All-solid-state batteries have the characteristics of high energy density， long cycle lifeand high safety， which is the development direction of the next generation of electrochemical energy storage. Solid-state electrolytes are the core components of all-solid-state batteries， and sulfide electrolytes have attracted extensive attention due to their advantages of high ionic conductivity and good mechanical ductility. As one of the most studied sulfide electrolytes in recent years， lithium-phosphorus-sulfur-chloride sulfide （LPSC） has high ionic conductivity and relatively low cost， but its practical application is limited by shortcomings such as poor stability and poor compatibility of positive and negative electrode materials. The composite solid-state electrolyte has good electrochemical and mechanical properties， and the composite solid-state electrolyte is prepared by modifying the LPSC with polymers， aiming to improve the interfacial compatibility and electrochemical stability of the LPSC. In this paper， the basic composition， recombination mode， modification strategy and ion transport mechanism of LPSC composite solid electrolyte are reviewed， and the future research direction and application prospect of LPSC composite electrolyte are prospected.

Hydrogen production via water electrolysis powered by renewable energy sources represents a critical approach to addressing the dual challenges of energy and the environment. However， the practical implementationof this technology remains constrained by the sluggish kinetics of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction （OER）. Recent advances in high-entropy materials （HEMs） with unique structural configurations and compositional tunability have demonstrated breakthrough capabilities in OER catalysis. Their near-continuous adsorption energy tunability across multi-dimensional landscapes enables surpassing the perforce ceilings of conventional single-/dual-component electrocatalysts. While substantial progress has been achieved in developing HEMs for OER catalysis， formidable scientific challenges persist regarding the intricate composition-structure-activity relationships in multi-component systems and unresolved mechanistic ambiguities governing catalytic synergies. This review systematically examines the fundamental mechanisms underlying the four-electron transfer process in OER， followed by a critical survey of recent breakthroughs in high-entropy alloys （HEAs）， high-entropy oxides （HEOs）， and high-entropy metal-organic frameworks （HEMOFs） for OER applications. By emphasizing three critical dimensions： atomic coordination environment modulation， electronic structure engineering， and surface adsorption energy optimization， we establish explicit correlations between compositional architecture， structural characteristics， and catalytic performance. This framework profoundly elucidates the synergistic catalytic mechanisms arising from multi-metallic active sites. Furthermore， we propose strategic optimization pathways through material design， defect engineering， and elemental regulation. The review concludes by discussing emerging challenges and future opportunities in this rapidly evolving field. This review can provide inspiration for the accurate design of high-entropy electrocatalysts， the atomic-level analysis of structure-activity relationships， and the regulation and optimization of catalytic performance.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 OER pathway

2.1 AEM

2.2 LOM

2.3 OPM

3 Research progress and bottlenecks of high‑entropy oxygen evolution catalytic materials

3.1 High‑entropy alloys

3.2 High‑entropy oxides

3.3 High‑entropy MOFs

3.4 Other high‑entropy compounds

4 Optimization strategies

4.1 Machine learning‑assisted design

4.2 Defect engineering

4.3 Element regulation

5 Conclusion and outlook

Hypochlorous acid/hypochlorite （HOCl/ClO^-） are important participants in various physiological and pathological processes in the organisms. Both contribute immune defense throughinflammatory responses， but their overproduction and generation at inappropriate sites will result in oxidative damage of cell membranes， DNA， and proteins. Therefore， in view of the important physiopathological significance of HOCl/ClO^-， its specific identification and detection have been an important research topic for researchers. Fluorescence and fluorescent probe methods stand out among many traditional detection methods due to their many advantages. In this paper， some representative research works on HOCl/ClO^- specific fluorescent probes for organic small molecules are reviewed from the first case to the present day， categorized according to the recognition mechanisms between fluorescent probes and HOCl/ClO^-. The recognition mechanisms and biological applications of HOCl/ClO^- specific fluorescent probes are highlighted， and the prospects for the chemical and biological development of HOCl/ClO^- specific fluorescent probes are discussed.

In recent years， a series of organic room temperature phosphorescence materials with circular polarization luminescence have been constructed by combining （circularly polarized room temperature phosphorescence， CPRTP）materials with reasonable molecular design. The luminescence principle of CPRTP materials is consistent with the luminescence of organic room-temperature phosphorescence materials， and is accompanied by the property of circularly polarized luminescence. This kind of material not only retains the advantage of low energy loss in circular polarization luminescence， but also greatly expands the application of organic room-temperature phosphorescence materials in the fields of anti-counterfeiting encryption and afterglow display. In this paper based on the luminescence mechanism and molecular strategy of CPRTP materials， the structural design strategy of CPRTP materials is summarized. Finally， the existing problems of CPRTP materials are discussed， and the future development prospects and challenges are prospected.

