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  • Review
    Yawei Wang, Qiurui Zhang, Nanyang Yu, Yuan Wang, Si Wei, Mingliang Fang, Sinuo Tian, Yali Shi, Jianbo Shi, Guangbo Qü, Ying Zhu, Yumin Zhu, Chuhong Zhu, Min Qiao, Jianghuan Hua, Mei Liu, Guorui Liu, Jianguo Liu, Yanna Liu, Nannan Liu, Longfei Jiang, Shuqin Tang, Bixian Mai, Cheng Li, Pan Yang, Lihua Yang, Rongyan Yang, Lili Yang, Xiaoxi Yang, Ruiqiang Yang, Xinghua Qiu, Guangguo Ying, Yan Wang, Gan Zhang, Quan Zhang, Zhen Zhang, Ying Zhang, Qianqian Zhang, Rongjing Lu, Da Chen, Xin Chen, Hexia Chen, Jingwen Chen, Jiazhe Chen, Bingcheng Lin, Xiaojun Luo, Chunling Luo, Rong Ji, Biao Jin, Bingsheng Zhou, Minghui Zheng, Shizhen Zhao, Meirong Zhao, Fanrong Zhao, Lu Jiang, Lingyan Zhu, Linlin Yao, Jingzhi Yao, Yong He, Xunjie Mo, Chuanzi Gao, Yongyong Guo, Nan Sheng, Yunhan Cui, Chengqian Liang, Jian Han, Zhen Cheng, Yanhong Zeng, Wenhui Qiu, Yaqi Cai, Hongli Tan, Bingcai Pan, Jiayin Dai, Dongbin Wei, Chunyang Liao, Jincai Zhao, Guibin Jiang
    Progress in Chemistry. 2024, 36(11): 1607-1784. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC241114
           

    With the rapid development of current society and economy, as well as the accelerated process of industrialization and urbanization, the complexity and seriousness of environmental pollution issues are becoming increasingly apparent. Beyond traditional pollutants, the appearance of emerging pollutants on a global scale has brought new challenges to environment and public health. China’s “14th Five-Year Plan” and medium and long-term planning put forward “emerging pollutant control”, report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China also explicitly requested “carry out emerging pollutant control”. In 2022, General Office of the State Council issued “Action Plan for Emerging Pollutant Control”, followed by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment and various provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions, which released corresponding implementation plans, China has transferred to a new phase of environmental protection that balances the control of both traditional and emerging pollutants. However, management of emerging pollutants is a long-term, dynamic and complex systematic project, which urgently needs to strengthen top-level design as well as scientific and technological support. Conducting systematic research on emerging pollutants not only provides effective scientific guidance for their control and improves the level of environmental quality management, but also assists our country in fulfilling international conventions, enhances the discourse power in global environmental governance, ensures our country environmental security, food security, international trade security, etc., and is of great significance for realizing sustainable development. This review aims to comprehensively explore various aspects of emerging pollutants, including their types and characteristics, production, use and emission, identification and detection, environmental occurrence, migration and transformation, ecotoxicological effects, human exposure, health risks, and management strategies. Furthermore, it looks forward to the future research direction, with a view to providing a scientific basis and decision-making support for control of emerging pollutants in China.

