Hydrogen production via water electrolysis powered by renewable energy sources represents a critical approach to addressing the dual challenges of energy and the environment. However， the practical implementationof this technology remains constrained by the sluggish kinetics of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction （OER）. Recent advances in high-entropy materials （HEMs） with unique structural configurations and compositional tunability have demonstrated breakthrough capabilities in OER catalysis. Their near-continuous adsorption energy tunability across multi-dimensional landscapes enables surpassing the perforce ceilings of conventional single-/dual-component electrocatalysts. While substantial progress has been achieved in developing HEMs for OER catalysis， formidable scientific challenges persist regarding the intricate composition-structure-activity relationships in multi-component systems and unresolved mechanistic ambiguities governing catalytic synergies. This review systematically examines the fundamental mechanisms underlying the four-electron transfer process in OER， followed by a critical survey of recent breakthroughs in high-entropy alloys （HEAs）， high-entropy oxides （HEOs）， and high-entropy metal-organic frameworks （HEMOFs） for OER applications. By emphasizing three critical dimensions： atomic coordination environment modulation， electronic structure engineering， and surface adsorption energy optimization， we establish explicit correlations between compositional architecture， structural characteristics， and catalytic performance. This framework profoundly elucidates the synergistic catalytic mechanisms arising from multi-metallic active sites. Furthermore， we propose strategic optimization pathways through material design， defect engineering， and elemental regulation. The review concludes by discussing emerging challenges and future opportunities in this rapidly evolving field. This review can provide inspiration for the accurate design of high-entropy electrocatalysts， the atomic-level analysis of structure-activity relationships， and the regulation and optimization of catalytic performance.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 OER pathway

2.1 AEM

2.2 LOM

2.3 OPM

3 Research progress and bottlenecks of high‑entropy oxygen evolution catalytic materials

3.1 High‑entropy alloys

3.2 High‑entropy oxides

3.3 High‑entropy MOFs

3.4 Other high‑entropy compounds

4 Optimization strategies

4.1 Machine learning‑assisted design

4.2 Defect engineering

4.3 Element regulation

5 Conclusion and outlook

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence （TADF） materials have entered a new stage of vigorous development with the significant advantage of efficient utilization of single and triplet excitons without the need for precious metals. However， the aggregation-induced burst （ACQ） phenomenon is prevalent in conventional TADF materials， which severely limits their development and application. In contrast， aggregation-induced delayed fluorescence （AIDF） materials have a unique aggregation-induced fluorescence enhancement phenomenon， thus attracting much attention in the field of organic electroluminescence. In this review， we summarize the relevant AIDF molecules in the field of organic light-emitting diode （OLED）， focusing on the molecular design of AIDFs and their research and application progress in the field of non-doped OLEDs since 2021， and analyze and discuss the mentioned AIDF molecules by classifying them based on the basis of their molecular structures， respectively， in terms of benzophenones， triazines， quinoxalines， and other receptors. Compounds are structurally disassembled and properties are summarized， the conformational relationships between their structures and properties are deeply explored， and the outlook for the development of this field is made.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Benzophenone and its derivatives

3 Diphenyl sulfone and its derivatives

4 Triazine and its derivatives

5 Quinoxaline and its derivatives

6 Other receptors

7 Conclusion and outlook

Large emission of carbon dioxide leads to severe global warming effects. Therefore， it is urgent to convert carbon dioxide. Among various transformation technologies， electrocatalytic reduction of CO₂ is able to efficiently and continuously convert carbon dioxide. However， the electrocatalytic reduction of CO₂ needs to overcome a higher activation barrier. Traditional electrocatalysts such as metals， metal dichalcogenides， transition metal oxides and 2D metal-free catalysts （g-C₃N₄） are susceptible to inactivation in homogeneous systems and present low electron transfer efficiency， low ability to adsorb and activate carbon dioxide， low reaction kinetics and low selectivity. Covalent organic frameworks （COFs）， which are fabricated through covalent bonds， are a class of emerging porous organic polymers. Ordered alignment and π-π interactions between layers facilitate the transportation of charge carriers. High specific surface area and appropriate pore size enable the adsorption of carbon dioxide and generate more active sites as well. All these unique advantages make COFs an ideal candidate for the electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide. In this paper， we first summarize the synthesis and structural diversity of two- and three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks based on topology. Then， the development of 2D and 3D covalent organic frameworks for the electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide is introduced， respectively. Finally， the potential development of COFs for electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction is discussed.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Synthesis and structural diversity of COFs

