Lithium-sulfur batteries are valued for their high theoretical specific capacity, energy density, and other advantages, but their commercialization is limited by the slow kinetics of sulfur species conversion and the "shuttle effect". In response, researchers have utilized the photocatalytic effect to develop a photo-assisted strategy for lithium-sulfur batteries, an emerging strategy that not only improves the adsorption and catalytic performance of the catalyst, but also enhances the battery performance in terms of both thermodynamics and kinetics, and even achieves the storage and release of solar energy through the photo-charging mechanism. In this paper, based on recently relevant studies, we introduce in detail the photoelectrochemical principles of photo-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries, discuss the design strategies of photocatalysts and photoanode, as well as the selection of optical windows and encapsulation materials, and review the typical configurations of photopositives and the research methodology of photo-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries, with the aim of attracting the extensive attention of our peers and providing references for the in-depth understanding and improvement of photo-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries.

Two-dimensional (2D) perovskite materials have been receiving considerable attention owing to their high stability. Despite this, there is still significant potential for improving their power conversion efficiency. Designing effective spacer cations is one of the crucial method to improve the photoelectric performance of 2D perovskite solar cells. Among the various strategies, halogen substitution has emerged as a particularly effective approach, which can fine-tune the stability and optical properties of the perovskite crystal structure, leading to notable improvements in photoelectric conversion efficiency as well as long-term stability. In recent years, there has been significant and notable progress of two-dimensional (2D) perovskites based on various halogen-substituted spacer cations in the preparation of high-performance perovskite solar cells. This paper initially provides a comprehensive overview of the development status of 2D perovskite materials and devices that employ different spacer cations. Following this, the focus shifts to an in-depth review of the advancements made in the fabrication of 2D perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and the surface modification of three-dimensional (3D) perovskites, specifically emphasizing the role of spacer cations that have been singly or multiply substituted with halogens such as fluorine, chlorine, and bromine. Finally, we present a concise discussion on the current challenges faced in this field and offer insights into the potential future directions for further research and development.

Eu-Tb lanthanide bimetallic organic frameworks (Ln-BMOFs) are inorganic organic hybrid materials with periodic network structure and functional diversification, which are composed of lanthanide Eu-Tb as the center and organic ligands. It has unique luminescence characteristics, especially sharp absorption, and large Stokes displacement, which makes it exhibit excellent performance in the field of fluorescence sensing. By adjusting the ratio of Eu and Tb in MOFs, we can obtain a series of Eu_xTb_1-x doped MOFs with different luminous colors, and containing different proportions of Eu and Tb, which have similar or different luminous sensing mechanisms. Since the Eu-Tb lanthanide bimetallic organic frameworks has important research value in the field of fluorescence sensing, this paper will comprehensively and systematically review the research progress of lanthanide bimetallic organic frameworks from the aspects of background, sensing mechanism and application of fluorescence sensing.

In recent years, Pickering emulsions have attracted substantial attention owing to their facile preparation and superior stability. Characterized by solid-particle stabilization, these emulsions distinguish themselves from surfactant-stabilized emulsions through heightened stability, diminished toxicity, and stimulus-responsiveness. Solid particles, acting as the core part of the emulsion system, play an important role in the preparation and application of Pickering emulsions. Here, this review concentrates on the impact of various single stimulus responses (pH, temperature, carbon dioxide, redox, light irradiation, magnetic fields) and multiplexed stimulus responses on the stability and performance of Pickering emulsion systems. Additionally, it highlights the latest research and advancements concerning the application of Pickering emulsion systems in a multitude of reactions, such as oxidation, reduction reaction, hydrolysis reaction, condensation reaction, esterification transesterification reaction, and cascade reaction.

