In recent years, organo-metal halide perovskites materials with ABX₃ crystal structure have shown promising application prospects in the field of photoelectric detection due to their optical and electrical properties such as adjustable bandgap engineering, high absorption coefficient and long carrier transmission distance. Especially, the hybrid perovskite prepared by pure Sn or Sn/Pb mixed cations have excellent near-infrared photoelectroresponse in the range of 760~1050 nm, showing many advantages such as high sensitivity, low dark current and high detection rate. To further broaden the near-infrared and infrared response wavelength range of perovskite, the researchers explored combining organic materials, crystalline silicon/germanium, Ⅲ-Ⅴ compounds, Ⅳ-Ⅵ compounds, upconversion fluorescent materials as complementary light absorption layers with perovskite to prepare heterostructures to construct wide-spectrum response near-infrared photodetectors. Based on the above research, this paper summarizes the current effective ways to broaden the spectrum range of perovskite photodetectors. At the same time, the future development prospect of perovskite material near infrared photodetector is prospected.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Basic indicators of photodetectors

2.1 Device structure and working principle of photodetectors

2.2 Performance parameters of photodetectors

2.3 Strategy of broadening the spectrum response range of perovskites

3 Pb perovskite for near-infrared photodetectors

3.1 Polycrystalline perovskite materials

3.2 Single crystal perovskite materials

4 Narrow band gap Sn and Sn/Pb Mixed Perovskite- Based near-infrared photodetectors

4.1 Sn-based perovskite near-infrared photodetectors

4.2 Sn/Pb mixed perovskite near-infrared photodetectors

5 Perovskite/inorganic heterojunction near-infrared photodetectors

5.1 Silicon and other classic semiconductors

5.2 Graphene

5.3 Transition metal dichalcogenides

5.4 Ⅲ-Ⅴ compounds semiconductors

5.5 Ⅳ-Ⅳ compounds semiconductors

6 Perovskite/organic heterojunction near-infrared photodetectors

7 Perovskite/upconversion material near-infrared photodetectors

8 Application of near-infrared photodetectors

9 Conclusion and outlook

With the widespread use of antibiotics, the problem of water pollution caused by antibiotics is becoming increasingly serious. Currently, technologies for removing antibiotic pollutants from water include physical adsorption, flocculation, and chemical oxidation. However, these processes often leave a large amount of chemical reagents and difficult-to-dispose sediment in water, making post-treatment more difficult. Photocatalytic technology uses photocatalytic materials to decompose antibiotics under light, ultimately forming non-toxic CO₂ and H₂O. Photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics has the advantages of low cost, high efficiency and free secondary pollution. In this paper, the research progress of several commonly used photocatalytic materials for degrading antibiotics is reviewed, and their future researches and applications are also prospected．

The research of high-performance electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials (WAM) is of great significance to enhance the stealth performance of weapons and equipment and solve the electromagnetic pollution problem. Silicon carbide (SiC) materials have good resistance to high temperature, corrosion and chemical stability, and show good application prospects in the field of electromagnetic wave absorption. However, the intrinsic properties of SiC materials are weak, and how to improve their wave-absorbing properties is an important research topic. Based on the electromagnetic wave-absorbing mechanism of SiC materials, firstly, the research status of SiC-based WAM with different morphologies (core-shell structure, aerogel structure, fibrous structure, hollow structure, MOFs structure, etc.) is analyzed and summarized. In addition, the research progress of composites of SiC with silicon carbide fibres, carbon materials and magnetic substances in the field of wave absorption is introduced in detail. The development status of special types of SiC-based WAM (SiC-based high-temperature WAM, SiC-based wave absorbing metamaterials, and SiC-based multifunctional WAM) is also reviewed. Finally, the future development direction of SiC-based WAM is prospected.

Water electrolysis for hydrogen harvesting has become a research hotspot in both academia and industry due to its low carbon emissions, high energy efficiency, and high purity, which offer significant advantages over the majority of hydrogen production technologies. Thereinto, the electrocatalytic hydrogen reaction （HER） is at the core, which aways involves a multi-step hydrogen transfer process and multiple active sites working together. However, catalytic correlations between those active sites and potential hydrogen spillover effects involved are often overlooked. In this paper, we first review the hydrogen evolving properties and reaction mechanisms in electrocatalytic systems such as transition metal oxides, phosphides, and sulfides. By combining traditional theories of thermal catalysis, active sites involved in hydrogen spillover are then conceptually summarized into both the primary and secondary active sites, elucidating their catalytic relevance and functional differences. This paper will not only provide a design concept for the creation of efficient and inexpensive electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution, but also serve as a useful reference for further studies of hydrogen transfer behaviors in other hydrogen-involved electrocatalytic reactions.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Electrocatalyst for hydrogen spillover