Hydrogen energy，as a pivotal clean energy carrier under the carbon neutrality goal，urgently demands breakthroughs in its efficient preparation technology. This paper focuses on pulsed electrolysis for hydrogen production，systematically elucidating the mechanisms of reducing the diffusion layer thickness，accelerating bubble detachment，and enhancing electrode stability through periodic modulation of current/voltage. It reveals the optimization mechanisms of suppressing the bubble shielding effect via pulse modulation and shortening the ion relaxation time using high-frequency pulses. The paper summarizes the influence laws of pulse parameters （waveform，frequency，duty cycle，etc.） on hydrogen production characteristics，compares the application potential of inductive pulses，voltage/current pulses，and fluctuating power electrolysis technologies，and highlights their advantages in adapting to the fluctuating power sources of wind and solar energy （wide power regulation range，suppression of voltage flicker）. Despite demonstrating high energy efficiency and robust performance，pulsed electrolysis still encounters bottlenecks such as insufficient electrode impact resistance and unclear multi-parameter coupling mechanisms. Future research should integrate intelligent algorithms for dynamic regulation optimization，develop integrated wind-solar-storage-hydrogen systems，promote the application of high-frequency resonance and low ripple filtering technologies，and accelerate the large-scale production of green hydrogen. This paper provides theoretical support for the advancement of pulsed electrolysis technology and its potential engineering applications.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Principle of hydrogen production by pulse electrolysis of water

2.1 Introduction to hydrogen production technology through water electrolysis

2.2 Analysis of the mechanism for enhancing hydrogen production performance through pulse electroly

3 The influence of pulse parameters on hydrogen production characteristics

3.1 Impact of pulse waveform

3.2 Impact of pulse period，frequency，and duty cycle

3.3 Impact of pulse potential

4 Classification of hydrogen production technology through pulsed electrolysis of water

4.1 Hydrogen production through induced pulse electrolysis of water

4.2 Hydrogen production through electrolysis of water using voltage pulse

4.3 Hydrogen production by electrolysis of water using current pulse

4.4 Power fluctuation in hydrogen production through water electrolysis

5 Wide-power hydrogen production technology through water electrolysis，adaptable to fluctuating wind and solar inputs

5.1 Impact of fluctuation in wind and solar power sources

5.2 Hydrogen production technology based on wind fluctuation power generation

5.3 Photovoltaic fluctuation power generation and hydrogen production technology

5.4 Hydrogen production technology through wind-solar hybrid fluctuating power generation

6 Summary and future outlook

Nucleic acid testing is the gold standard and technological cornerstone for the modern diagnosis of pathogenic infections. As a deployable public health surveillance technology， Point-of-Care Testing （POCT） has demonstrated significant value in infectious disease prevention and control， personalized precision medicine， and medical scenarios with limited resources. POCT technology can rapidly provide diagnostic information， significantly improve patient outcomes， and optimize the allocation of medical resources. As an emerging technology， microfluidic chips have become a key component in POCT due to their low reagent consumption， high integration， and automation. By integrating laboratory functions onto a single chip， microfluidic devices have achieved full-process automation of sample processing， signal amplification， and detection， greatly enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of testing. Moreover， when combined with isothermal amplification techniques （such as LAMP） and CRISPR-Cas technology， microfluidic chips can rapidly and sensitively detect pathogens， making them suitable for on-site screening of various infectious diseases. Currently， POCT devices based on microfluidic chips have been successfully applied in the detection of pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2， demonstrating the advantages of speed， portability， and high sensitivity. This review aims to summarize the development of nucleic acid detection and the research progress on the combination of CRISPR-Cas technology and microfluidic chips to explore their current applications and future prospects for POCT.

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence （TADF） materials have entered a new stage of vigorous development with the significant advantage of efficient utilization of single and triplet excitons without the need for precious metals. However， the aggregation-induced burst （ACQ） phenomenon is prevalent in conventional TADF materials， which severely limits their development and application. In contrast， aggregation-induced delayed fluorescence （AIDF） materials have a unique aggregation-induced fluorescence enhancement phenomenon， thus attracting much attention in the field of organic electroluminescence. In this review， we summarize the relevant AIDF molecules in the field of organic light-emitting diode （OLED）， focusing on the molecular design of AIDFs and their research and application progress in the field of non-doped OLEDs since 2021， and analyze and discuss the mentioned AIDF molecules by classifying them based on the basis of their molecular structures， respectively， in terms of benzophenones， triazines， quinoxalines， and other receptors. Compounds are structurally disassembled and properties are summarized， the conformational relationships between their structures and properties are deeply explored， and the outlook for the development of this field is made.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Benzophenone and its derivatives

