With the rapid development of current society and economy, as well as the accelerated process of industrialization and urbanization, the complexity and seriousness of environmental pollution issues are becoming increasingly apparent. Beyond traditional pollutants, the appearance of emerging pollutants on a global scale has brought new challenges to environment and public health. China’s “14th Five-Year Plan” and medium and long-term planning put forward “emerging pollutant control”, report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China also explicitly requested “carry out emerging pollutant control”. In 2022, General Office of the State Council issued “Action Plan for Emerging Pollutant Control”, followed by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment and various provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions, which released corresponding implementation plans, China has transferred to a new phase of environmental protection that balances the control of both traditional and emerging pollutants. However, management of emerging pollutants is a long-term, dynamic and complex systematic project, which urgently needs to strengthen top-level design as well as scientific and technological support. Conducting systematic research on emerging pollutants not only provides effective scientific guidance for their control and improves the level of environmental quality management, but also assists our country in fulfilling international conventions, enhances the discourse power in global environmental governance, ensures our country environmental security, food security, international trade security, etc., and is of great significance for realizing sustainable development. This review aims to comprehensively explore various aspects of emerging pollutants, including their types and characteristics, production, use and emission, identification and detection, environmental occurrence, migration and transformation, ecotoxicological effects, human exposure, health risks, and management strategies. Furthermore, it looks forward to the future research direction, with a view to providing a scientific basis and decision-making support for control of emerging pollutants in China.

In recent years, electrocatalytic nitrate reduction (ENitRR) has attracted considerable attention in the synthesis of ammonia at ambient conditions. Compared to the traditional Haber-Bosch process for ammonia synthesis, ENitRR offers lower energy consumption and milder reaction conditions. The design and optimization of ENitRR electrocatalysts are crucial for nitrate deoxygenation and hydrogenation. Copper-based catalytic materials have been widely studied due to their unique structure, low cost, and excellent performance, making them highly promising electrocatalysts through various morphology and electronic structure modulation strategies. This article summarizes various effective design strategies using copper-based electrocatalysts as a typical example to enhance the ammonia production rate and conversion efficiency in ENitRR. It also introduces the reaction mechanism and the relationship between structural changes in Cu-based electrocatalysts and their performance. These strategies include morphology modulation, alloy engineering, lattice phase tuning, single-atom structures, as well as copper compound construction and composites with other materials. Finally, challenges faced by copper-based electrocatalysts are discussed along with future research directions that should be focused on in order to provide reference for researchers engaged in nitrate treatment in aqueous systems.

Oxide aerogel is one type of three-dimensional nano porous material, which has the advantages of high porosity, high specific surface area, low thermal conductivity, high melting point and so on. Moreover, oxide aerogel always shows excellent high-temperature resistance and thermal insulation performance. Thus, in this paper,the research progress of heat-resistant oxide aerogels including silica, alumina, zirconia aerogels, binary and multi-component and their composite counterparts are reviewed. The preparation method and performance of oxide aerogels are summarized, the existing problems are pointed out, and the application of oxide aerogels in the field of high temperature thermal insulation is prospected.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Preparation of oxide aerogel

