Gemini (or dimeric) surfactants are made up of two identical amphiphilic moieties covalently connected at the level of the headgroups by a spacer group. By this way the separation between the polar headgroups with in gemini surfactants is strongly decreased when they aggregate and thus the surface activity is greatly enhanced. Introduction of gemini surfactants is a break through in concept compared with general tests in enhancing surface activity, for example, addition of salt, increasing temperature or mixing an ionic cationic surfactants. Therefore gemini surfactants were reputed as a new generation of surfactants.

In the past decade, near infrared spectral analysis technique (NIR) has been quickly developed and widely applied in virtue of the development of chemometrics, in which spectral data pretreatment and wavelength selection methods play an important role. In the paper,the typical and commonly used pretreatment and wavelength selection meth-ods are described. Some newly developed methods in this field such as orthogonal signal correction ( OSC) , net analyte signal(NAS),wavelet transform(WT), elimination of uninformative variables(UVE) and genetic algorithm(GA) methods are introduced in detail with 170 references. The algorithms and applications in NIR analysis of those methods are given and discussed.

This paper describes the recent applied research progress of the heterogeneous photocatalysis on semiconductors. Representative photocatalysts and new photo reactors are introduced. The applications of photocatalysis on environmental protection, medical and health care, preparation of metallic catalysts, rare metal recovery and material synthesis are summarized and assessed. Moreover, the opinions on further studies are presented.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ( PBDEs) are considered as global environmental contaminants. Investigations on PBDEs have rapidly increased due to the detection of significant PBDEs levels in human or biota. However, few studies of the PBDEs pollution status has been reported in China. In this paper the properties, application, pollution source, environmental behavior, contamination levels, trends, regulations and analytical method of PBDEs are reviewed. The currently existing problems are also discussed. We hope that this review will provide valuable reference for the researches on PBDEs in China.

The preparation, properties of room temperature ionic liquids and theirs applications in catalysis and organic reactions are reviewed.

The research field of conducting polymers has been developed since 1970s, and has attracted much attention due to their promising applications. In this paper, the discovery and developments of conducting polymers were introduced. The structures, doping characteristics, preparation methods, conductivity and electrochemical properties of conducting polymers, as well as the photoelectronic properties of conjugated polymers, were reviewed. In addition, possible applications and present hot topics of conducting polymers were discussed.

New ionic liquids which emerged during the recent 10 years are reviewed. The authors' own opinions concerning the future development of this field are proposed.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ( PBDEs) are considered as global environmental contaminants. Investigations on PBDEs have rapidly increased due to the detection of significant PBDEs levels in human or biota. However, few studies of the PBDEs pollution status has been reported in China. In this paper the properties, application, pollution source, environmental behavior, contamination levels, trends, regulations and analytical method of PBDEs are reviewed. The currently existing problems are also discussed. We hope that this review will provide valuable reference for the researches on PBDEs in China.

Ultro sound is used more and more frequently in organic synthesis in recent three decades. Compared with traditional methods, this new method is more convenient and easily controlled. A great many of organic reactions can be carried out in higher yields,shorter time or milder conditions under low frequency unltrasonic irradiatioin. It can even set off some reactions which can not be carried out under traditional conditions. The representative references published in recent thirty years have been reviewed.

Materials of metallorganic frameworks is a new kind of functional materials being largely researched now.The principles of design,preparation process,the factors effecting on the structure and the development status of synthesis for metallorganic frameworks(MOFs) are discussed. The applications of the new kind of poly2function materials in the aspect of catalyst,gas storage and separation are summarized. In addition,suggestions of the prospective design,synthesis and applications are presented.

The acid rain area in China is one of the three main acid rain areas in the world, next to Europe and North America. Most acid deposition investigations have been concerned with precipitation chemistry in China. The results for precipitation chemistry of China obtained by Chinese and foreign researchers are overviewed in this paper. Major conclusions are: High H⁺ concentrations of precipitation have occurred in South and South Western China which have become areas with the highest acidity of precipitation in the world; The pollution of precipitation in China is still sulfur type with a trend to sulfuric-nitrous mixed type; Concentrations of dominant anions(SO₄^2- and NO₃^-) and cations(NH₄⁺ and Ca²⁺) in precipitation are much higher than that in Europe and North America; The high acidity and ionic concentration in precipitation at alpine sites and cloud-water in eastern and southern China indicates that upper air has been polluted seriously; Characteristics of precipitation chemistry in different areas of China and the origins of acid rain formation have been discussed; Finally, future research is suggested.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Geographical distributions and trends of precipitation acidity in china
2.1 Precipitation acidity
2.2 Trends of precipitation acidity
3 Ground precipitation chemistry
3.1 Precipitation acidity and water-soluble ion concentrations
3.2 Organic components in precipitation
3.3 Heavy metals in precipitation
3.4 Ground fogs
4 Chemistry of high altitude precipitation and cloud water
4.1 Precipitation chemistry at mountains
4.2 Chemical characteristics of precipitation in regional representative sites
4.3 High-altitude water in clouds and fogs
5 Formation mechanisms of acid rain
5.1 Emission trends of acidic precipitation related pollutants in China
5.2 Mechanisms of chemical transformations
5.3 Interactions between precipitation and aerosol and other pollutants
6 Future research on precipitation chemistry in China