3 Diphenyl sulfone and its derivatives

4 Triazine and its derivatives

5 Quinoxaline and its derivatives

6 Other receptors

7 Conclusion and outlook

Due to its unique layered structure and excellent electrochemical properties， molybdenum disulfide （MoS₂） demonstrates significant potential for applications in the energy storage field， particularly in supercapacitors. It is widely regarded as one of the most representative transition metal dichalcogenides. MoS₂ possesses a high theoretical specific capacitance， abundant edge active sites， and favorable tunability and structural diversity， which provide it with a distinct advantage in the construction of advanced electrode structures. Additionally， the anisotropic characteristics of MoS₂ concerning electron and ion transport offer more dimensions for regulating its electrochemical behavior. This work will systematically review various synthesis strategies for MoS₂ and its recent advancements in energy storage， with a particular focus on the mechanisms by which interlayer spacing modulation affects energy storage behavior in supercapacitor configurations. The discussion will encompass a comprehensive logical framework that spans material structure modifications， electronic configuration evolution， and enhancements in macroscopic device performance. This review aims to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the application of MoS₂ in the next generation of high-performance energy storage devices.

Recent advances in machine learning （ML） have demonstrated remarkable potential in revolutionizing the design，property prediction，and synthesis optimization of nanomaterials，facilitating a paradigm shift from traditional empirical approaches to data-driven methodologies in nanoscience. This review examines the research frameworks and cutting-edge developments in ML-assisted nanomaterial design and fabrication，with a focus on representative material systems，including zero-dimensional quantum dots，one-dimensional nanotubes，two-dimensional materials，and metal-organic frameworks （MOFs）. Key technical aspects such as data acquisition and feature engineering，supervised and unsupervised modeling，generative algorithms，and automated experimental platforms are critically discussed. Furthermore，we highlight emerging challenges and future directions，emphasizing the need for standardized databases，physics-informed ML models，and closed-loop experimental systems to enable intelligent and efficient nanomaterial development. This work provides a comprehensive methodological reference for the integration of ML in next-generation nanomaterial research.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Machine learning application framework

2.1 Acquisition and standardized preprocessing of high-quality data

2.2 Representation methods and feature engineering for material structures

2.3 Model construction and training

2.4 Validation and generalization assessment

2.5 Performance prediction and material screening

2.6 Inverse design and generative structural optimization

3 Representative research progress

3.1 Zero-dimensional nanomaterials

3.2 One-dimensional nanomaterials

3.3 Two-dimensional nanomaterials

3.4 Metal-organic frameworks

4 Conclusion and outlook

With the increasing global emphasis on carbon dioxide emissions reduction， electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction （ECO₂R） to methanol has garnered significant attention within the context of carbon neutrality. However， existing ECO₂R catalysts still suffer from limitations in activity， selectivity， and stability， thereby constraining their practical applications. This underscores the urgent need for the development of highly efficient catalysts， which remains a central research focus in this field. Traditional catalyst design predominantly relies on trial-and-error approaches， which are inherently inefficient. Therefore， novel strategies are required to accelerate catalyst discovery and optimization. With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence， machine learning has emerged as a powerful tool to drive catalyst development. This review systematically summarizes the reaction mechanisms underlying ECO₂R to methanol and highlights recent advancements in catalyst research， encompassing Cu-based， non-Cu-based， and phthalocyanine-based catalysts. Furthermore， the fundamental framework of machine learning applications in this domain is introduced， covering key stages from data acquisition to model validation. Particular emphasis is placed on machine learning-driven predictions of catalytic activity， catalyst design， and performance optimization. Although machine learning has made remarkable progress in ECO₂R research， there are still several challenges， including data scarcity， insufficient model interpretability， and the lack of a universal prediction framework. Future research should focus on the establishment of high-quality catalyst databases， enhancement of model interpretability， and improvement of generalization capabilities. This review aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on ECO₂R catalyst design while emphasizing the pivotal role of machine learning in facilitating breakthroughs in this field.

In the era of heightened global environmental consciousness， the principle of sustainable development has become deeply ingrained in public awareness. However， conventional petroleum-based adhesives are plagued by issues of unsustainability， high energy consumption， and significant environmental pollution during their production and application. Consequently， the development of green， sustainable， and high-performance biomass-based adhesives has emerged as a critical research focus. Biomass-based adhesives continue to encounter significant challenges， including suboptimal water resistance， elevated production costs， and the necessity for enhanced environmental performance. Future research should focus on optimizing the modification process of biomass raw materials， reducing production costs， improving the comprehensive properties of adhesives， and promoting their large-scale industrial application. In-depth investigation into the correlation between the structure and properties of biomass is crucial for the development of environmentally friendly and cost-effective adhesives. This paper summarizes the classification， modification methods， and properties of biomass-based raw materials and provides a detailed prospect for their future development.