2.1 Preparation method

2.2 Drying method

3 SiO₂ aerogel

3.1 Precursor of SiO₂ aerogel

3.2 Pretreatment of SiO₂ aerogel

3.3 SiO₂ composite aerogel

4 Al₂O₃ aerogel

4.1 Precursor of Al₂O₃ aerogel

4.2 Structural control of Al₂O₃ aerogels

4.3 Al₂O₃ composite aerogel

5 ZrO₂ aerogel

5.1 Precursor of ZrO₂ aerogel

5.2 Structural control ZrO₂ aerogels

5.3 ZrO₂ composite aerogel

6 Two component and multi-component oxide aerogel

6.1 Two component oxide aerogel

6.2 Multi-component oxide aerogel

7 Conclusion and outlook

Nowadays stretchable electronic devices have become a hot research topic in the field of information electronics because of their excellent mechanical and electrical properties. As the high-speed electron transmission channel in stretching electronic devices， stretchable conductive materials play a crucial role in realizing the functions of stretching electronic devices. Liquid metal has become a hot research object in the field of stretchable conductive composites in recent years because of its intrinsic flexibility and excellent conductivity. Liquid metal is a room temperature liquid conductive material， which exhibits excellent stretchability and tunability due to its inherent high conductivity， fluidity， and ductility. Liquid metal-based stretchable conductive composites preparation and patterning techniques have been reported and many stretchable devices with excellent combination of mechanical and electrical properties have been prepared. In view of the general structural characteristics of liquid metal-based stretchable composites， the key to the preparation is how to solve the interfacial non-impregnation problem caused by the physical property differences between different materials. Therefore， starting from the common types of composites， this paper firstly briefly introduces the components and physical properties of liquid metals generally used， as well as the stretchable polymer matrix materials usually employed. Then， the composite methods of conductive materials and elastomer materials in liquid metal-based electrodes are reviewed from the two ways of "passive" and "active" to deal with the problem of non-wetting at the interface， as well as the blending and dispersion method and the new modification method. Finally， the latest research progress is introduced， and the current status of liquid metal research is summarized. Future development and potential problems to be faced are also discussed.

Plastic products represented by polyethylene terephthalate (PET) have become an important part of modern life and global economy. In order to solve the resource waste and environmental problems caused by PET waste and to realize high-value recycling of materials, there is an urgent need to explore low-cost green and efficient conversion and recycling methods. Chemical depolymerization can deal with low-value, mixed, and contaminated plastics, recover polymer monomers through different chemical reactions or chemically upgrade and recycle to produce new high value-added products, realizing the closed-loop recycling of plastic waste and high value-added applications, which is a key way to establish a circular polymer economy. This paper reviews the latest research progress of chemical depolymerization process of PET waste, analyzes the problems of chemical depolymerization technology of PET waste, and looks forward to the future development trend of chemical depolymerization process of PET waste.

During many life processes such as replication, transcription, double-strand breaks repair and so on, double-stranded DNA will temporarily unwind and form single strand DNA (ssDNA). ssDNA may affect genomic stability and may also participate in the formation of non-B DNA structure, which in turn regulates and influences many key cellular processes. This review briefly describes the causes of the formation of single-stranded DNA, the structures containing single-stranded DNA and their possible functions in cells, and summarizes some high-throughput analysis techniques of single-stranded DNA, which provides the method inspiration for the subsequent ssDNA research and promotes the further development of ssDNA analysis techniques and methods.

The rapid development of infrared detection equipment has caused a huge threat to military equipment. And infrared stealth technology is an important way to improve the survival, strike and breakthrough capabilities of military equipment, and plays a vital role in the development of the national defense industry. However, the battlefield environment is complex and changeable, and materials with only infrared stealth performance are difficult to meet the actual needs when facing radar detection, rainforest, mountain, ocean, desert and other environments. Therefore, it is imperative to develop multifunctional infrared stealth materials. In this paper, the latest research progress of different infrared stealth materials is reviewed from the perspective of the mechanism of infrared stealth materials, such as low emissivity materials, temperature control materials, variable emissivity materials and cooperative working mode materials, and the control methods of different infrared stealth materials are discussed. Secondly, the multi-functional infrared stealth materials suitable for different application scenarios, such as multi-band stealth, electromagnetic shielding, antibacterial and waterproof, high temperature resistance, anti-corrosion and flame retardant infrared stealth materials, and their design mechanisms are discussed. Finally, the future development of multifunctional infrared stealth materials is summarized and prospected.