Zinc-iodine batteries have attracted widespread attention as a novel green, low-cost, and highly safe electrochemical energy storage technology. Its basic principle is to use the electrochemical reaction between zinc and iodine to store and release energy. However, the low electronic conductivity, shuttle effect, and high solubility of iodine limit the practical application of zinc-iodine batteries. This work provides a systematic review of the research progress on carbon materials used in the cathode of zinc-iodine batteries, with a focus on several commonly used carbon materials, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, activated carbon, biomass-derived carbon, and other porous carbon materials. Owing to their excellent conductivity, high specific surface area, and good chemical stability, these carbon materials can not only effectively adsorb and immobilize iodine molecules, preventing iodine loss and the shuttle effect, but also promote iodine redox reactions by regulating the pore structure and surface chemical properties, thereby improving the specific capacity and cycling stability of the battery. Additionally, we put forward the challenges and issues faced by carbon materials in the practical application of zinc-iodine batteries, including how to further enhance iodine adsorption capability and improve the structural stability of the electrode. Accordingly, several potential future research directions are proposed with a view to further improving the electrochemical performance and reducing the manufacturing cost, thus laying the foundation for advancing the development and application of this emerging battery technology.
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Research background and significance of zinc-iodine batteries
1.2 The importance of carbon materials in zinc-iodine batteries
2 Overview of zinc-iodine batteries
2.1 Reaction mechanism of zinc-iodine batteries
2.2 Advantages and problems of zinc-iodine batteries
3 The application of carbon materials in the cathode of zinc-iodine batteries
3.1 Carbon nanotube-based cathodes
3.2 Graphene-based cathodes
3.3 Activated carbon-based cathodes
3.4 Biomass-derived carbon-based cathodes
3.5 Other porous carbon material-based cathodes
4 Conclusions and outlook

Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant. The redox transformation of Hg plays a pivotal role in the Hg global cycle, with mercurous mercury (Hg(I)) serving as an important intermediate theoretically. Due to the metastable nature of Hg(I), it was considered unstable and susceptible to disproportionation. This finding not only challenged the traditional viewpoint that Hg(I) cannot exist in water, but also revealed that the stability of Hg(I) had a significant effect on the reduction process of Hg(II) in the natural water.

As an important product of synthetic polymers, poly(meth)acrylates have a wide range of applications in the fields of coatings, adhesives, biomedical, electronic and electrical materials. However, the (meth)acrylates monomers are mainly derived from non-renewable petrochemical resources. The undegradable nature of poly(meth)acrylates aggravates the contradiction between resource shortage and environmental pollution. Therefore, the development of new sustainable bio-based (meth)acrylates and bio-based poly(meth)acrylates is of great significance. This article highlighted the recent progress in the synthesis and polymerization of bio-based (meth)acrylates. The lignin, isosorbide, terpene, furan compounds of biological origin, keto-group compounds, vegetable oil and glucose as bio-mass resource and were respectively reviewed in consecutive order. The properties and application the corresponding bio-based poly(meth)acrylate were introduced. At last, the challenges and outlook of bio-based poly(meth)acrylates were also discussed.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Preparation of bio-based acrylates from lignin derivatives

3 Preparation of bio-based acrylates from isosorbide derivatives

4 Preparation of bio-based acrylates from terpene derivatives

5 Preparation of bio-based acrylates from bio-based compounds with furan rings

6 Preparation of bio-based acrylates from bio-based compounds with ketones

7 Preparation of bio-based acrylates from vegetable oils

8 Preparation of bio-based acrylates from glucose and glycerol

9 Conclusion and outlook

Graphene is a two-dimensional nanomaterial with ultra-high thermal conductivity, which is widely used in the field of electric heating. By analyzing the research progress of graphene and its flexible electrothermal (membrane) materials, the preparation methods of graphene of different sizes and the effect of functional modification on the thermal conductivity of graphene are introduced. Summarized the application of graphene flexible electric heating (film) materials in the fields of deicing and anti-fogging, wearable clothing and low-temperature battery thermal management. In the future, it is still necessary to break through the technical problems of the preparation process of graphene and its flexible heating (film) materials and the integration of heating elements.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Preparation and modification of graphene materials

