PET-RAFT polymerization （Photoinduced Electron Transfer-Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization） has been widely concerned and applied in the field of polymerization due to its characteristics such as low energy consumption，mild reaction conditions，time-space control，reaction orthogonality and oxygen resistance. In terms of surface modification，PET-RAFT polymerization is used to improve the surface characteristics of materials，such as biocompatibility and anti-adhesion. In the biomedical field，PET-RAFT polymerization technology is used to prepare drug delivery systems such as spherical micelles and vesicles. In addition，the application of PET-RAFT polymerization in 3D printing and laser writing demonstrates its great potential for precise control of material structure and functionalization. The key to PET-RAFT polymerization is to find suitable photocatalysts. Currently，the types of catalysts include homogeneous catalyst systems，such as transition metal complexes，porphyrin and phthalocyanine catalysts，organic dyes，and semiconductor materials，as well as heterogeneous catalyst systems，such as macro material supported，nano material supported，metal organic framework，covalent organic framework，conjugated microporous polymers，etc. Among them，heterogeneous catalysts can be effectively recovered and utilized by centrifugation and filtration separation of photocatalysts. The heterogeneous catalyst can be effectively recycled by centrifugation and filtration separation. In the future，researchers will develop new low cost，high efficiency，easy recovery，non-toxic photocatalysts to improve the use of low energy photons and improve the compatibility of photopolymerization with the environment.

For halogenated organic compounds，antibiotics，and other emerging contaminants that are persistent and highly toxic，micro-electrolysis fillers can effectively disrupt the chemical structures of these contaminant molecules and achieve the effect of deep mineralization through direct electron reduction and electrochemical oxidation. However，although the traditional micro-electrolysis process has achieved certain results，there are still many thorny problems. For example，the stability of the fillers is poor，their service life is short，and they are prone to caking and passivation，which leads to clogging of the reactor，requiring frequent replacement of the fillers. To overcome these problems，granulation is usually employed to increase the interfacial bonding strength between iron powder and activated carbon powder. However，previous studies have often focused on the influence of the composition or preparation methods of the fillers on their performance，while the role of the binders has been subtle and difficult to detect. Through in-depth investigations，it has been found that binders play a key role as the 'unsung heroes' in enhancing the performance of micro-electrolysis fillers and that their functional groups and chemical structures have a profound effect on the performance of the fillers. They can not only strengthen the mechanical strength of fillers，improve their stability and anti-passivation ability，promote the mass transfer process，prevent filler caking，and prolong the service life of fillers，but also increase the utilization rate of electrons and catalyze the occurrence of reactions，thereby further enhancing the degradation activity of emerging pollutants. Given this，this paper systematically summarizes the interfacial bonding mechanisms of commonly used binders in different granulation methods，analyses the deep action mechanisms of binders in enhancing the performance of micro-electrolysis fillers，discusses the influence laws of binder types and contents on the fillers，and looks forward to the development of new fillers，and looks forward to the development of new high-performance binder materials，the optimizing of the process parameters of binders in the filler preparation process，and the in-depth exploration of the action mechanisms between binders and active components of fillers，with the expectation of promoting the development of micro-electrolysis fillers in the field of environmental management.

Sweet-tasting proteins，characterized by their low calorie and high sweetness attributes，demonstrate significant potential in the food industry. They not only satisfy the demand of consumers for healthy and safe sweeteners but also have the potential to replace traditional high-calorie sweeteners，thus driving innovation in the food industry. However，their commercialization process still faces challenges such as restrictions on the origin of raw materials，low yield，high extraction costs，and poor stability. In this review，the basic characteristics of sweet-tasting proteins were examined，their taste mechanisms and the relationship between their structure and sweet taste activity were investigated. Precise design and modification of sweet-tasting proteins and host through synthetic biology and artificial intelligence methods to enhance their sweetness，stability and yield were proposed. Additionally，optimizing host，expression and secretion strategies，as well as precise control of the fermentation process，can further improve the yield and activity of sweet-tasting proteins. These approaches provide a theoretical basis and technical references for addressing the existing problems in the commercial application of sweet-tasting proteins and have positive implications for promoting their widespread use in the food industry.

Hydrogen energy is regarded as an ideal energy carrier for the future. Traditional hydrogen production through fossil fuel reforming fails to fundamentally address carbon emission issues. Direct seawater electrolysis has emerged as a promising hydrogen production technology with significant prospects. Compared to conventional pure-water electrolysis systems，natural seawater exhibits a more complex chemical composition and induces additional side reactions during electrolysis，thereby imposing higher requirements on electrode materials and electrolyzer structural design. The chlorine evolution reaction （CER） at the anode and calcium/magnesium ion precipitation at the cathode constitutes two critical challenges in direct seawater electrolysis. While substantial research has been reported in recent years regarding the mechanisms and suppression strategies of CER，comparatively fewer studies have systematically addressed the fundamental mechanisms and inhibition approaches for cathodic calcium/magnesium deposition. Practical hydrogen production processes require particular attention to electrode performance degradation caused by such inorganic precipitates，including increased mass transfer resistance and reduced electrolysis efficiency. This review initiates from the formation mechanisms of calcium/magnesium precipitation on cathode surfaces，elaborates on the fundamental principles and technical challenges of direct seawater electrolysis，and critically summarizes recent advances in suppression strategies against cathodic inorganic deposition. Furthermore，perspectives on future research directions for seawater electrolysis technology are provided，emphasizing the need for comprehensive investigations into electrode-electrolyte interfaces and scalable system optimization.