Nucleic acid hydrogels have good hydrophilicity, adjustability and biocompatibility, which have attracted considerable attention in the past few years, especially in the field of biomedicine and smart materials. Nucleic acid hydrogel is stimulus-responsive, meaning that external stimuli such as pH changes, light, temperature variations, and chemical triggers (including metal ion response, redox response, and enzyme response) can induce physical and chemical changes within them. Consequently, they are capable of perceiving their environment and undergoing responsive deformation, enabling precise cell therapy that can be controlled both temporally and spatially. Cell capture and release using stimulus-responsive nucleic acid hydrogels can control and modulate cellular behavior, and can also play an important role in biomedical research and applications, such as targeted drug therapies using the capture and release of specific cell types. Based on this, this paper summarizes the preparation methods of pure nucleic acid hydrogels and polymer-nucleic acid hybrid hydrogels, further discusses the application strategies of different stimuli-responsive nucleic acid hydrogels, and focuses on the research progress of cell capture and release in cell imaging, cell therapy and synergistic drug delivery. Finally, we discuss the urgent problems that need to be addressed in the research of nucleic acid hydrogels, and provide a prospect for their future development.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Preparation of nucleic acid hydrogels

2.1 Pure nucleic acid hydrogel

2.2 Polymer-nucleic acid hybrid hydrogel

3 Stimulus-responsive nucleic acid hydrogels

3.1 pH response

3.2 Light response

3.3 Temperature response

3.4 Chemical trigger

4 Stimulus-responsive nucleic acid hydrogels used for cell capture and release

4.1 Cell imaging

4.2 Cell therapy

4.3 Collaborative drug delivery

5 Conclusion and outlook

The novel two-dimensional metal carbon/nitride MXene, owing to its unique two-dimensional structure and performance, can be composite with various textile materials, imparting excellent conductivity, mechanical properties, etc., to textile composite materials. Therefore, it has shown tremendous development potential in fields such as sensing, electromagnetic shielding, and energy storage. This article initially introduces the structure, preparation methods, and properties of MXene. It provides a summary of the preparation methods for MXene-based functional textile composite materials, including coating methods, electrospinning, wet spinning, vacuum filtration, etc. The article outlines the impact of different structures (coating, embedding, hybrid) of MXene-based functional textile composites on their performance. It also reviews their applications in sensors, electromagnetic shielding, energy transmission, and conversion. Finally, the article offers a prospect of the development trends in the research field of MXene-based functional textile composite materials.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Structure and properties of MXene and its preparation methods

2.1 Structure

2.2 Preparation methods

2.3 Properties

3 Preparation of MXene-based functional textile composites

3.1 Coating

3.2 Electrostatic spinning

3.3 Wet spinning

3.4 Other methods

4 Structure of MXene-based functional textile composites

4.1 Wrap-around construction

4.2 Embedded Architecture

4.3 Hybrid structure

5 Applications of MXene-based functional textile composites

5.1 Transducers

5.2 Energy transfer, storage and conversion

5.3 Electromagnetic shielding

5.4 Other applications

6 Conclusions and outlook

With the rapid development of consumer intelligent electronic devices and electric vehicles, the development of lithium-ion batteries with high energy density has become a very urgent and important issue. Using high-voltage electrode materials and enhancing the work voltage of batteries is an effective pathway to realize the high energy density of battery. However, the conventional carbonate-based electrolyte will undergo oxidation reactions when the voltage is higher than 4.3 V, which will lead to electrolyte decomposition, and finally resulting in the failure of the battery. Actually, it has become one of the main bottlenecks in the development of high-voltage batteries. In order to solve this problem, researchers have carried out a lot of exploration in the design of high-voltage electrolyte in recent years, and made many important research achievements. This review introduces the failure mechanism of batteries under high voltage, and focuses on the strategies and research progress in suppressing high voltage failure from the perspective of electrolytes in recent years, indicates the challenges still existing in the design of high-voltage electrolyte, and finally prospects the future developments of high voltage lithium-ion battery electrolyte.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Failure mechanism of high-voltage batteries