2.1 Metal oxide

2.2 Metal phosphide

2.3 Metal sulfides

3 Conclusion and outlook

Revealing the intrinsic electronic principles driving the surface chemistry of nanomaterials is a central goal in nanoscience; however, the concepts and theoretical frameworks have long remained incomplete and unsystematic. This review systematically introduces a theoretical framework to reveal the interaction mechanisms and trends of surface ligands with nanomaterials at the electronic level, on the basis of competitive orbital redistribution in chemisorption and a concept of orbital potential, the characteristic electronic attribute directly determining surface reactivity. Based on the competitive interactions between surface coordination bonds and bulk energy bands, this theoretical framework can provide coherent answers to these key scientific issues. (1) The opposite and uniform relation of surface activity and stability in nanomaterials originates from the normalization principle of wavefunctions. (2) The physical nature of enhanced surface activity by size reduction lies in two mechanisms: weakening the constrain strength to surface valence atomic orbitals by nanomaterial energy bands, and amplifying the effects of other structural parameters like defects. (3) Nanoscale cooperative chemisorption (NCC) model generally reveals the electronic-level mechanisms and common rules how ligand coverage regulates the energy band states and physical/chemical properties of nanomaterials. (4) The roles and interaction mechanisms of nanomaterial size (r), specific surface area (S/V), surface ligands, and ligand coverage (θ) in nanomaterial surface chemical reactions are elucidated.

The development of innovative catalysts for various electrochemical scenarios is crucial in satisfying the growing demands for sustainable energy and environmental conservation. Conductive metal-organic frameworks (c-MOFs) based on phthalocyanine complexes known as phthalocyanine-based c-MOFs, have shown promising potential in electrochemical energy conversion and environmental research. These c-MOFs represent a new category of layer-stacked porous MOFs with in-plane extended π-conjugation structure, which can enhance electrocatalytic activity by facilitating the mass diffusion of reactants and electron/charge transfer. The exceptional promising for a variety electrocatalytic reactions, such as water, oxygen, CO₂, and nitrogen conversion. In this work, we focus primarily on phthalocyanine-based c-MOFs rather than other types of c-MOFs, providing a comprehensive overview of their conductive mechanisms and main electrocatalytic reactions. We also cover recent progress in the utilization of phthalocyanine-based c-MOFs as heterogeneous catalysts in electrocatalysis. Furthermore, we explore the challenges related to the utilization of phthalocyanine-based c-MOFs in electrocatalysis. The state-of-the-art research and insights into the future perspectives of phthalocyanine-based c-MOFs as electrocatalysts are also presented and discussed. This work aim to guide the development of phthalocyanine-based c-MOF electrocatalysts with enhanced activity.

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is an important chemical that may be used as a clean disinfectant. For scale application, H₂O₂ is produced primarily by the anthraquinone process. The necessary transportation and storage processes bring explosion risks, so it is urgent to develop in-situ preparation methods. Electrochemical and photocatalytic reduction of oxygen to product H₂O₂ have received wide attention, but these reactions are carried out at the gas-liquid-solid interface. This three-phase reaction requires complex equipment and sequentially limits large-scale production. Another equally important pathway for in-situ H₂O₂ production is the oxidation of water which needs only solid-liquid two-phase interface. This paper summarizes the common methods of oxidizing water to prepare H₂O₂, such as electrochemistry and photocatalysis, and focuses on the recent new methods of in-situ H₂O₂ preparation, including thermal catalysis, ultrasonic piezoelectricity, plasma and microdroplet method. These methods provide the references for in-situ H₂O₂ production and in particular its utilization in the field of disinfection.