This article reviews the challenges and recent advancements in the utilization of methane （CH₄） resources via low-temperature electrochemical oxidation （CH₄OR） for producing value-added chemicals. Conventional indirect pathways， including methane reforming， are energy-intensive and operate under harsh conditions. In contrast， thermal catalytic partial oxidation frequently results in over-oxidation， thereby limiting its practical applications. In contrast， electrochemical CH₄OR represents a promising alternative， facilitating efficient methane conversion under mild conditions， compatible with renewable energy sources， and providing advantages in product separation and transport. This review explores the mechanistic aspects of C—H bond activation during CH₄OR， encompassing both direct and radical-mediated indirect pathways.

Large emission of carbon dioxide leads to severe global warming effects. Therefore， it is urgent to convert carbon dioxide. Among various transformation technologies， electrocatalytic reduction of CO₂ is able to efficiently and continuously convert carbon dioxide. However， the electrocatalytic reduction of CO₂ needs to overcome a higher activation barrier. Traditional electrocatalysts such as metals， metal dichalcogenides， transition metal oxides and 2D metal-free catalysts （g-C₃N₄） are susceptible to inactivation in homogeneous systems and present low electron transfer efficiency， low ability to adsorb and activate carbon dioxide， low reaction kinetics and low selectivity. Covalent organic frameworks （COFs）， which are fabricated through covalent bonds， are a class of emerging porous organic polymers. Ordered alignment and π-π interactions between layers facilitate the transportation of charge carriers. High specific surface area and appropriate pore size enable the adsorption of carbon dioxide and generate more active sites as well. All these unique advantages make COFs an ideal candidate for the electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide. In this paper， we first summarize the synthesis and structural diversity of two- and three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks based on topology. Then， the development of 2D and 3D covalent organic frameworks for the electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide is introduced， respectively. Finally， the potential development of COFs for electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction is discussed.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Synthesis and structural diversity of COFs

3 COFs for electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide

3.1 2D COFs electrocatalysts on CO₂ reduction

3.2 3D COFs electrocatalysts on CO₂ reduction

4 Conclusion and outlook

The covalent organic framework colloid （COF Colloids） embodies not only the inherent traits of a controllable COF structure， adjustable pore size， and ordered crystalline structure， but also capitalizes on the versatility inherent in colloids for dispersion， molding， functionalization and assembly. In recent years， COF colloids have garnered substantial interest among researchers owing to their exceptional solution processability and stability. This paper delves into the formation mechanism of COF colloids， categorizing their preparation methods into two classifications： top-down and bottom-up. It also provides a comparative analysis of the advantages and limitations associated with these two synthesis strategies. Moreover， this review summarize the diverse applications of COF colloids in photocatalysis， devices， gas separation， and biomedicine， while also addressing the challenges by COF colloids and envisioning their future developmental trajectory.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances （PFAS） are a category of persistent organic pollutants （POPs） that are ubiquitously found across various environmental media， due to their extensive application in industrial processes and consumer products. These substances can infiltrate the human body through diet， drinking water， inhalation and skin contact， thereby posing potential risks to human health. The placenta， a critical organ at the maternal-fetal interface， is integral to material exchange and endocrine regulation， functioning as a natural barrier to shield the fetus from harmful external agents. Nonetheless， PFAS can cross the placental barrier， accumulate in placental tissues， and subsequently disrupt normal placental physiological functions， which poses significant threats to fetal growth and development. Based on evidence from epidemiological studies， placental cell models， and animal exposure models， this review summarizes the global exposure levels of PFAS in the placenta， examines the effects of PFAS exposure on placental morphology， structure， and function， and explores the underlying molecular mechanisms. By providing a comprehensive overview of current research， this review also offers insights into future research directions.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Exposure of placentas to PFAS