2.1 Electrolyte decomposition

2.2 Transition metal ion leaching

2.3 HF erosion

3 Progress on high-voltage electrolyte

3.1 Improvement of intrinsic stability of electrolyte

3.2 Construction of stable CEI Layer

3.3 Scavenge H₂O and HF

4 Conclusion and outlook

Microbubbles and microdroplets, when exposed to a uniform temperature gradient/solute concentration gradient, will undergo thermal capillary migration/solute migration, leading to the emergence of the Marangoni effect at the gas-liquid interface. This effect plays a crucial role in manipulating microbubbles or microdroplets, offering valuable applications in various fields including biology, chemistry, medicine, materials science, and micromanufacturing. In this review, provided are an overview of recent advancements about the Marangoni effect of microbubbles/droplets under different driving modes, and demonstrate the driving principle and characteristics of photothermal Marangoni effect, thermal gradient-driven Marangoni effect and solute Marangoni effect. We focus on the dynamic changes of microdroplets induced by photothermal Marangoni effect, the movement principles of droplets on diverse hydrophobic surfaces, the manipulation processes of bubble movement and bubble separation under laser irradiation, and the typical instances of bubble/droplet separation, droplet evaporation and mixing achieved through thermal gradient-driven Marangoni effect and solute Marangoni effect. Furthermore, recent applications of the Marangoni effect in microbubble/droplet manipulation are highlighted and the promising future prospects for further development and utilization of this phenomenon are discussed.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Driving principle of the Marangoni effect

3 Temperature driven Marangoni effect

3.1 Photothermal Marangoni effect of microdroplets/ bubbles

3.2 Thermal gradient Marangoni effect of microdroplets/ bubbles

4 Microdroplet/bubble solute Marangoni effect

5 Application based on microdroplet/bubble Marangoni effect

5.1 Preparation of surface microstructure

5.2 Bubble-pen lithography

5.3 Multiphase droplet drive

5.4 Droplet motor

5.5 Emulsion energy supply

6 Conclusion and prospect

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), as an important chemical raw material in the fields of environment, chemical, and energy, has become an emerging candidate in promoting energy transformation and green development of the chemical industry due to its characteristics of green environmental protection and strong sustainability. At present, over 95% of H₂O₂ worldwide is synthesized through the anthraquinone oxidation (AO process), which mainly involves the hydrogenation and oxidation process of anthraquinone molecules in Ni or Pd catalysts and organic solvents. However, the AO process also brings in additional costs and poses risks such as flammability and explosion during transportation, high energy consumption, and waste generation. Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) towards H₂O₂ synthesis provides an economical, efficient, and harmless alternative process for the in-situ synthesis of green reagents under mild conditions. However, ORR towards H₂O₂ synthesis mainly faces two major challenges: low reaction selectivity and slow reaction kinetics, which lead to generally low H₂O₂ yield and Faraday efficiency, hindering further industrial applications. As the core of electrocatalytic reactions, the surface physicochemical properties of electrocatalysts are usually closely related to the catalytic process, directly affecting the adsorption and desorption of reaction species, thereby further affecting the overall reaction thermodynamics and kinetics. Therefore, developing electrocatalysts with high activity, high selectivity, and good stability, is the key to further improving the catalytic activity and energy conversion efficiency. Based on this, this review systematically summarizes the advanced design strategies of high-performance electrocatalysts in the H₂O₂ synthesis through ORR in recent years. The synthesis strategies and control mechanisms of advanced electrocatalysts are summarized and sorted out from four aspects: electronic structure control, geometric structure control, surface morphology control, and atomization active site design. Prospects and suggestions are also proposed for the design direction and application prospects of ORR electrocatalysts, which are beneficial for achieving precise control of intermediate adsorption and desorption behavior in reaction rate-determining steps, and constructing interface conditions for efficient energy and mass transfer of reaction species.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Oxygen reduction reaction fundamental mechanism

