-milled click chemistry examples are reported as much as the authors can find, including CuAAc, Diels-Alder, amine and isothiocyanate reactions, amine thiol reactions, and nitroxide radical coupling reactions. To provide readers with a better ball-milled click chemistry manual, this paper also contains ball mill machine choice guidance, liquid-assisted grinding choice guidance, and factors impacting ball-milled click chemistry conversion, including catalyst choice, additive choice, ball choice, stoichiometry, and milling time.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of crystalline organic porous polymers with long-range ordered structures prepared by reversible reactions. Due to high radiation resistance, structural designability and functionalization, COFs are expected to play a role in the efficient adsorption of radionuclides and the exploration of interaction mechanism. However, the reversibility of typical linkage bonds causes the limited chemical stability of COFs. This paper reviews the improvement strategies towards chemical stability of COFs (including the decrease of reversibility of linkage bonds, the post synthetic transformation from reversible bonds to irreversible ones, and the construction of hydrophobic environment around linkage bonds), crystalline control (including the influence of synthesis conditions, in layer coplanar and interlayer interaction for two-dimensional COFs and the crystallization of amorphous polymers), functionalization methods and the applications of COFs in the separation and enrichment of radionuclides. The interaction between radionuclides and COFs could be optimized by enhancing the strength of COFs skeleton, introducing special functional groups or changing the size of monomers. The application prospect and research focus of COFs in radionuclide separation are prospected.

1 Introduction

2 Typical reversible reactions of COFs

2.1 B—O bond formation

2.2 C=N bond formation

2.3 C—N bond formation

2.4 C—O bond formation

2.5 C=C bond formation

2.6 Others

3 Improvement of COFs linkage stability

3.1 COFs linkage cyclization reaction

3.2 Oxidation or reduction of imine linkage

3.3 COF to COF transformation via monomer exchange

3.4 Others

4 Regulation of crystallinity

4.1 Effect of synthesis conditions on crystallinity

4.2 Intralayer coplanarity of 2D COFs

4.3 Interlayer stacking force of 2D COFs

4.4 Crystallization of amorphous polymer

5 Functionalized syntheses of COFs

6 Applications of COFs in separation and enrichment of radionuclides

6.1 {\mathrm{UO}}_2^{2+}

6.2 I₂ vapor

6.3 {\mathrm{TcO}}_4^{-}/ {\mathrm{ReO}}_4^{-}

7 Conclusion and outlook

The flame retardancy of coatings on fabrics would always be destroyed and drastically reduced by daily use or routine maintenance because of their hydrophility. So functional coatings with both flame retardancy and hydrophobicity have become a research focus in fabric field. Coatings of silicon oxide compound with high heat resistance and low surface energy have presented good flame retardancy and hydrophobicity. In this paper, the latest research progress about fabric coatings with both excellent flame retardant and hydrophobic properties is described progressively by organosilicon, organosilicon/nano-silicon and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) system on the aspects of char formation, low surface energy, micro-nano structure and controllable multi-functionalization. The relationship between the structure of silicon oxide compound and the properties of flame-retardancy and hydrophobicity is deeply investigated. Finally, synergetic mechanism of flame-retardancy and hydrophobicity, enhancement of functional efficiency and service stability of coatings in complex environment are put forward as the future development of fabric coatings with both flame-retardancy and hydrophobicity. According to the requirements of some application scenarios of functional fabric materials, the hot spots are analyzed and prospected.

Recently, structure modification has been used more and more widely in enhancing the performance of electromagnetic wave absorbing materials. Porous structure is not only conducive for the incidence of electromagnetic waves into the interior of the material, but also can effectively improve the impedance matching between electromagnetic wave and materials, resulting in enhanced absorption of electromagnetic waves. Additionally, multiple scattering and reflection endowed by the different scale pores in materials extend the propagation path of electromagnetic wave, and further increase its loss. Meanwhile, the lightweight nature of porous material provides a feasible way for the application of some absorbing materials with high performance but unduly density. In this paper, the research status and problem of zero- and three-dimensional porous electromagnetic wave absorbing materials (PEMAM) are summarized and the possible research hotspots and development directions of porous electromagnetic wave absorbing materials in the future are also proposed.

