Lithium-sulfur batteries are valued for their high theoretical specific capacity，energy density，and other advantages，but their commercialization is limited by the slow kinetics of sulfur species conversion and the "shuttle effect". In response，researchers have utilized the photocatalytic effect to develop a photo-assisted strategy for lithium-sulfur batteries，an emerging strategy that not only improves the adsorption and catalytic performance of the catalyst，but also enhances the battery performance in terms of both thermodynamics and kinetics，and even achieves the storage and release of solar energy through the photo-charging mechanism. In this paper，based on recently relevant studies，we introduce in detail the photoelectrochemical principles of photo-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries，discuss the design strategies of photocatalysts and photoanode，as well as the selection of optical windows and encapsulation materials，and review the typical configurations of photopositives and the research methodology of photo-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries，with the aim of attracting the extensive attention of our peers and providing references for the in-depth understanding and improvement of photo-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 The working mechanism and design strategy of photo-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries

2.1 The photoelectrochemical principle of photo-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries

2.2 Design strategies of photo-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries

3 Typical configuration and research methods of photo-assisted lithium sulfur batteries

3.1 Typical configuration of photocathodes

3.2 Research methods for photo-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries

4 Conclusion and outlook

Polyphenolic compounds are a class of naturally occurring bioactive substances widely found in the environment. Their characteristics，such as low toxicity，low cost，and broad availability，make them become to be widely used chelating agents，reducing agents，and capping agents for treating typical pollutants in water. Currently，polyphenols are extensively used in advanced oxidation processes （AOPs） through the coupling of common transition metal ions and peroxides. However，the chemical mechanisms of polyphenolic substances in water pollution remediation still lack systematic conclusions. This study reviews and summarizes the compositions of homogeneous and heterogeneous systems containing polyphenolic compounds，as well as the pro-oxidant，antioxidant，and chelating-reduction effects exhibited by polyphenols within these systems. It explains the main active species generated by polyphenolic substances under different systems from both radical and non-radical perspectives，along with the corresponding mechanisms for the removal of water pollutants. The dual role of polyphenols as natural redox mediators （RMs） in constructing complex catalytic systems is emphasized，and the effects of external energies such as light，heat，electricity，ultrasound，and plasma on the reaction mechanisms and pollutant degradation effectiveness in these systems are described. Finally，the article looks ahead to the future development directions of polyphenolic compounds in the field of water treatment.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 H₂O₂/PS/PAA activation

2.1 ROS of H₂O₂/PS/PAA

2.2 Polyphenols/Fe（Cu） ions/peroxide systems

2.3 Chelation and reduction of polyphenol-metal ions

2.4 Non-radical reactions

3 High-valent metal species

3.1 Fe ions

3.2 Cu ions

3.3 Mn ions

4 Solid catalyst

4.1 Zero-valent metal monomers

4.2 Monometallic compounds

4.3 Polymetallic compounds

4.4 Metal-organic complexes

4.5 Carbon-based materials

4.6 Inorganic salt supported metal catalysts

5 Polyphenol-SQ•^--Quinone

5.1 Periodate and permanganate

5.2 Peroxide

5.3 O₂，H₂O and others

5.4 Redox mediators

6 External energy

7 Conclusion and outlook

Using catalytic processes to convert CO₂ into low-carbon fuels and fine chemicals is one of the most efficient paths to addressing global energy imbalance and CO₂ excess emissions. The advantages of one-dimensional nanocatalysts in long-range electron transport and controllable internal structure endow them with widely utilization in catalysis. Electrospinning，a top-down method for fabrication of fibers，offers unique advantages in regulating fiber composition and structure. This paper systematically reviews the designing strategies and application advancements of fiber catalysts based on electrospinning，including fully controllable synthesis strategies for multilevel structured fibers，methods for introducing active sites via one-step and post-load techniques，and research case of fiber catalysts in CO₂ conversion. This review provides valuable references for the development of new concepts，methods，processes，and applications of fiber catalysts for CO₂ conversion.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Electrospinning in designing of fiber catalysts

2.1 Electrospinning

2.2 Designing of fiber structures

2.3 Introducing of active sites

3 Applications of fiber catalysts in CO₂ conversion

3.1 Photocatalytic CO₂ conversion

3.2 Electrocatalytic CO₂ conversion

3.3 Thermocatalytic CO₂ conversion

4 Conclusion and outlook

ONOO^-，produced by the diffusion-controlled reaction of nitric oxide and superoxide radicals，is a strong oxidizing and nitrating agent that causes damage to DNA，proteins，and other biomolecules in cells. Since ONOO^- is characterized by its short lifetime，high reactivity，and low concentration under physiological conditions，and the pathophysiological roles it plays in biological systems are not yet fully understood，it is of great significance to develop highly sensitive and selective detection technologies to achieve real-time dynamic monitoring of ONOO^-. In this paper，we review the research progress of ONOO^- fluorescent probes in disease-related processes in the recent 5 years，revealing the potential role of ONOO^- in various diseases，such as inflammation，tumors，liver injury，and brain diseases. Finally，the bottlenecks in the development of ONOO^- probes and future trends are discussed，which will promote the application of ONOO^- probes in chemistry，biology，and pharmacology.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Design strategies of ONOO^- fluorescent probe