Contents

1 Industrial process for the production of hydrogen peroxide

2 In-situ production of hydrogen peroxide via oxygen reduction reaction

3 In-situ production of hydrogen peroxide via water oxidation reaction

3.1 Electrochemical and photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide generation from water oxidation

3.2 Thermocatalytic hydrogen peroxide generation

3.3 Ultrasonic piezoelectrical hydrogen peroxide generation

3.4 Electrical discharge plasma hydrogen peroxide generation

3.5 Generation of hydrogen peroxide from aqueous microdroplets

4 Conclusion and outlook

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), as a new type of organic porous materials, are highly crystalline and orderly porous, exhibiting functional modifiability, structural tunability and high stability. The regular pore channels of COFs can accommodate a variety of proton carriers and proton donors to build continuous and stable proton transport channels, playing a great role in both aqueous and anhydrous proton conduction. The application of COFs to the field of proton exchange membranes is of great research significance and value. In this paper, the characteristics of different types of proton exchange membranes, such as COFs solid electrolyte membranes, polymer matrix-COFs composite membranes, COFs self-supporting membranes and the modification methods to improve the performance of COFs proton exchange membranes are summarized from the aspects of COFs as proton exchange membranes for low temperature fuel cells and high temperature fuel cells, respectively. The relevant representative research of COFs in the field of fuel cell proton exchange membranes in recent years is reviewed. Finally, the application prospects of COFs proton exchange membranes are discussed and prospected.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) as a new class of crystalline porous materials are assembled by appropriate building blocks through covalent bonds. COFs have been utilized in many fields such as storage and separation of gases, catalysis, proton conduction, energy storage, optoelectronics, sensing and biomedicine due to their regular channels, high thermal stability, high crystallinity and adjustable structure. In recent years, tetraphenylethylene-based covalent organic frameworks (TPE-based COFs) have attracted much attention due to their obvious aggregation induced luminescence effect, simple synthesis and easy functionalization. In this paper, the construction units, topological structures, synthesis strategies and application progress of TPE-based COFs in different fields are briefly reviewed. Finally, the development prospects and possible challenges of TPE-based COFs are pointed out.

The rapid advancement of large-scale energy storage devices has spurred the need for research focused on achieving higher energy density in lithium-ion batteries. Within this context, anode materials, which are crucial components of lithium-ion batteries, play a critical role in attaining enhanced energy density. Unfortunately, commercially available graphite anodes suffer from limitations such as low theoretical capacity, poor rate capability, and a low voltage plateau. Consequently, there is an urgent requirement to develop alternative anode materials that can meet these demands. Electrospinning has emerged as a popular method for fabricating electrode materials due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and ability to produce flexible nanofibers. This technique offers several advantages, including the ability to tailor nanomaterials with diverse morphologies by adjusting key parameters. Furthermore, electrospinning enables the creation of nanomaterials with large specific surface areas, high mechanical strength, flexibility, and self-supporting properties. Consequently, it has garnered significant interest in the field of anode material preparation for lithium-ion batteries. This paper aims to provide an overview of the research progress in utilizing electrospinning for the preparation of anode materials in lithium-ion batteries. It covers various categories of anode materials, including carbon-based, titanium-based, silicon-based, tin-based, and other metallic compound materials. Additionally, the paper outlines the future directions and potential advancements in the development of electrospun anode materials. By exploring the applications of electrospinning in anode material preparation, this paper contributes to the understanding and advancement of lithium-ion battery technology, offering insights into the potential of electrospinning as a versatile and effective technique for enhancing anode performance.

In recent years, with the improvement of the air quality in China, traditional pollutants such as NO_x and SO₂ have been effectively controlled. The emission control of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has gradually become a key to further alleviating the regional composite air pollution so far. Catalytic oxidation is one of the most promising VOCs emission reduction technologies due to its high treatment efficiency, low energy consumption, and wide applicability. The development of high-performance catalysts is crucial for this technology. The design and structural regulation of catalysts associated with mechanism study is currently a research hotspot. This paper first outlines the catalytic oxidation mechanism of VOCs. Secondly, the research progress on the structural regulation of non-noble metal catalysts is reviewed from the perspectives of single transition metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, composite metal oxides, and interface structure regulation. Based on the dispersion state, the size effect and support effect of noble metal nanoparticles/clusters in noble metal catalysts are summarized. The regulation strategies based on the metal-support interaction for the emerging single-atom catalysts are also discussed. Finally, this paper provides a summary and prospects for future research trends. We believe that based on deeply clarifying the structure-activity relationship, developing simple and refined structure regulation methods of catalysts and adapting to actual operating conditions and industrial scale-up is the focus of future research.