    Contents

    1 Concepts, types and characteristics of emerging pollutants

    1.1 Definition and basic characteristics of emerging pollutants

    1.2 Typical emerging pollutants

    1.3 Scientific problems faced in the study of emerging pollutants

    2 Production, use and emission of emerging pollutants

    2.1 Production, use and emission of POPs

    2.2 Production, use and release of antibiotics

    2.3 Production, use and release of endocrine disruptors

    3 Identification and characterization of emerging pollutants

    3.1 Non-targeted analytical techniques for identification and characterization of emerging pollutants

    3.2 Data analysis techniques for identification and characterization of emerging pollutants

    3.3 Application of technologies for identification and characterization of emerging pollutants

    3.4 Outlook

    4 Environmental level and distribution characteristics

    4.1 Regional distribution characteristics of emerging pollutants

    4.2 Characteristics of emerging pollutants in environmental media

    4.3 Bioconcentration and accumulation of emerging pollutants

    5 Environmental transport and transformation of emerging pollutants, source and sink mechanisms

    5.1 Multi-media process of emerging pollutants in the water environment and return tendency

    5.2 Transport and transformation of emerging pollutants in soil-plant system

    5.3 Atmospheric processes of emerging pollutants

    5.4 Numerical modeling of regional environmental fate of emerging pollutants

    6 Ecotoxicological effects of emerging pollutants

    6.1 Ecotoxicology of perfluorinated and polyfluorinated alkyl compounds

    6.2 Ecotoxicology of organophosphates

    6.3 Integrated exposure assessment of novel nicotinic pesticides in honey crops

    6.4 Ecotoxicology of PPCP-like contaminants

    7 Human exposure and health risks of emerging pollutants

    7.1 Human health risk-oriented screening of environmental contaminants

    7.2 ADME processes and conformational relationships of emerging pollutants in humans

    7.3 Environmental health risks of emerging pollutants

    8 Management of emerging pollutants

    8.1 Difficulties in the management of emerging pollutants

    8.2 New pollutant management technologies

    8.3 China's emerging pollutants environmental management policy

    8.4 International experience in environmental management of emerging pollutants

    8.5 Problems and suggestions of China's environmental management of emerging pollutants

    9 Key scientific issues and prospects

    9.1 Lack of emerging pollutants' bottom line

    9.2 Environmental and ecotoxicological toxicological effects of low-dose prolonged exposure

    9.3 Compound effects of emerging pollutants and histologic study of human exposure

    9.4 Strategies for control and green development of high-risk chemicals

    9.5 Construction of machine learning-based database for environmental samples and human exposure

    9.6 Capacity building of scientific and technological support for emerging pollutants control actions in China

    9.7 Coordinated development of ecological and environmental monitoring capability, fine support of emerging pollutant management, and construction of targeted new pollutant risk prevention and pollution prevention system

  • Review
    Zhang Xiangwen, Hou Fang, Liu Ruichen, Wang Li, Li Guozhu
    Progress in Chemistry. 2024, 36(4): 471-485. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC230911
           

    Theoretical design of fuel has always been the focus of research about fuel in the area of propulsion technology. It can effectively overcome the complexity and potential danger of the experiment, and guide experimental synthesis of fuel, which can be verified by experimental results. It is anticipated that a new generation of fuel can be efficiently designed for subsequent fuel synthesis and application. However, the traditional theoretical calculation methods, such as group contribution method and quantum chemical method, have the defects of low accuracy and efficiency. Machine learning, a rapidly developed algorithm, has opened up a new way to design potential high-energy fuels, which exhibits strong capabilities in both property prediction and molecule design. In this review, several fuel molecule descriptors for machine learning are introduced, and different machine learning models for fuel property prediction and molecule design are briefed. Furthermore, the research on machine learning assisted property prediction and new molecule design of fuel is summarized, respectively. Finally, the challenges and future development of machine learning applied in fuel design are discussed.

    Contents

    1 Introduction

    2 Fuel molecule description method

    2.1 Molecular fingerprinting based on SMILES

    2.2 Coulomb matrix

    2.3 Continuous operable molecular entry specification

    2.4 Molecule graph

    3 Machine learning model

    3.1 Model for fuel property prediction

    3.2 Model for fuel molecule generation

    4 Fuel property prediction

    4.1 Single fuel property prediction

    4.2 Multiple fuel properties prediction

    5 Design of new fuel molecules

    5.1 High throughput screening of fuel molecules

    5.2 Reverse design of new fuel molecules

    6 Conclusion and outlook

  • Review
    Sichang Ma, Dongyang Li, Rui Xu
    Progress in Chemistry. 2024, 36(5): 757-770. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC230709
           

    The rapid advancement of large-scale energy storage devices has spurred the need for research focused on achieving higher energy density in lithium-ion batteries. Within this context, anode materials, which are crucial components of lithium-ion batteries, play a critical role in attaining enhanced energy density. Unfortunately, commercially available graphite anodes suffer from limitations such as low theoretical capacity, poor rate capability, and a low voltage plateau. Consequently, there is an urgent requirement to develop alternative anode materials that can meet these demands. Electrospinning has emerged as a popular method for fabricating electrode materials due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and ability to produce flexible nanofibers. This technique offers several advantages, including the ability to tailor nanomaterials with diverse morphologies by adjusting key parameters. Furthermore, electrospinning enables the creation of nanomaterials with large specific surface areas, high mechanical strength, flexibility, and self-supporting properties. Consequently, it has garnered significant interest in the field of anode material preparation for lithium-ion batteries. This paper aims to provide an overview of the research progress in utilizing electrospinning for the preparation of anode materials in lithium-ion batteries. It covers various categories of anode materials, including carbon-based, titanium-based, silicon-based, tin-based, and other metallic compound materials. Additionally, the paper outlines the future directions and potential advancements in the development of electrospun anode materials. By exploring the applications of electrospinning in anode material preparation, this paper contributes to the understanding and advancement of lithium-ion battery technology, offering insights into the potential of electrospinning as a versatile and effective technique for enhancing anode performance.

    Contents

    1 Introduction

    2 Basics of electrospinning technique

    2.1 Working principle

    2.2 Parameters on fibers fabrication

    2.3 Superiority of electrospinning technique for anode materials

    3 Representative anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

    3.1 Carbon-based anode

    3.2 Titanium-based anode

    3.3 Silicon-based anode

    3.4 Tin-based anode

    3.5 Anodes with other compounds

    4 Conclusion and outlook

  • Review
    Lu Shuiqing, Liu Yichang, Xie Zhipeng, Zhang Da, Yang Bin, Liang Feng
    Progress in Chemistry. 2024, 36(4): 556-574. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC230814
           

