Flexible tactile electronic skin （E-skin）， as a core carrier bridging the physical world and the digital realm， is essential for the next-generation medical healthcare and human-machine integration. Within the current research paradigms for high-performance flexible tactile E-skin， introducing force-sensitive microstructures represents an efficient and universal strategy， such as typical microstructures of grids， pyramids， domes， cilia， etc. However， this approach poses unprecedented technical challenges to the highly reliable manufacturing of flexible tactile E-skin.3D printing technology based on direct ink writing （DIW） has emerged as one of the key methods to achieve customized manufacturing of high-performance E-skin， owing to its exceptional material compatibility and cross-scale microstructure fabrication capabilities. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the recent advances in DIW-enabled flexible tactile E-skins. The rheological principles that govern the printability of inks are first discussed， with a focused emphasis on the roles of shear-thinning behavior and viscoelasticity in maintaining structural fidelity. Representative DIW-designed microarchitectures， including orthogonal lattices， hierarchical porous structures， and bioinspired ciliary arrays， are subsequently highlighted to reveal their impacts on sensitivity， linearity， and hysteresis. Applications in pulse monitoring， gait analysis， and robotic manipulation further demonstrate the great potential of DIW in constructing complex sensing systems. Finally， the review concludes by discussing the current challenges and future opportunities from the perspectives of multifunctional ink design， multimodal structural integration， and system-level development.

The pulmonary absorption barrier serves as the primary and most critical biological interface for inhaled organic pollutants， governing their ability to cross the respiratory epithelium and enter systemic circulation， thereby influencing internal exposure， tissue distribution， and toxic outcomes. This review examines the mechanisms governing pollutant translocation across the lung barrier， integrates experimental and computational approaches for assessing pulmonary permeability， and highlights their relevance for advancing inhalation exposure assessment and health risk evaluation.

Driven by the dual impetus of ever-increasing global energy demand and advancement of the “carbon neutrality” strategic goal， the electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction reaction has emerged as a critical technology for achieving the cyclic utilization of carbon resources. Consequently， there is an extremely urgent need for advancements towards higher efficiency and lower cost. Copper-based catalysts have distinguished themselves as the leading candidates among numerous catalysts due to the abundant natural reserves， low cost， and unique d-orbital electronic structure. As such， they have become a central research focus and a frontier direction in the field of electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction. In recent years， a series of significant breakthroughs have been made in the structural design and performance modulation of copper-based catalysts. These substantially contributed greatly to the synergistic optimization of catalytic activity， long-term operational stability， and product selectivity. Herein， this review systematically summarizes the fundamental reaction mechanisms responsible for the electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction to various target products over copper-based catalysts. Furthermore， it demonstrates the employment of critical reaction parameters， theoretical calculation methods， and advanced characterization techniques in deducing and verifying the proposed reaction mechanisms. Also， the core pathways for constructing high-performance copper-based catalysts are discussed and the emphasis is placed on deliberate strategies such as composition regulation， structural optimization， morphology modification and so on. In view of providing valuable insights for the rational design of highly efficient and durable copper-based catalytic systems， this paper strives to outline the precise design principles of copper-based catalysts and establish a comprehensive correlation framework that connects specific modulation strategies with the resulting catalytic performance.

As a vital organ of the body， skeletal muscles provide physical structure， mobility， and protection for all organs， and help regulate body temperature and metabolism. However， severe injuries to skeletal muscles often do not heal completely on their own， leading to functional loss and fibrous scar formation. Therefore， developing effective repair strategies is crucial. Hydrogels， with their high water content， excellent biocompatibility， adjustable physicochemical properties， and good extracellular matrix mimicry， have shown great potential in the field of skeletal muscle repair in recent years. This article systematically reviews the research and application progress of hydrogels in skeletal muscle injury repair. First， the mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle injury and the associated repair processes are described. Subsequently， hydrogels constructed via various strategies， including electrospinning， 3D bioprinting， magnetic field induction， and freeze-drying， are comprehensively summarized， with an in-depth evaluation of their applications and recent advances in skeletal muscle injury repair. Finally， it discusses the challenges faced by hydrogels in this field， future development directions， and their broad clinical application prospects.