1 Introduction

2 Zero-dimensional PEMAM

2.1 Magnetic loss type PEMAM

2.2 Dielectric loss type PEMAM

2.3 Magnetoelectric composite type PEMAM

3 Three-dimensional PEMAM

3.1 Graphene/carbon nanosheet and carbon nanotubes-based PEMAM

3.2 Green carbon material-based PEMAM

3.3 Other three-dimensional PEMAM

4 Conclusion and outlook

The rapid advancement of large-scale energy storage devices has spurred the need for research focused on achieving higher energy density in lithium-ion batteries. Within this context, anode materials, which are crucial components of lithium-ion batteries, play a critical role in attaining enhanced energy density. Unfortunately, commercially available graphite anodes suffer from limitations such as low theoretical capacity, poor rate capability, and a low voltage plateau. Consequently, there is an urgent requirement to develop alternative anode materials that can meet these demands. Electrospinning has emerged as a popular method for fabricating electrode materials due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and ability to produce flexible nanofibers. This technique offers several advantages, including the ability to tailor nanomaterials with diverse morphologies by adjusting key parameters. Furthermore, electrospinning enables the creation of nanomaterials with large specific surface areas, high mechanical strength, flexibility, and self-supporting properties. Consequently, it has garnered significant interest in the field of anode material preparation for lithium-ion batteries. This paper aims to provide an overview of the research progress in utilizing electrospinning for the preparation of anode materials in lithium-ion batteries. It covers various categories of anode materials, including carbon-based, titanium-based, silicon-based, tin-based, and other metallic compound materials. Additionally, the paper outlines the future directions and potential advancements in the development of electrospun anode materials. By exploring the applications of electrospinning in anode material preparation, this paper contributes to the understanding and advancement of lithium-ion battery technology, offering insights into the potential of electrospinning as a versatile and effective technique for enhancing anode performance.

Changes in volatile organic compounds concentrations in human breath are closely related to certain diseases, and the diagnosis of diseases by analyzing volatile organic compounds in human breath is a non-invasive, and easy-to-use tool that has received increasing attention in recent years for applications in disease diagnosis and early screening. There are currently two main types of equipment for detecting volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath: mass spectrometry-based analytical instruments and gas-sensitive sensors. With easy integration, miniaturization, low cost, and simple operation, gas-sensitive sensors have broad application prospects in the future diagnosis and early screening of large-scale population diseases. This review systematically describes the working mechanism of gas sensors, sensor performance, the current status of application of different sensitive materials and the application of different gas sensor types in human breath detection, the types of volatile organic compounds in human breath that are associated with some diseases are also introduced, which is followed by a brief introduction to the means of breath sampling and the data processing methods currently in use. Finally, the problems of current gas sensor technology in breath detection are pointed out, and the prospects of gas sensor technology in human breath detection are foreseen.

In recent years, organo-metal halide perovskites materials with ABX₃ crystal structure have shown promising application prospects in the field of photoelectric detection due to their optical and electrical properties such as adjustable bandgap engineering, high absorption coefficient and long carrier transmission distance. Especially, the hybrid perovskite prepared by pure Sn or Sn/Pb mixed cations have excellent near-infrared photoelectroresponse in the range of 760~1050 nm, showing many advantages such as high sensitivity, low dark current and high detection rate. To further broaden the near-infrared and infrared response wavelength range of perovskite, the researchers explored combining organic materials, crystalline silicon/germanium, Ⅲ-Ⅴ compounds, Ⅳ-Ⅵ compounds, upconversion fluorescent materials as complementary light absorption layers with perovskite to prepare heterostructures to construct wide-spectrum response near-infrared photodetectors. Based on the above research, this paper summarizes the current effective ways to broaden the spectrum range of perovskite photodetectors. At the same time, the future development prospect of perovskite material near infrared photodetector is prospected.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Basic indicators of photodetectors