Theoretical design of fuel has always been the focus of research about fuel in the area of propulsion technology. It can effectively overcome the complexity and potential danger of the experiment, and guide experimental synthesis of fuel, which can be verified by experimental results. It is anticipated that a new generation of fuel can be efficiently designed for subsequent fuel synthesis and application. However, the traditional theoretical calculation methods, such as group contribution method and quantum chemical method, have the defects of low accuracy and efficiency. Machine learning, a rapidly developed algorithm, has opened up a new way to design potential high-energy fuels, which exhibits strong capabilities in both property prediction and molecule design. In this review, several fuel molecule descriptors for machine learning are introduced, and different machine learning models for fuel property prediction and molecule design are briefed. Furthermore, the research on machine learning assisted property prediction and new molecule design of fuel is summarized, respectively. Finally, the challenges and future development of machine learning applied in fuel design are discussed.

With the rapid development of radio waves and electronic information technology, the problem of electromagnetic radiation pollution is becoming more and more prominent, which has attracted wide attention around the world. In order to solve the problem of electromagnetic pollution, people are committed to researching and developing electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials with light weight, thin thickness, a wide frequency band, and strong absorption. Compared with traditional wave-absorbing materials, carbon-based composite wave-absorbing materials have excellent dielectric properties, special microstructure, good impedance matching and efficient wave-absorbing properties, and can effectively reduce the mass of composite materials, which has great development potential in the field of wave-absorbing materials, and has gradually become a research hotspot. In this paper, the basic absorption principle of electromagnetic wave is summarized from the aspects of impedance matching and loss mechanism, and the research progress of carbon-carbon, carbon-metal/metal oxide, carbon-ceramics and other kinds of carbon-based composite absorbing materials is reviewed. At the same time, the synthesis methods, absorption properties and attenuation mechanism of these carbon-based composite absorbing materials are reviewed. Finally, the shortcomings of carbon-based composite absorbing materials in electromagnetic wave absorption are discussed and possible solutions are put forward, and the future development direction of carbon-based composite absorbing materials is prospected.

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is an important green oxidizing agent, but the main anthraquinone process for production thereof suffers high energy consumption and large safety risks. Artificial photosynthesis H₂O₂ from water and oxygen features safe, environmentally friendly and energy-saving characteristics and has gradually become a research focus. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have been widely used in the photocatalytic production of H₂O₂ for their high specific surface area, good photocatalytic performance and structural tunability. This review summarizes the recent research progress in the field of COFs photocatalytic production of H₂O₂, discussing the reaction mechanisms for the production of H₂O₂ through oxygen reduction, water oxidation, and dual-channel processes. It introduces methods to improve the photocatalytic production of H₂O₂ by regulating the optical bandgap, enhancing charge separation capability, and improving carrier mobility of COFs through structural design and functional group modification. These methods contribute to the design of efficient, stable, and sustainable COFs for photocatalytic production of H₂O₂.

Phenylboronic acid, a kind of synthetic molecule that can covalently bind with saccharide, has attracted wide attention in the field of saccharide detection. It has the characteristics of good stability, strong recognition ability and easy coupling with various detection systems. In this paper, the mechanism of phenylboronic acid binding to saccharide and its specific applications in detection was first introduced. What’s more, the strategies for structural modification, in the manner of introducing electron-withdrawing group or electron-donating group into ortho, meta and para position of the boric acid group on the benzene ring, were mainly discussed, and the progress made in reducing pK_a and improving the selectivity according to these strategies were summarized. At the same time, the saccharide sensors based on these new phenylboronic acid derivatives in recent years were also summarized, including electrochemical sensors, fluorescence sensors, gels/microgels and photonic crystals, and their detection principles were discussed. The main analytes are monosaccharides with similar structures, such as glucose and fructose. Finally, the research of these sensors based on phenylboronic acid derivatives was compared, and their advantages and disadvantages were analyzed. Meanwhile, the applications of saccharide sensors based on phenylboronic acid derivatives in the future are prospected from two aspects including the integration of diagnosis and treatment and the identification of saccharide in complex chemical environment.

Natural products are secondary metabolites preserved by natural selection in the long-term evolution process of natural organisms, and are widely used in many fields because of their rich medicinal value. With the development of modern science, the demand for high purity products of natural products is also increasing. Traditional separation methods usually have some disadvantages such as large consumption of organic solvents, poor separation effect, high cost and long cycle, which seriously restrict the development and use of natural products in various fields. The emergence of new separation and purification technology provides a new idea for the extraction, separation and application of natural products. On the basis of summarizing the existing literature, this paper reviews the new methods of separation and purification of natural products, and finally summarizes and discusses the research bottleneck and future development direction of natural product separation and purification.