This review focuses on the recent studies of polylactides, including the homopolymers, copolymers and crosslinked systems. The applications of those biodegradable materials and the prospects of polylactides are also discussed.

The most important aspects in biomineralization are the controlled nucleation and growth of inorganicm inerals from aqueous solutions under the mediation of organic matrix secreted by the cell, and the form ation of the biomineralized materials (bone, teeth, shell etc. ) with the hierarchical structure and special assembly. Biomimetic synthesis in spired by the biomineralization involves the controlled formation of inorganic materials with organic assembly as template, and the production of inorganic materials with special microstructure and excellent physical and chemical properties. Biomimetic synthesis has now become apromising field in inorganic materials chemistry research. The research status of biomimetic synthesis of inorganic materials is reviewed.

This paper reviews the relationship between synthesis, structures and properties of intercalation electrodes with layered LixMO2 and spinel LixM2O4 structures (M = Co、Ni、Mn、V ) as cathodes, and graphite, disordered carbon and metal oxide as anodes in Li ion batteries. Emphasisis focused on the structural properties of intercalation electrode materials which are related to the rechargeable capacity and stability during cycling of Li ions. 118 references are given.

Microwave organic reaction enhancement chemistry is a novelmethod. This paper focuses on the applications of microwave irradiation (MWI) in organic synthesis in recent years. 68 references are cited.

There is a history of more than 90 years about Maillard reaction. Many papers indicated that the products of Maillard reaction is closely related to food , diabetes , cataract , Alzheimer’s disease etc. Recently , the research of Maillard reaction is more and more focused on the following aspects : protein crosslinking , melanoidins , kinetic , acrylamide etc. The review is limited on the progress of Maillard reaction in the four aspects.

Molecular imprinting is a borderline subject developed from combining high polymer chemistry and biochemistry. It is highly significant in research of the structure of enzyme, mechanism of receptor-antibody and analytical chemistry. In this paper, the essential theories, methods, development tendency, achievements and prospect of molecular imprinting technique are reviewed.

The latest developments in nanometer semiconductors, including their characteristics, preparative technology, characterization and applications, are introduced.

Recent progress in datum treatment methods of thermal analysis to study the kinetics of solid state reactions, the strong points and limitations of different methods are reviewed. Several new methods of kinetic analysis and a new thermal analysis technique are introduced.

The paper briefly introduces the features of bio-energy and summarises the significance for developing bio-energy. The global status of bio-energy exploration and development are comprehensively overviewed. The bio-energy development plan, strategy and progress in PetroChina,Ltd are simply introduced. PetroChina focus its bio-energy development strategy on biodiesel and ethanol fuel. On the basis of Company’s bio-energy longterm development strategy and combined with the practices, the key chemical technology requirements to develop biodiesel and ethanol fuel are discussed.Suggestions and comments for the development are proposed.

Solidphase microextraction (SPME) , which was originally developed at the end of 1980′s, is a kind of new solvent free method used in the pretreatment of environmental samples. Combined with GC or HPLC, it can analyzetrace level of organic compounds in environmental samples efficiently and quickly. There has been great development and changes in the aspects of extraction devices, extraction methods and subsequent analysis in struments, which makes the application region wider. In this paper the development trend of SPME in the future is also presented.

The neural networks in chemistry is reviewed with the emphasis on the back propagation algorithm. Kohonen and Hopfield networks are briefly described.Applications in quantitative structure activity property relation ships, structural elucidation of organic compounds, spectro scopic data analysis, chemical reactivity,process optimization, diagnosis and control of breakdowns, and protein structures are summarized.