2.1 Device structure and working principle of photodetectors

2.2 Performance parameters of photodetectors

2.3 Strategy of broadening the spectrum response range of perovskites

3 Pb perovskite for near-infrared photodetectors

3.1 Polycrystalline perovskite materials

3.2 Single crystal perovskite materials

4 Narrow band gap Sn and Sn/Pb Mixed Perovskite- Based near-infrared photodetectors

4.1 Sn-based perovskite near-infrared photodetectors

4.2 Sn/Pb mixed perovskite near-infrared photodetectors

5 Perovskite/inorganic heterojunction near-infrared photodetectors

5.1 Silicon and other classic semiconductors

5.2 Graphene

5.3 Transition metal dichalcogenides

5.4 Ⅲ-Ⅴ compounds semiconductors

5.5 Ⅳ-Ⅳ compounds semiconductors

6 Perovskite/organic heterojunction near-infrared photodetectors

7 Perovskite/upconversion material near-infrared photodetectors

8 Application of near-infrared photodetectors

9 Conclusion and outlook

In recent years, nanozymes, as a new generation of artificial enzymes, have gradually entered the medical field due to their multi-enzyme activity, high stability and targeting ability, which are superior to natural enzymes. Moreover, nanozymes have been applied to the treatment of a variety of diseases and cancer because of their regulatory effect on reactive oxygen species. Brain diseases, as one of the highest mortality diseases, are prone to produce complex inflammatory responses due to excessive reactive oxygen species in the pathological environment. Therefore, the application of nanozymes in the brain environment may become an effective means of monitoring and treatment of brain diseases. This article reviews the principles of nanozymes in the treatment of brain diseases and the current research status in this field in recent years, including nanozymes inducing cancer cell death by regulating the level of reactive oxygen species, nanozymes assisting traditional anticancer therapy, nanozymes using membrane proteins to monitor brain cancer, and their applications in traumatic brain injury, stroke, brain degenerative diseases, cerebral malaria and epilepsy. At the end of this text, the problems of its application in clinical treatment are discussed.

As the material basis of active substances and life activities in living organisms, peptides and proteins play vital roles in basic physiological processes such as signal transmission, energy utilization, immune response, etc. And they are closely related to the occurrence of a variety of diseases. An important prerequisite for studying their structure and biological function and developing related drugs is to obtain a certain number of high pure peptides and proteins. The sources of natural peptides and proteins mainly include tissues and organs of animals and plants, secondary metabolites of microorganisms, etc. Natural extraction, recombinant technology, and chemical synthesis are the main methods to obtain peptides and proteins. Chemical synthesis can conveniently introduce unnatural amino acids or specific types of post-translational modification groups at any site of peptides and proteins compared with the former two, such as glycosylation, phosphorylation, fluorophores, and photorelinking reaction groups, which has greatly promoted the application and development of peptides and proteins in the field of medicine research. This review comprehensively introduces the various chemical synthesis strategies of peptides and proteins, along with the basic principles, advantages and disadvantages, and application values, aiming to provide a novel sight for synthesizing peptides and proteins.

Directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymer (BCP) has been identified as the potential strategy for the next-generation semiconductor manufacturing. The typical representative of the first generation (G1) of block copolymer for nanolithography is polystyrene-block-polymethylmethacrylate (PS-b-PMMA). DSA of PS-b-PMMA enables limited half pitch (0.5L₀) of 11 nm due to the low Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (χ). The second generation (G2) of BCP is developed with the feature of high χ. Solvent anneal or top-coat is employed for the G2 BCP to form the perpendicular lamellae orientation. Towards industry friendly thermal anneal, high χ BCP with equal surface energy (γ) is reported as the third generation (G3) BCP. Recently, based on Materials Genome Initiative (MGI) concept, optimized design of block copolymers with covarying properties (G4) for nanolithography is presented to meet specific application criteria. G4 BCP achieves not only high χ and equal γ, but also high throughput synthesis, 4~10 nm half pitch patterns, and controlled segregation strength. This review focuses on the advanced design of G3 and G4 BCP for nanolithography. Moreover, the challenges and opportunities are discussed for the further development of DSA of BCP.

In recent years, electrocatalytic nitrate reduction (ENitRR) has attracted considerable attention in the synthesis of ammonia at ambient conditions. Compared to the traditional Haber-Bosch process for ammonia synthesis, ENitRR offers lower energy consumption and milder reaction conditions. The design and optimization of ENitRR electrocatalysts are crucial for nitrate deoxygenation and hydrogenation. Copper-based catalytic materials have been widely studied due to their unique structure, low cost, and excellent performance, making them highly promising electrocatalysts through various morphology and electronic structure modulation strategies. This article summarizes various effective design strategies using copper-based electrocatalysts as a typical example to enhance the ammonia production rate and conversion efficiency in ENitRR. It also introduces the reaction mechanism and the relationship between structural changes in Cu-based electrocatalysts and their performance. These strategies include morphology modulation, alloy engineering, lattice phase tuning, single-atom structures, as well as copper compound construction and composites with other materials. Finally, challenges faced by copper-based electrocatalysts are discussed along with future research directions that should be focused on in order to provide reference for researchers engaged in nitrate treatment in aqueous systems.