3 Electronic structure regulation strategies

3.1 Chemical doping engineering

3.2 Defect construction engineering

4 Geometric structure regulation strategies

4.1 Size regulation

4.2 Pore/interlayer structure regulation

4.3 Surface morphology regulation

5 Surface modification and functionalization strategies

6 Atomic level active site design strategies

6.1 Metal active centers regulation

6.2 Local coordination domain regulation

7 Conclusion and outlook

Ethylene is one of the most important raw materials in the modern petrochemical industry. The preparation of ethylene by steam cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons generates acetylene with a volume fraction about 0.3% to 3%. These trace amounts of acetylene can poison the catalyst of the ethylene polymerization reaction. Selective catalytic hydrogenation of acetylene is considered to be one of the most effective methods for removing acetylene impurities. This paper reviews the research progress of acetylene selective hydrogenation in recent years, introduces the reaction mechanism of acetylene hydrogenation, and summarizes the effects of catalyst active components, additives and carriers on the performance of acetylene selective hydrogenation. The development trend of how to further improve the performance of acetylene selective hydrogenation is discussed from the perspectives of electrocatalysis, photocatalysis and photothermal catalysis. Finally, some suggestions are proposed for the subsequent research on the selective hydrogenation of acetylene.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Reaction mechanism of acetylene hydrogenation

3 Research progress of catalysts for thermocatalytic selective hydrogenation of acetylene

3.1 Catalyst active components and additives

3.2 Catalyst carriers

4 Trends in selective hydrogenation of acetylene

4.1 Electrocatalytic selective hydrogenation of acetylene and alkynes

4.2 Photocatalytic hydrogenation of acetylene and alkynes

4.3 Photothermal catalyzed hydrogenation of acetylene and alkynes

5 Conclusion and outlook

In recent years, the development of material science, micro/nano structure design and processing technology have endowed fibers and textiles with various functions, which promote the wide range of applications in the fields of physiological monitoring, medical diagnosis, tactile perception and human-computer interaction. In order to further promote the application of fiber and textile in the field of wearable devices, this paper reviews the recent research and development status and application of textile structure force sensors recently. Firstly, the textile structure force sensors are classified from fiber, yarn and textile level, and the advantages and disadvantages of different textile structure force sensors are briefly introduced. Secondly, the preparation methods of textile structural force sensors are discussed from preparation techniques, including spinning techniques, coating techniques and textile forming techniques, and the advantages and disadvantages of various preparation methods are discussed. Then, the applications of textile structure force sensors in sports and physical training, health monitoring and human-machine interaction are systematically elaborated. Finally, the future development trend of textile structure force sensors in the field of smart wearables is prospected in the hope of providing a novel way for the research of the next generation of wearable force sensors.

Content

1 Introduction

2 Classification of textile structure force sensor

2.1 Fiber-based force sensor

2.2 Yarn-based force sensor

2.3 Textile-based force sensor

3 Preparation method of textile structure force sensor

3.1 Spinning techniques

3.2 Coating techniques

3.3 Textile forming techniques

4 Application of textile structure force sensor

4.1 Sports and physical training

4.2 Health monitoring

4.3 Human-machine interaction

5 Conclusions and outlook

Representing an important class of ubiquitous chemical feedstock, aromatics have been extensively utilized in the nucleophilic aromatic substitution (S_NAr) reactions, nitration reactions, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions, cross-coupling reactions, C-H bond functionalization reactions etc. Dearomatization reaction is another type of transformations of aromatics, in which their aromaticity is destroyed or reduced. Since its first report, dearomatization reaction has served as an efficient platform to create C(sp³)-H-rich spiro, fused and bridged polycyclic structures, widely applied in material and medicinal chemistry. In the past two decades, various dearomatization reactions have been established by using transition-metal catalysis, organocatalysis, enzymatic catalysis, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis. Diverse polycyclic structures have been obtained by the dearomatization of indoles, pyrroles, (benzo)furans, (benzo)thiophenes, quinolines, pyridines, benzenes, naphthalenes, etc. The coupling reagents, including nucleophiles, electrophiles, dipoles, radicals, and carbenes have been developed to assemble different functional groups on dearomative framework. In this review, we briefly summarized the developed dearomatization reactions, which were categorized by the kinds of aromatic compounds. The remaining challenges and perspectives on the future development of dearomatization reactions are also included here.