    With the rapid development of radio waves and electronic information technology, the problem of electromagnetic radiation pollution is becoming more and more prominent, which has attracted wide attention around the world. In order to solve the problem of electromagnetic pollution, people are committed to researching and developing electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials with light weight, thin thickness, a wide frequency band, and strong absorption. Compared with traditional wave-absorbing materials, carbon-based composite wave-absorbing materials have excellent dielectric properties, special microstructure, good impedance matching and efficient wave-absorbing properties, and can effectively reduce the mass of composite materials, which has great development potential in the field of wave-absorbing materials, and has gradually become a research hotspot. In this paper, the basic absorption principle of electromagnetic wave is summarized from the aspects of impedance matching and loss mechanism, and the research progress of carbon-carbon, carbon-metal/metal oxide, carbon-ceramics and other kinds of carbon-based composite absorbing materials is reviewed. At the same time, the synthesis methods, absorption properties and attenuation mechanism of these carbon-based composite absorbing materials are reviewed. Finally, the shortcomings of carbon-based composite absorbing materials in electromagnetic wave absorption are discussed and possible solutions are put forward, and the future development direction of carbon-based composite absorbing materials is prospected.

    Contents

    1 Introduction

    2 Absorbing mechanism and classification of absorbing materials

    2.1 Absorbing mechanism

    2.2 Classification of absorbing materials

    3 Carbon nano-absorbing materials

    4 Carbon-based composite absorbing materials

    4.1 Carbon-carbon composite absorbing materials

    4.2 Carbon-metal/metal oxide composite absorbing materials

    4.3 Carbon-ceramic composite absorbing materials

    5 Conclusion and outlook

  • Review
    Guolei Xiang
    Progress in Chemistry. 2024, 36(6): 851-866. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC240105
           

    Revealing the intrinsic electronic principles driving the surface chemistry of nanomaterials is a central goal in nanoscience; however, the concepts and theoretical frameworks have long remained incomplete and unsystematic. This review systematically introduces a theoretical framework to reveal the interaction mechanisms and trends of surface ligands with nanomaterials at the electronic level, on the basis of competitive orbital redistribution in chemisorption and a concept of orbital potential, the characteristic electronic attribute directly determining surface reactivity. Based on the competitive interactions between surface coordination bonds and bulk energy bands, this theoretical framework can provide coherent answers to these key scientific issues. (1) The opposite and uniform relation of surface activity and stability in nanomaterials originates from the normalization principle of wavefunctions. (2) The physical nature of enhanced surface activity by size reduction lies in two mechanisms: weakening the constrain strength to surface valence atomic orbitals by nanomaterial energy bands, and amplifying the effects of other structural parameters like defects. (3) Nanoscale cooperative chemisorption (NCC) model generally reveals the electronic-level mechanisms and common rules how ligand coverage regulates the energy band states and physical/chemical properties of nanomaterials. (4) The roles and interaction mechanisms of nanomaterial size (r), specific surface area (S/V), surface ligands, and ligand coverage (θ) in nanomaterial surface chemical reactions are elucidated.

    Contents

    1 Introduction

    2 Nanomaterial surface chemistry

    2.1 Key science issues

    2.2 Three types of understanding viewpoints

    2.3 Nanomaterial surface coordination chemistry

    2.4 Four modes of nanomaterial surface effects

    3 Electronic principle of structure-function relationships

    3.1 Structure-function relationship in physical science

    3.2 Electronic attributes

    3.3 Quantum size effect

    4 Chemisorption model based on competitive orbital redistribution

    4.1 Chemisorption interaction

    4.2 Competitive redistribution of surface valence orbitals

    4.3 Orbital potential

    4.4 Structure-function relationship of surface reactivity

    5 Electronic principle of size-dependent surface reactivity

    5.1 Meaning of surface activity

    5.2 Mathematic model of surface reactivity

    5.3 Dual roles of size reduction in enhancing surface reactivity

    6 Nanoscale competitive chemisorption model

    6.1 Relationship of energy band and surface reactivity

    6.2 Nanoscale competitive chemisorption model

    6.3 The roles of r, S/V, and θ in nanosurface chemistry

    6.4 Two-electronic-state competition model

    6.5 The uniform principle of ligand effect on photoluminescence

    7 Comparison of typical adsorption models

    7.1 Adsorption isotherm model

    7.2 Electronic model of chemisorption

    7.3 Chemisorption model of nanomaterial

    8 Summary and outlook

  • Review
    Bin Xu, Jianguo Liu, Xinghua Zhang, Lungang Chen, Qi Zhang, Longlong Ma
    Progress in Chemistry. 2024, 36(5): 709-723. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC230903
           

    With the continuous depletion of fossil energy and the continuous destruction of the ecological environment, developing environmentally friendly renewable electrochemical energy storage devices and biomedical materials is particularly urgent. As an important renewable resource, lignocellulosic biomass has the advantages of low cost, easy accessibility, environmental friendliness, and rich pore structure, and it has a wide range of application prospects as a renewable, biodegradable, and biocompatible substrate for excellent modified materials. The treatment of biomass materials has been from the traditional methods (including combustion, feed, fertilizer and matrix processing), and gradually towards energy, ecology, material modification, and the preparation of new bio-based functional and smart material products, such as: high-performance energy storage devices and biomedical equipment. In short, the development of new matrix and functional materials with biomass as the main raw material is the development trend. In this study, the latest research progress in preparing biomass-derived materials for high-performance energy storage devices and biomedical fields is summarized and overlooked, and the problems and challenges are also pointed out.