The properties of silk fibers and relevant silk protein materials are highly related to the secondary structure, i.e. the conformation of silk protein itself. Both infrared and Raman spectroscopy are the powerful tools for the investigation of the protein conformations, so they are widely used in the study of silk proteins as well. In this review, the research of the structures on the domestic silkworm(Bombyx mori), the wild silkworms (mainly tussah)as well as the spiders’ silk proteins with the infrared and Raman spectroscopy are discussed, and the characteristic peaks of silk proteins related to the various conformations are summarized.

Bismuth Oxyhalide Compounds, BiOX (X=Cl, Br, I) are new types of photocatalysts. They exhibit excellent photocatalytic properties due to layered crystal structure and suitable band gaps. In this paper, main preparation methods, morphologies, sizes and photocatalytic activities of micro-nanometer bismuth oxyhalides are reviewed. Bismuth oxyhalide compounds show better photocatalytic activities than TiO₂ (P25). With the increasing of X atomic numbers, photocatalytic activities of BiOX are enhanced in sequence. Moreover, the stabilities of BiOX are high. Photocatalytic activities of bismuth oxyhalide compounds are improved by doping and modifications. By designing of the crystal structures and energy band gaps, highly efficient photocatalysts of bismuth oxyhalide compounds can be obtained. At last, the trend of research is prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Structure of BiOX (X=Cl, Br, I)
3 Preparation methods and morphologies of BiOX (X=Cl, Br, I)
3.1 Preparation methods
3.2 Morphologies of products
4 Photocatalytic activities of BiOX (X=Cl, Br, I)
4.1 BiOCl photocatalyst
4.2 BiOBr and BiOI photocatalysts
4.3 Other Bi based oxyhalides
5 Conclusion

The recent research advances in artemisinin, the most effective weapons against malarial parasites have been reviewed. An overview is given on artemisin in research from the following aspects: the history of artemisinin development, sources of artemisin in, total synthesis of artemisin in, biosynthesis of artemisinin, analogs of artemisin in and artemisin in production from plant tissue cultures.

Recent advances in hydrogen generation with chemical methods are reviewed. As an attractive alternative energy source, hydrogen energy has been studied widely and intensively. Among the three hydrogen generation modes, (l) with chemical methods (2) from electrolysis of water (3) by biologic methods, the first is the major method for mass production of hydrogen, in which catalysis reforming holds a large proportion of the total output. Along with the developments of fuel cell techniques, novel hydrogen generation techniques, such as hydrogen generation with biomasses, metals, solar energy or metal hydrides, have attracted more and more attention. These hydrogen generation techniques have a promising future in the coming hydrogen age, accompanied with the R&D of fuel cells and hydrogen engines.

Superior solid acid catalysts are needed for existing industrial processes and for environmental considerations, especially for those using conventional liquid acids, i. e.H₂SO₄, HF,AlCl₃ etc. as catalyst s in homogeneou s system s. Recen t ly, by con sidering the similarities between acid sites (cen ters) playing decisive role in both homogeneous and heterogeneous acid catalytic processes, based on the refined theory of homogeneous acid catalysis in liquid phase, and through the analysis of the nature of different kinds of acid sites(Lewis,Bronsted and super acids) , an unique model of acid structure for superior solid acid has been proposed, and thus the tailoring of several different forms of solid acid catalysts might be allowed.

Research of organic-inorganic hybrid membranes become the most interesting focus because they poccess both properties of organic and inorganic membranes: good permeability, selectivity, mechanical strength, thermal and chemical stability, etc. The preparation, structure of organic-inorganic hybrid membranes are reviewed and their applica-tions are discussed.

Graphene is the first free-standing two-dimensional atomic crystal which has been found so far. Graphene is the building block for the sp² carbon materials, such as zero-dimensional fullerenes, one-dimensional carbon nanotubes and three-dimensional bulk graphite. Also, it exhibits many remarkable electronic and mechanical properties. So it has become one of the hottest topics in the area of materials science and condensed-matter physics nowadays and also attracted more and more attention from scientists in diverse fields, such as chemistry, materials and so on. In this paper, we briefly introduce the research advances of graphene in recent years, including the preparation, reduction, chemical modification, application, perspectives and so on.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The discovery of graphene
3 The preparation of graphene
3.1 Chemosynthesis - "bottom-up"
3.2 Synthesis from graphite
4 The application of graphene
4.1 Sensor
4.2 Hydrogen storage
4.3 Drug carrier
4.4 Selective ion passage
4.5 Electrode materials
4.6 Others
5 Perspectives