Metal-organic frameworks （MOFs） are emerging proton-conducting materials widely used in the modification of proton exchange membranes （PEM）. Among them， the UiO-66 series MOFs （UiO-MOFs） exhibit high thermal and chemical stability， and are easy to synthesize and modify， making them ideal for PEM modification. This paper primarily reviews related research on UiO-MOFs used for PEM modification over the past five years from the perspective of filler design and preparation. Section II introduces the materials and proton conduction mechanisms of UiO-MOFs. Section III summarizes the design of ligands and metal clusters in UiO-MOFs， such as acid/base group modifications and metal cluster replacements. Section IV consolidates the methods for post-synthetic modifications of UiO-MOFs， such as grafting acid/base groups using active functional groups from external crystal structures. Section V presents various composite schemes involving UiO-MOFs and other materials to construct composite fillers with different dimensionalities. Finally， the summary highlights unresolved issues regarding the use of UiO-MOFs in PEMs and proposes future research directions.

Inspired by the stimulation of biological systems， cyclic dipeptides self-assemble through the synergistic driving of various non-covalent interactions， such as hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking， to form functional materials with long-range ordered nanostructures， whose excellent physicochemical properties， such as unique photo-responsive properties and biocompatibility， have a wide range of applications in the fields of bio-photovoltaics and energy harvesting. In this paper， we focus on the structure-mechanism-function linkage of cyclic dipeptide self-assembly， and systematically illustrate its transition from basic research of molecular design to application. At the level of self-assembly mechanism， the entropy-driven crystallization dynamics is revealed， and the intermolecular forces and stacking arrangement are confirmed by crystallographic characterization techniques； at the level of functionality， the multi-dimensional applications of cyclic dipeptides as low-loss organic optical waveguide materials， piezoelectric sensors， and anti-bacterial and anticancer materials are analyzed. Through the establishment of non-covalent interaction network-microstructure-macroscopic performance constitutive model， we will point out the technical route for the development of biodegradable bioelectronic devices and intelligent drug delivery systems， and promote the cyclic dipeptide materials from basic research to the leapfrog development of precision medicine and flexible electronics industry.

The electrocatalytic urea oxidation reaction （UOR） has emerged as an energy-efficient alternative to the traditional oxygen evolution reaction for hydrogen production， with mechanistic understanding being critical for the rational design of catalysts. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in in situ characterization techniques for elucidating the dynamic reaction mechanisms of UOR. Studies reveal that phase transitions， valence state migration， and electronic structure evolution of catalysts under operational conditions are key factors governing activity and stability. Techniques such as in situ X-ray diffraction， X-ray absorption spectroscopy， Raman spectroscopy， and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy enable real-time monitoring of catalyst reconstruction， intermediate evolution， and interfacial adsorption behavior， overcoming the environmental deviations inherent in conventional ex situ characterization. When combined with theoretical calculations， these methods provide direct evidence for identifying active-site configurations， reaction pathways， and rate-determining steps. In addition， special emphasis is placed on multimodal in situ strategies for deciphering synergistic effects in nickel-based catalysts， while current challenges， including non-alkaline systems， real wastewater environments， and multi-metal cooperation mechanisms， are critically discussed. Future research should focus on developing novel in situ approaches for complex systems and establishing a mutually reinforcing framework integrating theoretical prediction and experimental validation， thereby advancing UOR catalyst design from empirical exploration to mechanism-guided optimization.

Copper nanoclusters （CuNCs） have gained prominence due to their remarkable color-tunable light emission and cost-effective， versatile solution-based synthesis. The use of various functional ligands in the synthesis of CuNCs enables the modulation of their emission wavelengths and enhances their environmental stability. These nanoclusters have found applications across diverse fields， including catalysis， sensing， bioimaging， and optoelectronics. This review offers a focused and up-to-date perspective by covering literature from the past decade （2015―2025） with an explicit emphasis on practical environmental matrices， including heavy metal ions， organic pollutants， pharmaceuticals， and other environmental contaminants. It systematically compares sensing mechanisms （e.g.， fluorescence quenching， turn-on responses， ratiometric and inner-filter effects） and provides tabulated limits of detection for key heavy metals， organic pollutants， and pharmaceuticals to facilitate direct benchmarking. Finally， the review highlights translational gaps for in-field deployment， such as matrix interferences， long-term stability of ligand-stabilized CuNCs， sample pre-treatment needs， and the absence of standardized validation protocols and proposes targeted research directions to bridge laboratory advances with real-world environmental monitoring.

With the increasing proportion of renewable energy in the energy structure， the development of efficient and safe secondary battery energy storage technologies is crucial for addressing the challenges of integrating intermittent energy sources such as wind and solar power into the grid. Due to its unique structure and physicochemical properties， graphite anode material has been widely used in lithium-ion batteries. Inspired by the lithium storage behavior of graphite， its application in other metal-ion batteries has also been extensively studied， demonstrating significant potential. However， the application of graphite anode materials in various metal-ion secondary batteries still lacks a comprehensive understanding. This review analyzes the electrochemical behavior of graphite in different metal-ion secondary battery systems， identifies the challenges faced by graphite materials， and highlights the primary strategies and current research progress in addressing these issues. The aim is to provide a reference for the development of high-performance and sustainable graphite-based energy storage batteries.