3 Detection and imaging of ONOO^- by fluorescent probes in disease-related processes

3.1 Detection and imaging of ONOO^- in inflammation

3.2 Detection and imaging of ONOO^- in tumors

3.3 Detection and imaging of ONOO^- in liver injuries

3.4 Detection and imaging of ONOO^- in brain diseases

3.5 Detection and imaging of ONOO^- in other disease models

4 Conclusion and outlook

With the advancement of technology，flexible pressure sensors have been widely utilized in wearable device fields such as medical monitoring and motion monitoring，primarily due to their thinness，lightness，flexibility，good ductility，as well as their faster response speed and higher sensitivity compared to traditional rigid sensors. When subjected to external forces，the elastic elements within these sensors undergo deformation，converting mechanical signals into electrical signals. Consequently，the choice of elastic elements significantly impacts the overall performance of flexible pressure sensors. Polydimethylsiloxane （PDMS） is extensively used as a flexible substrate in sensors because of its stable chemical properties，good thermal stability，low preparation cost，and excellent biocompatibility. By collecting relevant information，this paper reviews the sensing mechanisms of PDMS-based flexible pressure sensors，introduces preparation techniques to improve the properties of PDMS materials，including the recently popular methods of introducing porous structures and constructing surface architectures，and discusses the applications of PDMS-based flexible pressure sensors in medical monitoring，electronic skin，and other fields. Finally，the challenges faced by PDMS-based flexible sensors and their future opportunities are prospected.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Flexible pressure sensor

3 Fabrication technology of flexible sensor with improved performance

3.1 Pore structure

3.2 Surface micro-nano structures

4 Application of flexible pressure sensor based on PDMS

4.1 Health monitoring

4.2 Electronic skin

5 Conclusion and outlook

Compared to lithium-ion batteries，sodium-ion batteries have greater advantages in terms of resources，cost，safety，power performance，low-temperature performance，and so on. However，the energy density of sodium-ion batteries is relatively low. To explore broader application prospects，the development of high-specific energy sodium batteries has become a research hotspot in both academia and industry. The anode is considered the key bottleneck constraining the development of the sodium battery industry due to limitations such as the inability of graphite to serve as sodium anodes and the high cost，low Coulombic efficiency，and poor kinetics of mainstream hard carbon materials. In recent years，anode-free sodium batteries （AFSBs） have garnered widespread attention due to their advantages in energy density，process safety，and overall battery cost. However，AFSBs generally show rapid capacity loss due to the rupture of the solid-electrolyte interphase （SEI） layer，increased chemical side reactions，serious dendrite growth and the formation of dead sodium. As the AFSBs operate，active sodium is continuously consumed without additional metallic sodium to replenish it，leading to poor cycling performance and failure of AFSBs. These issues can be attributed to the following characteristics： the high reactivity of sodium，non-uniform nucleation and huge volume expansion. To elucidate the strategies for promoting dendrite-free growth on the anode side of AFSBs，this review focuses on the current collector-sodium interface and sodium-electrolyte interface，including the design of sodiophilic coatings，porous skeleton structure to regulate the sodium nucleation process，and the construction of robust SEI interface，which further guides the homogeneous sodium deposition and stripping process. This systematic review is expected to draw more attention to anode-free configurations and bring new inspiration to the design of high-specific energy batteries.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Factors affecting sodium deposition on the anode side

2.1 High reactivity of sodium

2.2 Inhomogeneous sodium deposition

2.3 Volumetric deformations

3 Critical differences between sodium and lithium

4 Interface design principles and strategies

4.1 Design principles

4.2 Homogeneous nucleation regulation at the current collector-sodium interface

4.3 Formation of robust SEI at the sodium-electrolyte interface

5 Conclusions and prospects

Two-dimensional nanochannel membrane is a new membrane composed of two-dimensional nanosheets with atomic layer thickness and stacked by self-assembly. Compared with traditional separation membranes，its ion separation behavior has many unique characteristics，and has important potential applications in seawater desalination，energy storage and conversion，rare element extraction and separation，and other fields. These materials have attracted great interest and wide attention from researchers. It has become an important development direction and research hotspot in the field of membrane separation science and technology in recent years. In this paper，the construction strategy，performance evaluation method and mass transfer mechanism of two-dimensional nanochannel membranes were systematically summarized from the perspective of two-dimensional nanochannel membranes used for accurate ion sieving. The latest research progress in the preparation and application of two-dimensional nanochannel membranes in recent years was reviewed，and the development trend was prospected. We hope this review can provide enlightenment for structure design and optimization，performance enhancement，large-scale preparation and engineering applications of two-dimensional nanochannel membranes in the future.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Two-dimensional nanochannel ion sieving membrane and its construction methods