MXene is a new class of two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides which serves as a versatile and promising material with a wide range of applications in various fields. Layered MXene has abundant surface end-group functional groups (−F, −O and −OH) and a wide range of compatibility with second-phase materials, showing great potential in the construction of multi-functional, high-performance hybrid materials. Research has found that Ti₃C₂ MXene nanosheets have a disadvantage of easy interlayer stacking during use, which is detrimental to ion/electron transport. The in-situ transformation of MXene provides a new approach to address this issue. During the in-situ transformation process of MXene materials, the loading of the second-phase material is controllable and can effectively suppress the interlayer stacking effect of MXene nanosheets. At the same time, by selecting and controlling the second-phase material, it is possible to achieve the directional construction of multifunctional, high-performance hybrid materials. The in-situ transformed hybrid materials can integrate the large specific surface area, metallic conductivity, high active sites of MXene, and the intrinsic properties of the selected second-phase material. Recently, there has been rapid development in the preparation and application of composite materials based on Ti₃C₂ MXene derivatives, showcasing extensive research prospects in the fields of energy storage, catalysis, sensing, and more. Taking Ti₃C₂ as an example, this article summarizes the preparation and transformation mechanisms of MXene-based in-situ converted hybrid materials (in-situ derived, metal ion hybridization, and MOF material hybridization). It also summarizes the applications of MXene hybrid materials in energy storage (lithium-sulfur batteries, supercapacitors, and hydrogen storage), sensors, and catalysis. The article points out the unresolved issues in MXene in-situ transformation research and outlines the future development directions for scientific research. It hopes to provide new research ideas for scholars in this field and contribute to the development of nanomaterials with functional properties.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 In-situ transformation of MXene for hybrid materials

2.1 In-situ transformation of MXene

2.2 In-situ reaction of metal ions on the surface of MXene

2.3 Assembly of MOF with MXene

3 Application of MXene derived nanocomposites

3.1 Energy storage

3.2 Sensor

3.3 Catalysis

4 Summary and outlook

Nickel-rich-manganese-cobalt oxide (NMC) ternary cathode materials are considered to be one of the most promising cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries due to their high specific capacity and high power. However, most of the current nickel-rich ternary layered materials are polycrystalline particles, and their volumetric energy density and cyclic stability are not satisfactory. Therefore, independent and well-dispersed single-crystal nickel-rich ternary layered materials (SC-NMCs) can be used as the best candidates to replace polycrystalline nickel-rich ternary cathodes. In this paper, we systematically review how to synthesize SC-NMCs and their corresponding relationship with the properties of single-crystal from the perspectives of precursor preparation, material sintering and lithium salt supplementation. Secondly, the performance advantages of SC-NMCs compared with polycrystalline materials are comprehensively summarized, especially the morphology without cracks between particles, which shows good cycling performance. Thirdly, in view of the disadvantages and challenges of the current SC-NMCs, the modification strategies of SC-NMCs, such as element doping, surface modification and double modification, are comprehensively introduced. This review puts forward innovative views on the synthesis and modification of SC-NMCs and provides directional guidance for the application and development of single-crystal nickel-rich ternary layered cathode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 The development process of SC-NMCs