    Contents

    1 Introduction

    2 Application of bio-based materials in electro chemical energy storage

    2.1 Super capacitor

    2.2 Lithium battery

    3 Applications in biomedical

    3.1 Cellulose-based materials

    3.2 Hemicellulose-based materials

    3.3 Lignin-based materials

    4 Conclusion and outlook

  • Review
    Tianyu Wang, Li Wang, Wei Sun, Meirong Wu, Yue Yang
    Progress in Chemistry. 2024, 36(7): 1026-1045. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC231120
           

    Benefiting from high energy density and low cost, Ni-rich LiNixCoyMn/Al1-x-yO2 materials have received great attention as promising cathode candidates for next-generation high-energy lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that are widely used in electric vehicles (EVs). However, with an increased Ni content, Ni-rich cathode materials suffer from severe structural, chemical, and mechanical instabilities, seriously restricting their industrially safe application in power LIBs of EVs. In this review, primarily, the synthesis methods of Ni-rich cathode materials are summarized in detail, which include solid-state method, sol-gel method, hydrothermal method, spray-drying method, and co-precipitation method. Subsequently, the key failure mechanisms, including ion mixing and irreversible phase transition, residual Li species and interface side reactions, mechanical microcracks, and transition metal dissolutions, are thoroughly analyzed throughout the preparation, storage, and service of Ni-rich cathode materials, thereby clarifying various performance decay behaviors of materials. The modification strategies that cover ion doping, surface coating, core-shell/gradient materials, and single-crystal materials are systematically discussed for Ni-rich cathode materials, aiming at presenting conspicuous research progress and current shortcomings for the stabilization of Ni-rich cathode materials. Finally, this review presents a perspective toward future development and optimization for Ni-rich cathode materials, aiming at delivering a theoretical guidance for propelling its industrial safe application in high-energy LIBs.

    Contents

    1 Introduction

    2 Synthetic method

    2.1 Solid-state method

    2.2 Sol-gel method

    2.3 Hydrothermal method

    2.4 Spray-drying method

    2.5 Coprecipitation method

    3 Failure mechanism

    3.1 Ion mixing and irreversible phase transition

    3.2 Surface residual Li species and interface side reaction

    3.3 Microcracks induced by internal stress

    3.4 Dissolution of transition metals

    4 Modification method

    4.1 Ion doping

    4.2 Surface coating

    4.3 Core-shell/gradient material design

    4.4 Single-crystal material design

    5 Conclusion and outlook

  • Review
    Wenwei Li, Ziyu Zhu, Ruilin Haotian, Yao Xie, Aiqin Luo, Axin Liang
    Progress in Chemistry. 2024, 36(5): 667-678. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC230809
           

    Natural products are secondary metabolites preserved by natural selection in the long-term evolution process of natural organisms, and are widely used in many fields because of their rich medicinal value. With the development of modern science, the demand for high purity products of natural products is also increasing. Traditional separation methods usually have some disadvantages such as large consumption of organic solvents, poor separation effect, high cost and long cycle, which seriously restrict the development and use of natural products in various fields. The emergence of new separation and purification technology provides a new idea for the extraction, separation and application of natural products. On the basis of summarizing the existing literature, this paper reviews the new methods of separation and purification of natural products, and finally summarizes and discusses the research bottleneck and future development direction of natural product separation and purification.

    Contents

    1 Introduction

    2 Novel chromatographic method

    2.1 Counter-current chromatography

    2.2 Hydrophilic interaction chromatography

    3 Supercritical fluid separation

    3.1 Ionic liquid separation

    3.2 Deep eutectic solvent separation

    3.3 Ionic liquid and deep eutectic solvent cooperation

    4 Molecular imprinting technology

    4.1 Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer

    4.2 Molecular imprinted solid phase extraction

    4.3 Deep eutectic solvent-molecularly imprinted polymer

    5 Conclusion and outlook

  • Review
    Fangtian Wang, Liang Zhao, Guangsheng Guo, Xiayan Wang
    Progress in Chemistry. 2024, 36(6): 840-850. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC240121
           

    Microvasculature-on-a-chip, utilizing microfluidic technology, has emerged as a significant in vitro tool for simulating both the normal and disease states of blood vessel networks. In our review, we highlight the efficacy of microfluidic platforms in accurately reproducing the microenvironment of human blood vessels. We outline a range of methodologies employed to fabricate vascular networks in vitro, focusing on the use of endothelial cells within microfluidic structures. For each method, we provide an assessment of recent examples, critically evaluating their strengths and drawbacks. Furthermore, we delve into the outlook and the innovative advancements anticipated for next-generation vascular-on-a-chip models and the broader field of chip-based tissue engineering.