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are considered as a promising next-generation high-energy battery system due to their ultrahigh theoretical capacity, energy density and the merits of sulfur in terms of abundant resource and environmental friendliness. However, their practical application is confronted with several critical problems including insulation of sulfur and discharge products, shuttle effect of soluble lithium polysulfides, and sluggish reaction kinetics of sulfur, etc. Significant progress has been achieved in addressing these problems by sulfur electrode design, functional separator/interlayer, liquid-electrolyte modification, and solid-electrolyte strategy. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of in-depth understanding of real-time dynamic reaction process and mechanism as well as electrode/electrolyte interface regulation strategy in Li-S batteries. First-principles calculation has gradually developed into an important research tool in various disciplines such as materials, chemistry and energy, facilitating to understand the properties of reaction species, interactions between molecules or/and electrons, electrochemical reaction processes and laws, and dynamic evolution of electrode/electrolyte from the molecular/atomic level. It delivers distinct advantages beyond “experimental trial and error” method in studying the multi-electron and multi-ion redox process in Li-S battery. In this paper, important advances in the application of first principles calculation to study the interactions between electrodes and polysulfides, charge-discharge reaction mechanisms, and electrolytes in Li-S batteries are comprehensively reviewed, and the current challenge and enlightening directions for application of first-principles calculation to study Li-S batteries are also prospected.

1 Introduction

2 Overview of first-principles

3 Interaction between electrode materials and polysulfides

3.1 Carbon materials

3.2 Transition metal compounds

3.3 Heterostructure

3.4 MOF and COF

3.5 Other materials

4 Reaction mechanism during charge and discharge

5 Electrolyte

6 Conclusion and outlook

The transition towards electric vehicles (EVs) has resulted in a proliferating demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The continuous growth in the EV industry results in a colossal number of LIBs being discarded after reaching their end-of-life. Researchers have carried out numerous investigations on the extraction of valuable metals from spent LIBs. The recycling processes have mainly been concerned with the recovery of the valuable metals of cobalt and nickel, with less attention being placed on lithium recovery. With the imbalance of the supply and demand of lithium resources, research on selective recovery of lithium from spent LIBs has increased in recent years. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the high-temperature selective conversion, selective leaching, mechanical and electrochemical recycling methods that facilitate selective lithium recovery. It provides recommendations for future research and development to enhance the selective extraction of lithium from spent LIBs.

Prussian blue (PB) and its analogues (PBAs), which are composed of three-dimensional frame structure, are ideal cathode materials for sodium ion battery (SIB) and can provide a wide channel for sodium ion embedding and removal. However, there are a lot of water molecules and vacancies in PBAs materials, which greatly reduces the storage sites of sodium ions. Furthermore, transition metal ions in the metal organic framework are easy to dissolve during the cycles, resulting in limited sodium storage capacity and poor cycle stability of PBAs cathode materials. In recent years, a variety of PBAs modification technologies have been developed to improve their sodium storage performance. Based on recent related work and existing literature reports, this paper summarizes the process design, preparation methods, electrochemical behavior and other aspects of different modification technologies, and systematically reviews and prospects the research progress of various modification technologies of PBAs cathode materials in sodium ion batteries.

The emission of a significant amount of VOCs has resulted in severe impacts on both human health and the environment. Currently, the most effective method for treating VOCs is their total oxidation to carbon dioxide and water through metal oxide catalysis. To enhance the catalytic performance of metal oxides, various synthetic strategies have been developed, including morphology, defect, and doping engineering. However, these processes are cumbersome and require further improvements to enhance the catalytic performance. On the other hand, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-derived metal oxides have been extensively used to catalyze the complete oxidation of VOCs. This is because of their tunable morphology, large specific surface area, high defect concentration, and excellent doping dispersion. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive summary of the application of MOFs-derived metal oxides in the total oxidation of VOCs. Therefore, this paper reviews the synthesis conditions, doping methods, and pyrolysis conditions of MOFs from the control strategy of derived metal oxides. It also summarizes the regulation methods and the relationship between the physicochemical properties of derived metal oxides and the total oxidation performance of VOCs. Additionally, this paper discusses the future development and challenges of MOFs-derived metal oxides.