2.1 From low to high nickel

2.2 From PC-NMCs to SC-NMCs

3 Basic properties and advantages of SC-NMCs

3.1 Free of intergranular cracks

3.2 High compacting density

3.3 High-voltage stability

4 The synthesis of SC-NMCs

4.1 Solid-phase reaction high-temperature calcination

4.2 Multi-step calcination

4.3 Molten-salt method

5 The modification of SC-NMCs

5.1 Elemental doping

5.2 Coating

5.3 Double modification

6 Conclusion and outlook

Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) is a kind of bacteria widely existing in the water environment, which plays an important role in the wastewater treatment process. Bacterial competition in the water treatment process is a common microbial behavior, and it is also a method to improve wastewater treatment efficiency. However, the regulation of SRB flora is affected by many factors in its practical application, which makes it difficult to control. In recent years, the introduction of electrochemistry can interfere with the electron transfer process of SRB flora, and can improve sulfate removal efficiency by regulating the competition process of flora. However, there is a lack of summary on the microbial community behavior of SRB in a water environment and the impact of the microbial electrochemical system on the competitive behavior of SRB. To fill these knowledge gaps, the metabolic behavior of SRB and other flora, the utilization of electron donors by SRB and the factors affecting the competition of SRB flora were reviewed in this study. The relationship between electron transfer pathways and the competition of SRB flora in microbial electrochemistry was summarized, and its future development and challenges were comprehensively discussed.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 The microbial community relationship of sulfate reducing bacteria in water environment

2.1 Symbiotic relationship

2.2 Competitive relationships

2.3 Competitive objects of sulfate-reducing bacteria in different environments

3 The utilization pathways of electron donors in sulfate reducing bacteria

3.1 Thermodynamically utilizing electron donors in SRB

3.2 The effect of electromediation on SRB microbiota

3.3 SRB energy-saving hydrogen production pathway

4 Regulating and controlling factors of sulfate reducing bacterial community

4.1 The influence of external electric field

4.2 Conducting medium

4.3 The impact of carbon source (type and carbon sulfur ratio) on SRB

4.4 OLR and HRT

4.5 pH

4.6 Temperature

5 Conclusion and outlook

Perchlorate, a persistent inorganic pollutant in water, poses a global environmental challenge due to its high solubility, mobility, and stability, making it difficult to degrade in the environment. Contamination by perchlorate has become a worldwide environmental issue, as residues of perchlorate in surface water and groundwater enter food and drinking water through various pathways, posing potential health risks. Chemical and biological methods have been extensively studied for perchlorate removal, each with its unique advantages and challenges. This paper systematically summarizes the recent research progress in chemical and biological treatment technologies for removing perchlorate from water, elaborating on the mechanisms, influencing factors, and advantages and disadvantages of these technologies. Chemical degradation, catalytic reduction, and electrochemical reduction are effective methods for treating perchlorate pollution. Organic electron donors such as acetate, glycerol, ethanol, and methane, as well as inorganic electron donors such as hydrogen and elemental sulfur, are widely used in the biological degradation process of perchlorate. Chemical methods provide rapid reduction rates and convenient implementation, while biological methods offer environmentally friendly solutions and long-term sustainable potential. However, both methods have limitations. In recent years, researchers have begun to explore combined removal techniques that integrate chemical and biological methods to enhance the remediation efficiency of perchlorate pollution. This paper reviews the research progress of three combined removal techniques: adsorption-biological method, bio-electrochemical method, and chemical reduction-biological method. In addition, future research directions are discussed, including engineering implementation studies, materials and microbiology research, practical application studies, and in-depth exploration of perchlorate degradation mechanisms.

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are a large category of emerging pollutants that have been highly concern in recent years. The huge production and rapid consumption demand of PPCPs make them widely enter and highly exist in various environmental mediums. Due to migration, transformation and bioaccumulation, PPCPs enter the ecological environment, causing different degrees of negative impact on organisms and human bodies, thus bringing serious threats to the ecological environment and human health. In this review, we summarize the exposure sources, pathways and characteristics of current PPCPs in the environment, conclude the degradation method and pathway of PPCPs in the environment, review the main biotoxicity of PPCPs, overview the exposure concentrations and the health influences on the human body, and finally have some outlooks on the research field of ecotoxicity of PPCPs.