2.1 Exposure concentration and distribution of human placentas to PFAS

2.2 Factors influence PFAS retention and transport in the Placenta

3 The effect of PFAS on placental structure and function

3.1 Effect on placental morphological

3.2 Effect on placental histological structure

3.3 Effect on placental vascular

3.4 Effect on nutrient metabolism and transport

3.5 Effect on placental endocrine

3.6 Molecular mechanisms of placental dysfunction

4 Conclusion and outlook

Hydrogen energy is regarded as an ideal energy carrier for the future. Traditional hydrogen production through fossil fuel reforming fails to fundamentally address carbon emission issues. Direct seawater electrolysis has emerged as a promising hydrogen production technology with significant prospects. Compared to conventional pure-water electrolysis systems，natural seawater exhibits a more complex chemical composition and induces additional side reactions during electrolysis，thereby imposing higher requirements on electrode materials and electrolyzer structural design. The chlorine evolution reaction （CER） at the anode and calcium/magnesium ion precipitation at the cathode constitutes two critical challenges in direct seawater electrolysis. While substantial research has been reported in recent years regarding the mechanisms and suppression strategies of CER，comparatively fewer studies have systematically addressed the fundamental mechanisms and inhibition approaches for cathodic calcium/magnesium deposition. Practical hydrogen production processes require particular attention to electrode performance degradation caused by such inorganic precipitates，including increased mass transfer resistance and reduced electrolysis efficiency. This review initiates from the formation mechanisms of calcium/magnesium precipitation on cathode surfaces，elaborates on the fundamental principles and technical challenges of direct seawater electrolysis，and critically summarizes recent advances in suppression strategies against cathodic inorganic deposition. Furthermore，perspectives on future research directions for seawater electrolysis technology are provided，emphasizing the need for comprehensive investigations into electrode-electrolyte interfaces and scalable system optimization.

In recent years，visible-light-promoted palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions and C—H functionalization have witnessed remarkable advances in the field of organic synthesis. By utilizing photoexcited palladium complexes to mediate single-electron transfer （SET） processes，researchers have effectively addressed challenges associated with the activation of inert bonds in conventional thermal catalytic systems. This strategy has notably expanded the scope of applicable substrates and improved compatibility with diverse functional groups. This review highlights recent developments in visible-light-induced palladium-catalyzed Negishi coupling，Suzuki-Miyaura coupling，Heck reaction，three-component coupling，as well as C—H functionalization. Particular emphasis is placed on the distinct advantages of photoexcited palladium catalysis in enabling inert bond activation，regioselective control，and stereoselective transformations. This Pd/photoredox dual catalytic strategy significantly enhances reaction regioselectivity and stereocontrol，substantially broadening the substrate scope and functional group tolerance. It demonstrates particular utility in the construction of fluorinated molecules，strained rings，and heterocyclic architectures，offering a novel and efficient green pathway for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals，functional materials，and natural products，thereby revealing considerable application potential.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Coupling reaction

2.1 Negishi coupling reaction

2.2 Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction

2.3 Heck-type coupling reactio

2.4 Cross-coupling reaction

2.5 Three-component coupling reaction

2.6 Palladium-catalyzed cyclization reaction

3 Palladium-catalyzed C—H functionalization

3.1 Palladium-catalyzed C—H functionalization/cyclization reaction

3.2 Palladium-catalyzed directed sp³ C—H functionalization

3.3 Palladium-catalyzed directed sp² C—H functionalization

3.4 Palladium-catalyzed non-directed sp³ C—H alkylation

3.5 Palladium-catalyzed non-directed sp³ C—H arylation

3.6 Palladium-catalyzed non-directed sp² C—H alkylation

3.7 Palladium-catalyzed hydrogen atom transfer （HAT） reaction

3.8 Other palladium-catalyzed C—H functionalization reactions

4 Conclusion and outlook

Lithium metal batteries （LMBs） have attracted significant attention due to their remarkable energy density. Yet， challenges surrounding safety and cycling stability have existed as crucial factors impeding their practical application. The development of an efficient electrolyte， which stands as a vital component in LMBs， serves as a key strategy to tackle those issues. In this review， the fluorinated solvent for lithium metal batteries is summarized in detail for the follow three reasons： （1） because of the strong electron-withdrawing effect of fluorine atoms， the fluorination of electrolyte solvents can reduce the HOMO and LUMO energy level， facilitating the generation of a robust solid electrolyte interface layer enriched with LiF on the lithium metal anode's surface； （2） fluorination can alter the electrostatic potential distribution of electrolyte solvents， thereby modifying coordination sites and regulating solvation structures； （3） the fluorination of solvents can also enhance the temperature endurance and flame retardance of the electrolyte. According to the chemical structures， fluorinated carbonates， fluorinated ethers， fluorinated carboxylates， fluorinated siloxanes， and fluorinated nitriles are elucidated elaborately based on the degree of fluorination and position of fluorine substitution. The relationships between the chemical structures of fluorinated solvents and the solvation structure， interfacial compatibility， and cell performances are described systematically. This review summarizes and provides insights into the future development prospects on fluorinated solvents for lithium metal batteries.