3 COFs for electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide

3.1 2D COFs electrocatalysts on CO₂ reduction

3.2 3D COFs electrocatalysts on CO₂ reduction

4 Conclusion and outlook

Breast cancer remains one of the most prevalent malignancies and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. Metastasis represents the critical determinant of poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Conventional detection methods face limitations， including insufficient sensitivity， invasiveness， and inability to dynamically monitor tumor microenvironment alterations， thereby failing to meet the demands of precision medicine. In recent years， surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy （SERS） has emerged as a powerful tool for breast cancer metastasis monitoring and treatment evaluation， owing to its ultra-high sensitivity at the single-molecule level， exceptional spatiotemporal resolution， and multiplex detection capability. Functionalized SERS probes targeting tumor-specific biomarkers enable non-invasive identification of circulating tumor cells （CTCs）， exosomes（Exos）， and metastasis-associated metabolites， facilitating molecular-level diagnosis of breast cancer metastasis. Furthermore， SERS technology permits real-time monitoring of drug delivery efficiency， release kinetics， and therapeutic responses at tumor sites， providing dynamic molecular profiles for personalized treatment evaluation. This review systematically summarizes recent advancements in SERS-based detection of metastasis-related biomarkers， tumor microenvironment analysis， and treatment efficacy assessment. Key challenges， including probe targeting optimization， signal stability enhancement， and clinical translation， are critically discussed. Looking forward， the integration of multimodal SERS probe design with artificial intelligence-powered data analytics is anticipated to propel breast cancer management into a new era of precision medicine and visualization-guided therapeutics.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 SERS overview and probe design

2.1 Overview of SERS

2.2 Technical advantages of SERS

2.3 Principles of SERS probe design

3 Detection and treatment evaluation of breast cancer metastasis based on SERS

3.1 Detection of metastatic markers in liquid

3.2 Imaging of metastatic lesions

4 Evaluation of therapeutic efficacy

5 Conclusion and outlook

As a type of biomimetic catalyst， artificial enzymes can effectively overcome the limitations of natural enzymes in purification， storage， and recyclability. Hemin （Fe（Ⅲ）-protoporphyrin Ⅸ）， serving as the essential cofactor in the active center of most peroxidases， possesses fundamental peroxidase-like catalytic activity due to its iron-porphyrin structure. However， native free hemin suffers from issues such as intermolecular self-aggregation， susceptibility to oxidative deactivation， and insufficient exposure of catalytic sites， leading to reduced catalytic efficiency and poor stability. Combining hemin with supporting materials to form hemin-based artificial enzymes can effectively inhibit hemin self-aggregation and oxidative degradation while simultaneously enhancing its catalytic activity and stability. This review primarily introduces several common types of hemin-based artificial enzymes. It summarizes and categorizes their construction and applications based on the underlying principles of the various support materials and the characteristics of the resulting hemin-based enzymes. Furthermore， it analyzes how the structural properties of different supports regulate the functions of the artificial enzymes and provides an outlook on their future development. Current challenges in designing and constructing hemin-based artificial enzymes include complex self-assembly processes and poor controllability during preparation. Future studies could focus on conducting in-depth physicochemical research on support materials to achieve a higher integration of hemin and support properties. This may involve establishing structure-activity relationship maps correlating the physicochemical properties of supports with the directional assembly of hemin molecules， implementing interface engineering strategies for synergistic optimization of hemin and carrier performance， or exploring alternative support materials with similar properties. The development of hemin-based artificial enzymes combining high catalytic activity with structural homogeneity is key to facilitating their practical applications across multiple fields.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Hemin

3 Synthesis and application of hemin-based artificial enzymes

3.1 Carbon-supported hemin artificial enzymes

3.2 MOF-supported hemin artificial enzymes

3.3 Integration and applications of hemin-functionalized inorganic supports

3.4 Research and application of synthetic polymer-immobilized Hemin​

3.5 Conjugation and applications of Hemin with biomacromolecules​

4 Conclusion and outlook

N，N-dimethylformamide （DMF） is a common organic compound. It is not only often used as a solvent in organic reactions but also widely employed as a reaction reagent in industrial production， playing an important role in organic synthesis for a long time. It is worth noting that DMF itself can act as a synthon to provide different structural units for participation in organic synthesis reactions， and it plays a very important role in the construction of complex， diverse and structurally novel functional molecules. Therefore， this review focuses on introducing the performance of DMF as a multifunctional precursor in various reactions， summarizes the latest progress of DMF as an amine source， carbon source， hydrogen source， oxygen source and double synthon reactions， and prospects the future development direction of this field， hoping to provide a reference for the later research on reactions involving DMF as a synthon.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Reaction of DMF as a synthon

2.1 Reaction of DMF as an amine source

2.2 Reaction of DMF as a carbon source

2.3 Reaction with DMF as a hydrogen source

2.4 Reaction of DMF as an oxygen source

2.5 DMF as a double synthon

3 Conclusion and outlook

In recent years， flexible electronic devices have shown broad application prospects in fields such as smart sensing equipment， human-machine interfaces and bio-inspired electronic skins. Ionogels demonstrate significant potential in the preparation of flexible electronics due to their excellent electrochemical performance， tunable mechanical properties and high environmental adaptability. However， the generally poor mechanical properties of ionogels limit their widespread use. To address this， this article systematically reviews the research progress of ionogels from two aspects： preparation methods and mechanical reinforcement strategies. First common types of ionic liquids and their characteristics are summarized based on the types of anions and cations. Then the preparation techniques for ionogels are categorized into physical blending， in situ polymerization and solvent exchange， with detailed analysis of their advantages and disadvantages. Next， representative strategies for enhancing mechanical performance are outlined， including regulating polymer network structures， constructing non-covalent interactions， forming microphase-separated structures and introducing inorganic nanoparticles. The mechanism of these strategies， the regulatory effect on the mechanical properties of ionogels， and the application scenarios are systematically explained. Finally， key challenges in current ionogels preparation processes are discussed along with future development directions. This work provides a theoretical foundation for designing high-performance ionogels and improving their properties.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Types and characteristics of ionic liquids