    Contents

    1 Introduction

    2 The microfluidic approaches for recapitulating the vascular structure in vitro.

    2.1 Monolayer-based culturing of the endothelial cells directly in the microfluidic device.

    2.2 Hydrogel-based casting and fabricating of the lumen structure.

    2.3 Mold or fugitive hydrogel sacrificially generates the endothelial lumen.

    2.4 Self-assembling-based vascular network embedded in the hydrogel.

    3 The conclusion and prospects

  • Review
    Jingyi Wang, Xin Xu, Shijia Zheng, Pifeng Wei, Wankai An
    Progress in Chemistry. 2024, 36(5): 645-666. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC230824
           

    Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have become one of the research focuses currently in porous materials due to their excellent photocatalytic activity. Compared with other heterogeneous photocatalysts, COFs possess regular and controllable structures, large specific surface areas, uniform pore channels and good chemical/thermal stability. Additionally, COFs have suitable band structures, adjustable absorption range, and are easy to be functionalized and recovered/reused after the reactions. The advantages above surely endow COFs with potential value in fundamental researches and industrial applications. In recent years, the application of COFs in photocatalysis has gained rapid progress, especially in the field of photocatalytic organic transformations. Theses significant works have greatly promoted the development of COFs. In this review, numerous synthesis strategies for photo-functionalized COFs are briefly introduced, e.g., “bottom-up” strategy, post modification and combination method. Then, the photocatalytic reaction mechanisms mediated by COFs are condensed into two pathways, i.e., energy transfer and electron transfer. The latest research progress of COFs as photocatalysts in photocatalytic selective oxidation reaction (oxidation of amines to imines, preparation of sulfoxides through selective oxidation of sulfides, oxidation hydroxylation of arylboronic acids to phenols, and oxidation of N-aryl tetrahydroisoquinoline), reduction reaction (reductive dehalogenation, hydrogenation of nitrobenzene, and hydrogenation of styrene), coupling reaction (C-C cross-dehydrogenative coupling reaction, C−N cross-coupling reaction, and C−S cross-coupling reaction), cyclization reaction, polymerization reaction and asymmetric organic synthesis, etc., are succinctly outlined and discussed. Finally, the application of COFs in photocatalysis is summarized and prospected.

    Contents

    1 Introduction

    2 Synthesis strategies for photo-functionalized COFs

    2.1 Bottom-up strategy

    2.2 Post modification

    2.3 Combination method

    3 Mechanism of COFs photocatalytic reaction

    4 COFs for photocatalytic organic reaction

    4.1 Oxidation reaction

    4.2 Reduction reaction

    4.3 Coupling reaction

    4.4 Cyclization reaction

    4.5 Polymerization reaction

    4.6 Asymmetric organic synthesis

    5 Conclusion and outlook

  • Review
    Yutai Zou, Wenshuo Wang, Jian Liu
    Progress in Chemistry. 2024, 36(6): 815-826. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC231113
           

    The design and development of material-microorganism hybrid systems that can use solar energy for green biosynthesis is expected to provide human society with a viable solution for addressing the global energy shortage and environmental crisis. In recent years, the construction of hybrid systems by coupling excellent physical and chemical features of artificial materials with the biosynthetic function of microorganisms has received extensive attention. Polymeric materials, due to versatile functions, excellent designability and good biocompatibility, have been widely used to construct material-microorganism hybrid systems, and have shown broad application prospects in the field of bioenergy. Based on the functional features of polymeric materials, this paper systematically summarizes different types of polymer-microorganism biohybrid systems, and discusses the augmentation of their catalytic performance by enhancing light utilization, accelerating electron transfer, and stabilizing biological activity. Finally, the challenges and future development of polymer-microorganism hybrid systems are discussed.

    Contents

    1 Introduction

    2 Construction of polymer-microorganism biohybrids

    2.1 Conjugated polymers

    2.2 Polyelectrolytes and polyphenols

    3 Polymer-microorganism biohybrids with enhanced biocatalysis

    3.1 Enhance light utilization to strengthen microbial photosynthesis

    3.2 Accelerate electron transfer to strengthen microbial electrosynthesis

    3.3 Stabilize cell activity to strengthen microbial conversion of chemicals

    4 Conclusion and outlook

  • Review
    Changzheng Lin, Jinwei Zhu, Weijia Li, Hao Chen, Jiangtao Feng, Wei Yan
    Progress in Chemistry. 2024, 36(9): 1291-1303. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC240123
           

    In recent years, electrocatalytic nitrate reduction (ENitRR) has attracted considerable attention in the synthesis of ammonia at ambient conditions. Compared to the traditional Haber-Bosch process for ammonia synthesis, ENitRR offers lower energy consumption and milder reaction conditions. The design and optimization of ENitRR electrocatalysts are crucial for nitrate deoxygenation and hydrogenation. Copper-based catalytic materials have been widely studied due to their unique structure, low cost, and excellent performance, making them highly promising electrocatalysts through various morphology and electronic structure modulation strategies. This article summarizes various effective design strategies using copper-based electrocatalysts as a typical example to enhance the ammonia production rate and conversion efficiency in ENitRR. It also introduces the reaction mechanism and the relationship between structural changes in Cu-based electrocatalysts and their performance. These strategies include morphology modulation, alloy engineering, lattice phase tuning, single-atom structures, as well as copper compound construction and composites with other materials. Finally, challenges faced by copper-based electrocatalysts are discussed along with future research directions that should be focused on in order to provide reference for researchers engaged in nitrate treatment in aqueous systems.