2.1 Small flake graphene

2.2 Large flake graphene

2.3 Functionalization of graphene

3 Graphene electrothermal composite materials

3.1 Graphene resin based materials

3.2 Graphene electrothermal film materials

4 Application of graphene electrothermal film

4.1 Defrosting and anti-fog

4.2 Wearable heating suit

4.3 Battery thermal management

5 Conclusion and outlook

The plasmon resonance LSPR colorimetric sensing based on noble metal nanoparticles has been widely used in many fields such as environment, food safety, and biomedicine due to its advantages of simple operation and low cost. It plays an important role in the detection of important substances such as organic molecules, inorganic ions, DNA, and proteins. In this paper, the principles and applications of two sensing modes based on typical noble metal nanoparticles such as gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, gold nanorods, triangular silver, and gold @silver are summarized: one is LSPR colorimetric sensing based on aggregation; the second is based on the "non aggregation" LSPR sensing caused by etching and growth. At the same time, the response characteristics of noble metal nanoparticles with different chemical composition, size, morphology and surface properties to different analytes were summarized. Aiming at the selectivity problem in colorimetric sensing applications, the construction and use of colorimetric analysis sensor array are briefly introduced. Finally, the problems faced by LSPR colorimetric sensing of nanoparticles are briefly summarized and the research prospects are prospected. In the future, the potential applications of plasma sensor based on noble metal nanoparticles will be further broadened, which will also contribute to the development of simple, sensitive and real-time colorimetric sensing systems.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Colorimetric sensing based on aggregation

2.1 Colorimetric sensing based on the aggregation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)

2.2 Colorimetric sensing based on aggregation of gold nanorods

3 Colorimetric sensing based on morphology and particle size regulation of metal nanoparticles

3.1 Colorimetric sensing based on the etching of AuNRs

3.2 Colorimetric sensing based on the etching of gold nanobipyramid

3.3 Colorimetric sensing based on the etching of triangular silver (AgNPRs)

3.4 Colorimetric sensing based on the etching of gold-silver bimetallic nanomaterials

3.5 Colorimetric sensing based on nanoparticle growth

4. Colorimetric sensor array

5 Conclusion and outlook

Taking into account environmental concerns and the ongoing shift towards clean energy, converting carbon dioxide (CO₂) into ethylene (C₂H₄) through electrochemical CO₂ reduction (ECO₂RR) using renewable electricity is a sustainable and eco-friendly solution for achieving carbon neutrality while also providing economic benefits. Despite significant advancements in the field, issues such as low selectivity, activity and stability continue to persist. This paper presents a review of recent research progress in copper-based catalytic systems for ECO₂RR in the production of ethylene. Firstly, the mechanism of ECO₂RR is briefly summarized. It then highlights various catalyst design strategies for ethylene production, such as tandem catalysis, crystal surface modulation, surface modification, valence influence, size sizing, defect engineering, and morphology design. Finally, the paper discusses future challenges and prospects for the synthesis of ethylene through electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 CO₂ Electroreduction Mechanisms on Cu Catalysts

2.1 The adsorption and activation of CO₂

2.2 The formation of *CO intermediates

2.3 C-C Coupling

3 Key Performance Parameter

4 Catalyst Design Strategies

4.1 Tandem Catalysis

4.2 Facet Exposure

4.3 Surface modification

4.4 Valence State

4.5 Size Control

4.6 Defects Engineering

4.7 Morphology Design

5 Conclusion and prospect

Solar energy is the energy source for all life on Earth, and its efficient conversion is of great significance for solving the global energy crises and environmental issues. Inspired by the natural photosynthesis, researchers have recently developed whole-cell biohybrids based on semiconductors and microorganisms by integrating the excellent light absorption ability of photosensitizer semiconductors and the efficient biocatalysis ability of whole-cell microbes. The development of whole-cell biohybrids aims to realize the efficient solar-to-chemical production in a green and low-carbon pathway. This review clarifies the operation principle and advantages of whole-cell biohybrids, and the properties of photosensitizer semiconductors are summarized, including the band structure, excitation wavelength and quantum yield. Moreover, this work innovatively concludes the construction mechanisms of whole-cell biohybrids and the electron transfer mechanisms in the interface between semiconductor and microbe. Moreover, the advanced progresses of whole-cell biohybrids are reviewed, such as high value conversion of carbon dioxide, artificial nitrogen fixation, hydrogen production as well as pollutants removal and recovery. Finally, the environmental impacts and challenges of whole-cell biohybrids are discussed and the perspectives for the development of whole-cell biohybrids are proposed. This article is expected to provide fundamental insights for the further development and actual application of whole-cell biohybrids.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Principles and advantages of whole-cell biohybrids