3 Preparation methods of ionogels

3.1 Physical blending method

3.2 In situ polymerization

3.3 Solvent exchange

4 Strategies for strengthening the mechanical properties of ionogels

5 Conclusion and outlook

Silica composite aerogels， characterized by their extremely low density， high specific surface area， and remarkable porosity， have found extensive applications in high-temperature kilns， the oil and gas sector， aerospace， and various other advanced domains. Firstly， silica aerogels that have been composited through inorganic and organic compositing were thoroughly reviewed in this paper， as well as fiber reinforcement， including a comparative analysis of their thermal conductivity， compressive strength， porosity， density， and other significant physical properties. Secondly， the most recent strategies for additive manufacturing of silica composite aerogels are summarized. Finally， the challenges related to the fabrication and performance of silica composite aerogels and proposed future research directions for their advancement was addressed by this paper.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Inorganic composite silica aerogel and preparation strategy

2.1 Aluminum oxide composite silica aerogel

2.2 Carbon composite silica aerogel

2.3 Non-oxide composite silica aerogel

3 Organic composite silica aerogel and preparation strategy

3.1 Polymer composite silica aerogel

3.2 Non-polymerzied composite silica aerogel

4 Fiber reinforced silica aerogel and preparation strategy

4.1 Carbonfiber

4.2 Glass fiber

4.3 Other inorganic fibers

4.4 Organic fiber

5 Additive manufacturing strategies for silica composite aerogels

6 Forntier application

6.1 Aerospace

6.2 Energy saving

6.3 Battery thermal management

7 Conculusion and outlook

Polychlorinated naphthalenes （PCNs） are persistent organic compounds that are regulated by the Stockholm Convention. Because of their persistence and long-range transport， PCNs are widely distributed in the environment， even in the Tibetan Plateau and Arctic area. Historical manufacturing and unintentional release from human industrial activities are the two major sources of PCNs. Accurate characterization of PCNs is essential for the development of targeted pollution prevention strategies and effective reduction of their residual levels in the environment. In this paper we summarize the current status of emission studies on PCNs， including their emission sources， emission factors and progress in emission inventories. Historical emission studies show that PCN emissions are closely related to the industrialization process， with an increasing and then decreasing trend in most regions. Studies on unintentional emissions show that the emission factors of PCNs vary considerably between industries and processes and are strongly influenced by pollution control measures. Although some progress has been achieved， the systematic study of global emissions of PCNs is still inadequate， particularly in the determination of emission factors and the compilation of emission inventories. Future research is needed to further improve the emission inventory and strengthen monitoring and management to effectively control the environmental risks of PCNs.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Properties of PCNs

2.1 Physicochemical properties of PCNs

2.2 Toxicity of PCNs

2.3 Environmental behavior of PCNs

3 Current status of global management policies for PCNs

4 Source of PCNs

5 Progress in the study of historical production and emission of PCNs

5.1 Estimation of historical production

5.2 Release of PCNs as historical chemicals

6 Unintentional emissions of PCNs

6.1 Emission factors for PCNs

6.2 Emission inventories of PCNs

7 Conclusion and outlook

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances （PFAS） are a category of persistent organic pollutants （POPs） that are ubiquitously found across various environmental media， due to their extensive application in industrial processes and consumer products. These substances can infiltrate the human body through diet， drinking water， inhalation and skin contact， thereby posing potential risks to human health. The placenta， a critical organ at the maternal-fetal interface， is integral to material exchange and endocrine regulation， functioning as a natural barrier to shield the fetus from harmful external agents. Nonetheless， PFAS can cross the placental barrier， accumulate in placental tissues， and subsequently disrupt normal placental physiological functions， which poses significant threats to fetal growth and development. Based on evidence from epidemiological studies， placental cell models， and animal exposure models， this review summarizes the global exposure levels of PFAS in the placenta， examines the effects of PFAS exposure on placental morphology， structure， and function， and explores the underlying molecular mechanisms. By providing a comprehensive overview of current research， this review also offers insights into future research directions.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Exposure of placentas to PFAS

2.1 Exposure concentration and distribution of human placentas to PFAS

2.2 Factors influence PFAS retention and transport in the Placenta

3 The effect of PFAS on placental structure and function

3.1 Effect on placental morphological

3.2 Effect on placental histological structure

3.3 Effect on placental vascular

3.4 Effect on nutrient metabolism and transport

3.5 Effect on placental endocrine

3.6 Molecular mechanisms of placental dysfunction

4 Conclusion and outlook