    Contents

    1 Introduction

    2 Mechanism of ENitRR

    3 Research status of Cu-based electrocatalysts

    3.1 Metal Copper (Cu0)

    3.2 Cuprous based catalyst

    3.3 Copper matrix composite

    4 Conclusion and outlook

  • Review
    Wanru Guo, Zheng Li, Bing Liu, Jixian Gong, Songnan Zhang, Guobao Zheng
    Progress in Chemistry. 2024, 36(6): 914-927. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC231002
           

    Hydrogel materials are widely used due to their excellent hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, adjustable biomimetic properties, etc. However, their inherent non-uniform microstructure and low-density molecular chains make their mechanical properties poor, which limits their practical applications. The preparation of hydrogel materials with high mechanical strength yet toughness has been a challenge for research in this field. As composites are constantly developing in the direction of functionalization and intelligence, the introduction of polymer hydrogels into the textile field for the preparation of gel-based textile composites not only improves the defects of gel materials, but also gives textiles excellent properties and broadens their potential application prospects. This paper reviews the research progress of hydrogel textile composites, focusing on the design strategy of hydrogel-based textile composites and their enhanced mechanical and antimicrobial properties, discusses the application progress of the composites in the fields of oil-water separation, medical dressings, wearable electronic devices, and flame-retardant protection, and the future research direction is also prospected.

    Contents

    1 Introduction

    2 Methods to prepare hydrogel textile composites

    2.1 Sol-gelatinization

    2.2 Graft modification treatment

    2.3 Lamination

    2.4 Hydrogel fiber weaving method

    3 Application of hydrogel textile composites

    3.1 Oil-water separation

    3.2 Medical Dressings

    3.3 Wearable electronic devices

    3.4 Flame retardant protective products

    3.5 Others

    4 Conclusion and outlook

  • Review
    Hanfeng Wu, Jiushuai Deng, Jinli Liu, Yingqiang Wu, Li Wang, Xiangming He
    Progress in Chemistry. 2024, 36(6): 827-239. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC231112
           

    With the rapid development of portable electronic products and electric vehicles, the demand for high energy density lithium-ion batteries is increasing. High-nickel ternary materials with nickel content higher than 0.6 (include) (e.g., LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2, LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 and LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2), which can deliver a high reversible specific capacity of more than 200 mAh·g-1 at an upper cut-off voltage of 4.3 V vs Li+/Li, are an important development direction of cathode material with high specific capacity. However, the weak mechanical strength, low compaction density of polycrystal ternary materials and the anisotropy of primary grains lead to intergranular cracks in the polycrystal particles during the charging and discharging process. The electrolyte will penetrate into the polycrystal particles along the intergranular cracks, thus aggravating the side reaction between the electrode and electrolyte and deteriorating the cycle performance and safety of the battery. The design of single crystal material without grain boundary can reduce the formation of intergranular cracks, effectively suppress the side reaction at the interfaces and improve the cycle stability. In this study, the advantages and problems of single-crystal high-nickel ternary materials are reviewed, and their synthesis methods and modification strategies are analyzed. Finally, the application prospects and challenges of single-crystal high-nickel ternary materials are reviewed and prospected.

    Contents

    1 Introduction

    2 Performance difference between monocrystalline and polycrystalline materials

    3 Synthesis methods of single-crystal high-nickel ternary materials

    3.1 Coprecipitation method

    3.2 Molten salt synthesis

    3.3 Corrosion method

    3.4 Spray pyrolysis

    3.5 Hydrothermal method

    4 Modification strategies of single-crystal high-nickel ternary materials

    4.1 Problems in single-crystal materials

    4.2 Surface coating

    4.3 Ion doping

    5 Conclusion and outlook

  • Review
    Hanlin Shen, Min Dai, Zhuo Li, Yunan Tian, Tianwei Li, Xianwei Hu
    Progress in Chemistry. 2024, 36(5): 724-740. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC230823
           

    Due to the characteristics of large specific surface area, porosity, adjustable structure and easy modification, metal-organic framework materials and their derivatives are widely used as electrode materials, separators, electrocatalysts and other energy storage materials. However, there are still many problems in the practical application of MOFs. This paper reviews the latest developments in the application of MOFs and their derived materials in energy storage devices such as alkali metal ion batteries, metal chalcogenide batteries, aqueous zinc ion batteries, and supercapacitors, and proposes design solutions for problems such as dendrite growth and shuttle effects that often occur in secondary batteries. In addition, the design ideas of MOFs-derived carbon material heterostructure and metal compound structure modification are also summarized. Finally, the intrinsic regulation of MOFs precursors and the modification strategies of derived materials are summarized and prospected.