Chemical looping （CL） technology has been widely used in fields such as in-situ capture of carbon dioxide，hydrogen production，oxidative dehydrogenation and partial oxidation of methane. The development of oxygen carriers is the key link to the advancement of CL. Exploring the mechanism of oxygen storage and release in the oxygen carrier lattice is important for the design of high-performance oxygen carriers，the explanation of CL reaction mechanism，and the regulation of product selectivity and yield. First，this paper systematically reviews the research methods and progress of oxygen storage and release mechanism of oxygen carriers，presenting the important role of key characterization techniques in exploring the lattice oxygen migration mechanism. At the same time，we summarize the reaction mechanism of different types of oxygen carriers and the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of active components，providing theoretical support for the design and modification of oxygen carriers. Furthermore，this paper also focuses on the difficulties and controversies in the study of oxygen storage and release mechanism of CL oxygen carriers. Finally，some perspectives on the current studies of mechanism for oxygen carriers were presented.

Metal-organic frameworks （MOFs） exhibit great promise in diverse applications such as gas storage，catalysis，and sensing due to their distinctive structures and physicochemical properties. However，traditional experimental approaches face challenges in quickly and efficiently designing MOFs withthe desired characteristics. In recent years，artificial intelligence （AI） techniques，particularly traditional machine learning and deep learning，have been extensively applied in materials science，yielding numerous noteworthy results. An essential requirement for successful modeling with these techniques is the ability to extract the structural features of MOFs and transform them into computer-readable formats. Therefore，we present a comprehensive review of two feature extraction approaches based on molecular descriptors and end-to-end deep learning. We summarize the fundamental concepts and principles of both methods，emphasizing their specific applications and recent advancements in MOFs design. Finally，we discuss the challenges and future directions for improving the comprehensiveness，interpretability，and reproducibility of structural feature extraction. This review aims to provide valuable insights and theoretical guidance for AI-driven MOFs design.

Bone defects caused by accidents or diseases are a common and serious problem in orthopedic surgery. Finding ideal bone repair materials has become a hotspot in current bone tissue engineering. Polyurethane （PU） is a multiblock copolymer with a microphase-separated structure formed by alternating soft and hard segments. Its application properties - such as mechanical performance，biocompatibility，and biodegradability-can be tailored by adjusting the soft segment structure，hard segment ratio，crystallinity，and other factors，demonstrating broad prospects in the field of bone defect repair. This paper reviews recent research on the design，synthesis，modification，and biological performance of PU in bone tissue engineering，with a focus on its application progress in bone regeneration，including implantable scaffolds，injectable materials，and drug carriers. The aim is to provide more insights for the future design and clinical application of PU materials.

Iron cobalt phosphide is considered to be an important candidate material for anodic water dissociation due to its low cost and high catalytic activity，but it still suffers from poor intrinsic conductivity and limited active sites. Starting from the anodic hydro-electric oxidation process represented by oxygen evolution reaction，we systematically reviewed the research progress of adjusting electronic structure，optimizing adsorption energy of water oxidation intermediates，and improving stability for iron cobalt phosphide based materials through strategies such as intrinsic activity regulation，doping engineering，defect design，and heterogeneous structure construction. Finally，the development of iron cobalt phosphide based anode materials is prospected.

Two-dimensional materials，with their high specific surface areas and tunable electronic structures，have shown significant advantages in the enhancement of catalytic efficiency，selectivity，and stability. Their ability to catalyze the conversion of methane into high-value chemicals is of great importance for sustainable energy utilization and environmental protection. This paper reviews the progress of the application of two-dimensional materials in the low-temperature selective oxidation of methane，summarizes the two mechanisms of C—H bond fracture during methane oxidation and lists several typical two-dimensional materials （such as graphene，transition metal sulfides，MXenes，MOFs，metal oxides and their synthesis methods. This paper focuses on investigating the catalytic performance of these materials doped with metal active sites for the selective oxidation of methane using different oxidants （such as H₂O₂，H₂+O₂，O₂，and CO+O₂），emphasizing the role of two-dimensional materials in the regulation of active sites and optimization of reaction pathways. Finally，the potential，challenges and future development direction of two-dimensional materials in solving the problem of methane activation and promoting the progress of energy technology are prospected.