Biodegradable superabsorbent polymers （SAPs） are known for their high swelling capacity and strong biodegradability. However， they suffer from insufficient mechanical properties. Spherical SAPs， on the other hand， exhibit better mechanical properties and thus hold more advantages in applications. This paper first briefly introduces the research progress of biodegradable superabsorbent polymer microspheres from three aspects： natural polymer-based， organic-inorganic composite-based and synthetic polymer-based. Subsequently， it focuses on the preparation methods， discussing commonly used inverse suspension polymerization， emulsion polymerization and dispersion polymerization. The scope of application， principles， advantages and disadvantages， and current research status of each method are summarized. Based on this， the paper introduces the recent combination of spherical technology and radiation polymerization for the preparation of biodegradable superabsorbent polymer microspheres. Finally， the application status and prospects of biodegradable superabsorbent polymer microspheres in the fields of agriculture and forestry， construction， and medical and health care are presented. The conclusion points out that the future research trend of biodegradable superabsorbent polymer microspheres lies in the in-depth study of organic-inorganic composite SAP and the exploration of new and eco-friendly synthesis pathways.

The skin serves as a critical physical barrier against pathogen invasion. However， hyperglycemia and excessively activated inflammatory responses associated with diabetes often lead to impaired healing after skin injury， resulting in chronic， hard-to-heal wounds. Due to their excellent biocompatibility， strong adhesion， antibacterial activity， and photothermal conversion capability， polydopamine has attracted considerable attention from researchers. Polydopamine nanomaterials have demonstrated significant multiple therapeutic effects in diabetic wound treatment， including antibacterial， anti-inflammatory， reactive oxygen species scavenging， and angiogenesis-promoting properties. This review summarizes the synthesis strategies of polydopamine nanomaterials and their research progress in diabetic wound healing. It first discusses the construction strategies of different types of polydopamine nanomaterials， followed by a detailed introduction to the various mechanisms and application advances of polydopamine nanomaterials as wound dressings in diabetic wound healing. Finally， the challenges and future directions of polydopamine nanomaterials in diabetic wound healing are discussed.

Gunshot residue （GSR） constitutes a critical form of trace evidence in firearm-related forensic investigations and plays a central role in the reconstruction of shooting events. From the perspective of analytical chemistry， this review systematically summarizes recent advances in GSR detection techniques and their applications in firearm classification， aiming to provide a comprehensive reference for GSR analysis and source attribution in firearm-related cases. The characteristic components of inorganic gunshot residues （IGSR） and organic gunshot residues （OGSR）， together with their principal analytical methods， are first outlined. The advantages and limitations of conventional IGSR and OGSR detection techniques are then critically evaluated in terms of forensic applicability. Emerging approaches， including sensor-based detection systems， spatial imaging techniques， and ammunition tagging strategies， are further discussed for their potential applications in rapid screening， shooting activity reconstruction， and source attribution. Particular attention is paid to the integration of analytical data with chemometric methods， which enables the extraction of multi-dimensional compositional features and improves classification accuracy. Finally， current challenges in GSR analysis， including high-sensitivity detection， attribution of unknown samples， and cross-scenario transferability of classification models， are addressed. Future research directions emphasizing multi-technique integration， database standardization， and model robustness are proposed to support the continued advancement of GSR analysis.

In recent years， viral infectious diseases have continued to pose threats to human health and public health security， making vaccination the preferred approach for preventing such diseases. The level of neutralizing antibodies produced after vaccination directly reflects the immunogenicity of vaccines and is closely associated with protective efficacy. Therefore， the detection of neutralizing antibodies is a critical step in evaluating vaccine effectiveness and immune protection. However， traditional methods for detecting neutralizing antibodies， such as PRNT， ELISA， and pseudovirus neutralization assays， generally suffer from limitations including complex procedures， reliance on high-level biosafety laboratories， low sensitivity， and lack of standardization. Nanomaterial-based sensors have emerged as a research hotspot to overcome these limitations. This review summarizes the research progress in five categories of nanosensors： rare-earth-doped upconversion nanoparticles （REEs-UCNPs）， quantum dots （QDs）， metal nanomaterials， metal oxides （MONs）， and carbon nanomaterials for the detection of neutralizing antibodies. The aim is to provide insights and a theoretical foundation for the development of novel nanomaterial-based technologies for neutralizing antibody detection， thereby potentially driving technological innovation and application advancements in this field.