With the continuous depletion of fossil energy and the continuous destruction of the ecological environment, developing environmentally friendly renewable electrochemical energy storage devices and biomedical materials is particularly urgent. As an important renewable resource, lignocellulosic biomass has the advantages of low cost, easy accessibility, environmental friendliness, and rich pore structure, and it has a wide range of application prospects as a renewable, biodegradable, and biocompatible substrate for excellent modified materials. The treatment of biomass materials has been from the traditional methods (including combustion, feed, fertilizer and matrix processing), and gradually towards energy, ecology, material modification, and the preparation of new bio-based functional and smart material products, such as: high-performance energy storage devices and biomedical equipment. In short, the development of new matrix and functional materials with biomass as the main raw material is the development trend. In this study, the latest research progress in preparing biomass-derived materials for high-performance energy storage devices and biomedical fields is summarized and overlooked, and the problems and challenges are also pointed out.

Achieving fast charging of lithium-ion batteries is an effective way to promote the popularity of electric vehicles and solve environmental and energy problems. However, the slow kinetics and increased safety risks of conventional lithium-ion battery systems under fast charging conditions severely hinder the practical application of this technology. This paper reviews the latest research progress in the structural regulation and design of electrode materials and electrolytes for fast-charging lithium-ion batteries. First, we systematically introduce the research progress made in recent years within the scope of improving the diffusion rate of Li-ion in electrode materials by structural modulation of electrode materials. The review focused on optimizing the ion/electron conductivity of the materials and shortening the Li-ion transfer path. Then, we systematically introduce the methods to improve the fast charging performance through the regulation and design of electrolytes, in terms of improving the ion conductivity of electrolytes and regulating Li-ion solvation structure and then highlight the acceleration of Li-ion de-solvation process by regulating the lithium salt concentration and Li-ion solvent interactions with the goal of achieving promotion of Li-ion transfer at the phase interface. Finally, the key scientific issues facing fast-charging Li-ion batteries is summarized as well as the future research directions.

In recent years, nanozymes, as a new generation of artificial enzymes, have gradually entered the medical field due to their multi-enzyme activity, high stability and targeting ability, which are superior to natural enzymes. Moreover, nanozymes have been applied to the treatment of a variety of diseases and cancer because of their regulatory effect on reactive oxygen species. Brain diseases, as one of the highest mortality diseases, are prone to produce complex inflammatory responses due to excessive reactive oxygen species in the pathological environment. Therefore, the application of nanozymes in the brain environment may become an effective means of monitoring and treatment of brain diseases. This article reviews the principles of nanozymes in the treatment of brain diseases and the current research status in this field in recent years, including nanozymes inducing cancer cell death by regulating the level of reactive oxygen species, nanozymes assisting traditional anticancer therapy, nanozymes using membrane proteins to monitor brain cancer, and their applications in traumatic brain injury, stroke, brain degenerative diseases, cerebral malaria and epilepsy. At the end of this text, the problems of its application in clinical treatment are discussed.

Click chemistry won the Noble Prize in 2022 due to easy synthesis, high selectivity, single product, and no toxic side product. Click chemistry was originally designed as green chemistry to work in aqueous solutions or environmentally friendly organic solvents. However, due to the poor solubility of reactants, polar and toxic solvents are usually required to use. The solvent used violates the concept of green chemistry, as well as increases the cost. These issues hinder click chemistry to be a state-of-art green chemistry. One of the solutions to optimize click chemistry is to avoid using any solvent. Herein, ball-milled mechanochemistry does not limit reactants’ solubility and could avoid solvent use. Ball-milled mechanochemistry is a new kind of chemical reaction that is conducted in a ball mill, is induced by mechanical force, and needs no solvent or a minimal amount of solvent. As a new way of organic synthesis, ball-milled mechanochemistry could easily achieve the low-energy carbon-heteroatom bonds, which constitute the linkages in click chemistry. Therefore, it could integrate with click chemistry and achieves ball-milled click chemistry. In comparison to traditional solution click chemistry, ball-milled click chemistry avoids solvent use. Moreover, it is even superior in the ways that the reaction time is shortened, the reaction temperature is lowered, and the catalyst used is simplified. In this review, ball-milled click chemistry examples are reported as much as the authors can find, including CuAAc, Diels-Alder, amine and isothiocyanate reactions, amine thiol reactions, and nitroxide radical coupling reactions. To provide readers with a better ball-milled click chemistry manual, this paper also contains ball mill machine choice guidance, liquid-assisted grinding choice guidance, and factors impacting ball-milled click chemistry conversion, including catalyst choice, additive choice, ball choice, stoichiometry, and milling time.