    Contents

    1 Introduction

    2 MOFs are used in the field of energy storage

    2.1 Applications in lithium-ion batteries

    2.2 Applications in sodium-ion batteries

    2.3 Applications in potassium-ion batteries

    2.4 Applications in metal-chalcogen batteries

    2.5 Applications in aqueous zinc-ion batteries

    2.6 Applications in supercapacitors

    3 Modification strategies for MOFs and their derived materials

    3.1 Intrinsic regulation of MOFs

    3.2 MOFs-derived carbon materials

    3.3 MOFs-derived metal compounds

    4 Conclusion and outlook

  • Review
    Fanghai Liu, Hui Jiang, Shuqi Yang, Qi Liu, Lei Chen
    Progress in Chemistry. 2024, 36(7): 1046-1060. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC231201
           

    Quantum dots are considered as ideal luminescent materials for high color gamut, flexible, and large area display, medical devices, and the application of other fields, due to their unique photoelectric properties. Compared with the quantum dots of binary Ⅱ-Ⅵ or Ⅲ-Ⅴ group, the quantum dots of ternaryⅠ-Ⅲ-Ⅵ2 group have significant advantages in terms of ecological and environmental friendliness without containing Cd or Pb elements, large Stokes shift with adjustable band gap, long-life luminescence, etc. Moreover, it is facile to obtain emission wavelength adjustable continuously from visible to near-infrared region by changing chemical elements ratio in the composition of single Ⅰ-Ⅲ-Ⅵ2 family. These characters make the Ⅰ-Ⅲ-Ⅵ2 quantum dots have broad application prospects in the fields of light-emitting diodes, solar cells, photodetectors, biological imaging, etc. This paper systematically reviews the synthesis methods and optical performance optimization strategies of quantum dots and those suitable for I-III-VI2 quantum dots, explains the luminescence mechanisms of I-III-VI2 quantum dots based on their electronic band structures, summarizes recent-years progress of quantum dots application in lighting and display devices, and focuses on the application progress of the I-III-VI2 quantum dots in photo- and electroluminescent diodes. Finally, the future prospects and challenges of I-III-VI2 quantum dots are prospected.

    Contents

    1 Introduction

    2 Quantum dot synthesis method

    2.1 Top-down synthesis

    2.2 Bottom-up-heat injection method

    2.3 Bottom-up - one-pot hot method

    3 Current status of research based on group Ⅰ-Ⅲ-Ⅵ2 quantum dots

    3.1 Luminescence mechanisms of group Ⅰ-Ⅲ-Ⅵ2 quantum dots

    3.2 Optimization of optical properties of groupⅠ-Ⅲ-Ⅵ2 quantum dots

    4 Group Ⅰ-Ⅲ-Ⅵ2 quantum dot light emitting devices

    4.1 Quantum dot luminescent display

    4.2 Group Ⅰ-Ⅲ-Ⅵ2 quantum dot QLED and WLED devices

    5 Conclusion and outlook

  • Review
    Yanchen Chen, Honglin Qian, Yirong Guo, Jing Wang, Jian Ji
    Progress in Chemistry. 2024, 36(5): 679-695. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC230919
           

    Combination products present significant opportunities for advancing traditional medical devices by versatile integration of therapeutic drugs and devices. As clinical needs evolve, there remains growing interest in developing new surface and interface engineering technologies for modulating drug delivery behavior. Recently, polymeric porous surface interface technology has emerged as a robust strategy for the flexible amalgamation of functional molecules with medical devices via capillary adsorption. In comparison to the conventional coating method, this technology shows distinctive features like flexible loading, facile dosage control, and tunable release, therefore providing a novel insight for personalized medicine. This review begins by outlining the methods for preparing porous surfaces of polymer materials, including the breath figure, template method, surface non-solvent-induced phase separation, stimulus-induced phase separation method, and electrospinning method. Then, the mechanism for the capillary-based loading process and hindered release behavior of functional species, which play a central role in the development of spongy surface-based combination devices, is discussed. This review also provides an overview of the latest research on the porous surface interfaces of polymer materials in applications like targeted anti-cancer, cardiovascular implants, and bone repair, summarizes the present challenges in research on the porous surfaces of polymer materials, and highlights insights into potential future directions.

    Contents

    1 Introduction

    2 Construction strategy of porous surface on polymer materials

    2.1 Breath figure

    2.2 Template method

    2.3 Surface non solvent induced phase separation

    2.4 Stimulus-induced phase separation

    2.5 Electrospinning method

    3 Functional molecule delivery based on porous polymer surface

    3.1 The driving force of loading and release of functional molecules

    3.2 Study on the release behavior of functional molecules

    4 Application of polymer porous surface in drug delivery

    4.1 Targeted anti-cancer

    4.2 Cardiovascular diseases

    4.3 Orthopedics diseases

    5 Conclusion

  • Review
    Yue Lai, Chao Wang, Jie Zhang, Shungui Zhou, Changgeng Liu, Jie Ye
    Progress in Chemistry. 2024, 36(5): 798-814. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC230707
           