The escalating misuse of antibiotics has led to increasingly severe bacterial resistance， posing a major challenge to global public health. Multi-target antibacterial strategies have garnered significant attention over traditional single-mode approaches owing to their effectiveness in mitigating resistance development. Plant polyphenols are crucial natural building blocks for synergistic anti-resistance systems， due to their multifaceted antibacterial actions such as disrupting cell membrane integrity， inhibiting DNA replication and interfering with energy metabolism. Recently， the antibacterial activity against drug-resistant bacteria， chemical stability and targeting ability of plant polyphenol materials have been significantly enhanced through nanotechnology strategies， such as coordination with metal/non-metal ions， structural functionalization， and biomimetic/smart design. This review systematically elucidates the mechanisms of bacterial resistance and summarizes the research progress in combating drug-resistant bacteria through polyphenol-based strategies， focusing on their physical combinations and their composite formulations with organic， inorganic， and organic-inorganic nanomaterials. Furthermore， it proposes novel design strategies for combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria and future development directions， aiming to provide insights for the innovative development of anti-infective drugs and functional materials.

Photothermal therapy （PTT）， as a non-invasive treatment strategy， utilizes photothermal agents （PTAs） to generate localized hyperthermia under light excitation for specific killing of cancer cells. Due to its precise spatiotemporal controllability and remarkable therapeutic efficacy， PTT has emerged as a research focus in the field of precision oncology in recent years. Compared to the conventional near-infrared window （NIR-I， 700~900 nm）， the second near-infrared window （NIR-Ⅱ， 1000~1700 nm） offers superior tissue penetration depth （> 10 mm）， spatial resolution， and signal-to-noise ratio （SNR）， owing to reduced tissue absorption and scattering， thereby creating new opportunities for the treatment of deep-seated tumors. However， current research on NIR-Ⅱ-responsive PTAs has predominantly focused on inorganic nanomaterials （such as metallic oxide and quantum dots） and polymeric macromolecular systems. The potential biotoxicity， poor metabolic clearance， and complex synthesis processes of these nanomaterials limit their clinical translation. Herein， we review recent advances in NIR-Ⅱ organic small-molecule PTAs by systematically elucidating the design principles of organic semiconducting small molecules with different backbones and thoroughly analyzing the corresponding structure-activity relationships. Furthermore， this review evaluates their performance in deep-tumor NIR-Ⅱ PTT and multimodal combination therapy. Finally， in light of the challenges facing organic semiconducting small-molecule PTAs， such as unclear in vivo pharmacokinetics and unverified long-term biosafety， we propose future research directions. These include molecular engineering optimization， biomimetic functionalization， and the construction of smart theranostic nanoplatforms. This contribution will provide a theoretical foundation for advancing the clinical translation of NIR-Ⅱ organic photothermal agents.

Lithium-ion batteries （LIBs） exhibit promising application prospects in the field of new energy owing to their advantages of high energy density， long cycle life， and low self-discharge rate. As a critical component of LIBs， the anode directly affects the overall performance of the battery. However， the low theoretical specific capacity of conventional graphite anodes limits further enhancement of LIB energy density. Alloy-type anode materials are regarded as alternative candidates that can significantly enhance the energy density of LIBs， nevertheless， these materials undergo large volume expansion during the charge-discharge process， leading to substantial irreversible consumption of active lithium in the initial cycles， hindering their practical implementation in LIBs. Furthermore， alloy-type anodes suffer from poor interfacial stability with electrolytes， which readily triggers side reactions and causes problems such as the easy rupture of the solid electrolyte interphase （SEI） layer. Based on this， this paper systematically reviews the interface interaction mechanisms between alloy-type anodes and electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries， with particular focus on expounding the interaction mechanisms among mechanical damage induced by the volume expansion of alloy anodes， chemical failure caused by interfacial side reactions， and the dynamic instability of the SEI layer. Furthermore， it summarizes the effects of strategies including nanostructure design， electrolyte additive regulation， and surface coating modification on alloy anodes. The limitations of these existing modification strategies are presented， and prospects for the future development of lithium-ion batteries are proposed.