All-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries （ASSLSBs） are regarded as one of the most promising next-generation energy storage systems due to their ultrahigh theoretical energy density （2600 Wh/kg） and enhanced safety. Current bottleneck issues primarily stem from the sluggish redox kinetics and mechanical degradation of sulfur-based cathodes in solid-state systems. Therefore， developing advanced characterization techniques to elucidate the behavior of sulfur cathodes in solid-state configurations is crucial for optimizing battery design and enhancing performance. This review summarizes recent research progress in advanced characterization technologies for cathode development in all-solid-state Li-S batteries. Through representative case studies， it comprehensively explores how X-ray， electron， optical， and other emerging techniques reveal the sluggish kinetics and degradation mechanisms of sulfur-based cathodes， providing guidance for high-performance cathode design. Finally， the article prospects future development directions of characterization technologies in solid-state Li-S battery cathodes and summarizes current challenges， offering valuable insights and references for future research endeavors.

Liquid-like surfaces （LLS）， as novel bioinspired interfacial materials， form dynamic molecular brush interfaces through the covalent grafting of flexible polymers or alkyl molecular chains. This approach overcomes the limitations of traditional superhydrophobic surfaces （SHPS） and slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces （SLIPS）， which heavily rely on micro/nanostructures or external lubricants. The core advantage of LLS lies in the high mobility of its molecular chains， which significantly reduces contact angle hysteresis （CAH） and sliding angle （SA）， enabling droplet self-cleaning at minimal tilt angles or even on horizontal surfaces. This paper first elaborates on the liquid-repellent mechanism of LLS， which involves the use of flexible chains to mask substrate defects and reduce contact line pinning effects， thereby achieving dynamic droplet dewetting. Subsequently， it summarizes the three main types of LLS， including monolayers， polymer layers， and organic-inorganic hybrid layers， and analyzes the relationship between different structures and liquid-repellent performance. Next， the applications of LLS coatings in anti-icing， self-cleaning， graffiti resistance， anti-bioadhesion， directional liquid transport， anti-scaling， and membrane fouling inhibition are reviewed. Finally， the challenges faced by LLS coatings， such as mechanical durability and chemical stability， are discussed， along with future prospects for advancing multifunctional integration.

As a clean and efficient secondary energy source， hydrogen energy represents a strategic pillar for future energy transition， capable of replacing fossil fuels to achieve deep decarbonization in industries， transportation， and other sectors. In recent years， seawater electrolysis has emerged as a promising route for green hydrogen production， owing to its potential to utilize seawater as a feedstock and address offshore wind power utilization challenges in remote marine areas. However， current research on seawater electrolysis predominantly focuses on catalyst development at the material level， with insufficient attention to synergistic optimization at the system and process levels. To bridge this gap， this review systematically summarizes the state-of-the-art technologies and future trends in seawater electrolysis systems and processes. The system is decomposed into four key components： electrolyzer， power supply system， gas-liquid separation system， and gas purification system， with a comprehensive analysis of their current research progress. Additionally， this paper highlights innovations in non-catalyst aspects， including technological and methodological advancements. Finally， future directions and application prospects for seawater electrolysis systems are discussed， emphasizing the importance of integrated system design， scalability， and cost-effectiveness to accelerate industrial deployment. This work aims to provide insights into the holistic development of seawater electrolysis technology for sustainable hydrogen production.

Efficient recovery and recycling of phosphorus are of dual strategic significance to alleviate global phosphorus shortage and eutrophication. As a green， economical and multifunctional porous carbon material， biochar is an ideal carrier for phosphorus recovery and slow-release utilization. This paper discusses the influence of biomass feedstock and pyrolysis process on phosphorus adsorption capacity， and puts forward the principles of feedstock screening and preparation process optimization. Secondly， the metal modification-based enhancement strategy is analyzed in detail， and the mechanism and advantages of metal doping in enhancing phosphorus adsorption performance are clarified. Next， the synergistic effects involving electrostatic attraction， ion exchange， ligand exchange and surface precipitation during biochar phosphorus adsorption are systematically revealed， and functional groups and Lewis acid-base interactions contribute to the selectivity of phosphorus adsorption. The application of slow-release kinetic models to evaluate the phosphorus release mechanism is discussed， and a phosphorus fertilizer efficiency evaluation system is established by integrating slow-release characteristics and agronomic effect assessment. Finally， the future problems and directions are outlined to provide theoretical references for advancing this field.

Graphynes are a kind of low-dimensional carbon material composed of sp- and sp²-hybridized carbon atoms with unique electronic conjugation topologies and tunable chemical properties. Recently， significant progress has been made in the synthesis methods of graphynes. Various derivative structures as well as different morphologies from nanosheets to macroscopic films have been achieved through dry or wet chemical methods， which provide important theoretical and experimental supports for designing new carbon materials. Due to the high specific surface areas， abundant chemically active sites， and adjustable bandgap structures， graphyne derivatives exhibit high nonlinear optical coefficients and ultra-fast carrier migration rates， revealing great application potential in nonlinear optics. In this paper， the structural classification， synthesis strategies， and third-order nonlinear optical properties of graphynes are systematically reviewed， aiming to provide references for practical applications of graphynes in optical and optoelectronic fields.