    Sludge is an inevitable by-product of the wastewater treatment process and due to its high water content, large volume, and inclusion of a large amount of toxic and hazardous substances, needs to be minimized and harmlessly treated. However, sludge possesses extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) formed by ionization of negatively charged functional groups, which maintain a stable hydrated colloidal structure and prevent the release of water. This is a key factor in the difficulty of sludge dewatering. In the last decade, sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) have received considerable attention due to their high efficiency for EPS disintegration, rapid reaction time and environmental friendliness, and thus sulfate radicals have become a new powerful tool for enhancing sludge dewaterability. In this paper, the development timeline and activation mechanisms of sulfate radicals are reviewed in detail, and the research advances of SR-AOPs for improving sludge dewaterability and removing micropollutants and heavy metals from sludge are systematically evaluated. Based on the current scientific problems of SR-AOPs in sludge conditioning, the future research directions of SR-AOPs are proposed from the perspectives of mechanism research, cost-effectiveness, and experimental scale, in order to provide a solid theoretical reference for sludge conditioning in wastewater treatment plants in China.

    Contents

    1 Introduction

    2 Timeline of sulfate radicals

    3 Mechanism of sulfate radicals activation

    3.1 Transition metal activation

    3.2 Photo activation

    3.3 Heat activation

    3.4 Alkali activation

    3.5 Metal-free catalyst activation

    4 Sludge dewaterability improved by SR-AOPs

    4.1 Iron activated methods

    4.2 Heat activated methods

    4.3 Electrochemically activated methods

    4.4 Alkali activated methods

    4.5 Other activation methods

    5 Removal of micropollutants

    6 Removal of heavy metals

    7 Sludge dewatering mechanism

    8 Conclusion and outlook

  • Review
    Haodong Xie, Zunlong Hu, Haobin Wei, Sida Ge, Zixuan Wang, Yuming Zhang, Zhijie Wu
    Progress in Chemistry. 2024, 36(7): 1088-1101. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC231114
           

    The problem of excess glycerol as a by-product of biodiesel production has become more and more prominent, and the catalytic conversion of glycerol to high-value-added chemicals is of great significance. In recent years, noble metal catalysts (Au, Pt, Pd, etc.) are often used to catalyze the conversion of glycerol to lactic acid, in which the improvement of lactic acid selectivity and catalyst stability are the key challenges for the catalysts. Here, we summarized the reaction mechanism of selective oxidation of glycerol to lactic acid over supported noble metal catalysts, revealing the role of different metal active sites. At the same time, the effects of metal particle size, support, and pH of the reaction system on the reaction performance are discussed based on the structure and electronic properties of noble metal active sites. Also, the role of metal in the promotion and support of strong interaction on the activation of the hydroxyl groups of glycerol was clarified. Finally, the main challenges and prospects for the selective oxidation of glycerol to lactic acid were clarified.

    Contents

    1 Introduction

    2 Reaction mechanism of glycerol to lactic acid

    2.1 Hydrothermal conversion of glycerol to lactic acid

    2.2 Selective oxidation of glycerol to lactic acid

    2.3 Electrocatalytic oxidation of glycerol to lactic acid

    3 Noble metal catalyst

    3.1 Au-based catalyst

    3.2 Pt-based catalyst

    3.3 Other noble metal catalyst

    4 Catalyst supports and roles

    4.1 Carbon materials

    4.2 Zeolite

    4.3 Metallic oxide

    4.4 Other supports

    5 Catalyst deactivation and reusability

    6 Conclusion and outlook

  • 综述
    Qing Xu, Xinyue Wang, Weijie Cai, Hongjuan Duan, Haijun Zhang, Shaoping Li
    Progress in Chemistry. 2024, 36(10): 1520-1540. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC240208
           

    Oxide aerogel is one type of three-dimensional nano porous material, which has the advantages of high porosity, high specific surface area, low thermal conductivity, high melting point and so on. Moreover, oxide aerogel always shows excellent high-temperature resistance and thermal insulation performance. Thus, in this paper,the research progress of heat-resistant oxide aerogels including silica, alumina, zirconia aerogels, binary and multi-component and their composite counterparts are reviewed. The preparation method and performance of oxide aerogels are summarized, the existing problems are pointed out, and the application of oxide aerogels in the field of high temperature thermal insulation is prospected.

    Contents

    1 Introduction

    2 Preparation of oxide aerogel

    2.1 Preparation method

    2.2 Drying method

    3 SiO2 aerogel

    3.1 Precursor of SiO2 aerogel

    3.2 Pretreatment of SiO2 aerogel

    3.3 SiO2 composite aerogel

    4 Al2O3 aerogel

    4.1 Precursor of Al2O3 aerogel

    4.2 Structural control of Al2O3 aerogels

    4.3 Al2O3 composite aerogel

    5 ZrO2 aerogel

    5.1 Precursor of ZrO2 aerogel

    5.2 Structural control ZrO2 aerogels

    5.3 ZrO2 composite aerogel

    6 Two component and multi-component oxide aerogel

    6.1 Two component oxide aerogel

    6.2 Multi-component oxide aerogel

    7 Conclusion and outlook