2.1 Two-dimensional nanochannel ion screening membrane

2.2 Construction method of 2D nanochannel ion sieving membrane

2.3 Characterization of structure and evaluation of properties of two-dimensional nanochannel ion sieving membranes

3 Mass transfer mechanism in two-dimensional nanochannels

3.1 Mass transfer mechanism of solvent in two-dimensional channels

3.2 Mass transfer mechanism of ions in two-dimensional channels

4 Application of two-dimensional nanochannel ion sieving membrane

4.1 Desalination of seawater

4.2 Energy conversion and storage

4.3 Extraction and separation of elements

5 Conclusion and outlook

Two-dimensional （2D） perovskite materials have been receiving considerable attention owing to their high stability. Despite this，there is still significant potential for improving their power conversion efficiency. Designing effective spacer cations is one of the crucial methods to improve the photoelectric performance of 2D perovskite solar cells. Among the various strategies，halogen substitution has emerged as a particularly effective approach，which can fine-tune the stability and optical properties of the perovskite crystal structure，leading to notable improvements in photoelectric conversion efficiency as well as long-term stability. In recent years，there has been significant and notable progress of two-dimensional （2D） perovskites based on various halogen-substituted spacer cations in the preparation of high-performance perovskite solar cells. This paper initially provides a comprehensive overview of the development status of 2D perovskite materials and devices that employ different spacer cations. Following this，the focus shifts to an in-depth review of the advancements made in the fabrication of 2D perovskite solar cells （PSCs） and the surface modification of three-dimensional （3D） perovskites，specifically emphasizing the role of spacer cations that have been singly or multiply substituted with halogens such as fluorine，chlorine，and bromine. Finally，we present a concise discussion on the current challenges faced in this field and offer insights into the potential future directions for further research and development.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 2D perovskite materials and devices with different spacer cations

3 Characteristics of halogen-substituted spacer cation-based 2D perovskites and their applications in photovoltaic devices

3.1 Research on halogen-substituted spacer cation-based 2D perovskites and photovoltaic devices

3.2 Research on halogen-substituted 2D perovskite surface modification of 3D perovskites

4 Conclusion and future perspectives on halogen-substituted 2D perovskites

The sustained development of industry has brought enormous economic benefits，but it has also caused great harm to the environment. The excessive CO₂ emissions from fossil fuel combustion are released into the natural environment，posing a threat to the environment and human health. So people are working hard to develop materials that can effectively capture CO₂. At present，CO₂ capture mainly occurs after the combustion of fossil fuels. According to the design standards for CO₂ adsorbents，a variety of CO₂ capture materials have been designed and developed，including solid adsorbents，liquid adsorbents，and multiphase adsorbents. The adsorption mechanisms of various adsorbents are also different，including adsorption，absorption，or a combination of both mechanisms. This review focuses on the capture performance，absorption mechanism，advantages and disadvantages of various common types of current adsorbents，and introduces amine solution absorbents，zeolite-based adsorbents，ionic liquids-based adsorbents，carbon-based adsorbents，metal-organic framework materials，covalent organic framework materials，metal-oxide materials，and biopolymer nanocomposites，respectively，with an outlook of the future development of CO₂ adsorbent materials.

Contents

1 Introduction

1.1 Current status and hazards of CO₂ emissions

1.2 CO₂ capture technology

1.3 Criteria for designing CO₂ capture materials

2 CO₂ capture materials

2.1 Amine solution absorbents

2.2 Zeolites based adsorbents

2.3 Ionic liquids absorbents

2.4 Carbon-based adsorbents

2.5 Metal organic framworks

2.6 Covalent organic frameworks

2.7 Metal oxide sorbents

2.8 Biopolymeric nanocomposites

3 Comparison and Prospect of Capture Materials

4 Conclusion

Eu-Tb lanthanide bimetallic organic frameworks （Ln-BMOFs） are inorganic organic hybrid materials with a periodic network structure and functional diversification，which are composed of lanthanide Eu-Tb as the center and organic ligands. It has unique luminescence characteristics，especially sharp absorption，and large Stokes displacement，which makes it exhibit excellent performance in the field of fluorescence sensing. By adjusting the ratio of Eu and Tb in MOFs，we can obtain a series of Eu_xTb_1-x doped MOFs with different luminous colors，and containing different proportions of Eu and Tb，which have similar or different luminous sensing mechanisms. Since the Eu-Tb lanthanide bimetallic organic frameworks have important research value in the field of fluorescence sensing，this paper will comprehensively and systematically review the research progress of lanthanide bimetallic organic frameworks from the aspects of background，sensing mechanism and application of fluorescence sensing.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Luminescence and sensing mechanisms

2.1 Energy transfer

2.2 Changes in the coordination environment

3 Luminescence sensing applications

3.1 Detection of organic compounds

3.2 Detection of biomolecules

3.3 Detection of ions

3.4 Sensing of temperature and pH

4 Conclusions and prospects