3 Types of photosensitizers in whole-cell biohybrids

3.1 Inorganic semiconductors

3.2 Organic semiconductors

4 Construction mechanisms of whole-cell biohybrids

5 Advanced application progresses of whole-cell biohybrids

5.1 High-value conversion of CO₂

5.2 Artificial nitrogen fixation

5.3 Hydrogen production

5.4 Pollutants removal and resource recovery

6 The environmental impacts and challenges in whole-cell biohybrids

7 Conclusion and outlook

In the realm of two-dimensional nanomaterials, black phosphorus (BP) is considered a promising candidate to address the shortcomings of graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). Low-dimensional black phosphorus (BP) refers to a class of nanomaterials derived from the layered semiconductor BP. These materials exhibit high structural anisotropy, tunable bandgap widths, and high hole and electron mobility, endowing BP with unique properties such as conductivity, photothermal, photodynamic, and mechanical behaviors. BP's near-infrared light response significantly enhances its effectiveness in photothermal and photodynamic antibacterial applications. Additionally, due to its unique layered structure, BP nanosheets (BPNS) possess a high surface-to-volume ratio, making them excellent carriers for loading and delivering other antimicrobial nanomaterials or drugs. This article discusses the physical properties of low-dimensional BP and introduces various preparation methods. Furthermore, it systematically reviews exciting therapeutic applications of polymer-modified black phosphorus nanomaterials in various fields, such as cancer treatment (phototherapy, drug delivery, and synergistic immunotherapy), bone regeneration, and neurogenesis. Finally, the paper discusses some challenges facing future clinical trials and potential directions for further research.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Preparation methods of BPNs

2.1 Mechanical exfoliation

2.2 Ultrasonication-assisted liquid exfoliation

2.3 Electrochemical exfoliation

2.4 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)

2.5 Hydro/solvothermal synthesis

3 Structure and properties of BPNs

3.1 Structure of BPNs

3.2 Properties of BPNs

4 Biomedical application

4.1 Disease diagnosis

4.2 Therapeutic strategies

5 Conclusion and outlook

To advance the development of high-performance organic solar cells, in recent years, the academic community has conducted in-depth research on the design of non-fullerene acceptor materials and the interplay between their structure and properties. Structural modifications of these materials involve optimization of the core structure, side chain engineering, expansion of the conjugated system, and doping with heteroatoms. Focusing on sulfur, due to its outstanding semiconducting properties, it is widely used in the manufacturing of electronic materials and semiconductor devices, especially in the field of organic solar cells. Selenium, as a homologous element of sulfur, not only shares similar chemical and physical properties but also possesses unique characteristics. For instance, compared to sulfur, selenium has a larger atomic radius, which provides additional space within molecules, facilitating charge transfer and improving electron distribution. Moreover, due to its greater mass, selenium atoms have lower vibrational frequencies, a characteristic that enhances light absorption capabilities within the visible spectrum. Therefore, the introduction of selenium atoms is considered a potential approach to enhancing the efficiency of organic solar cells. This review focuses on the impact of the position and ratio of selenium atoms in condensed-ring electron acceptors (such as ITIC and Y6 derivatives) and certain non-condensed ring acceptors on their photovoltaic performance. It also discusses the synergistic effect of selenium atom substitution with other optimization strategies and its comprehensive impact on the performance of various types of organic solar cells (including small molecule, polymer, and all-polymer solar cells).

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Research on the Regulation of Photovoltaic Performance by Selenophenes for Non-Fullerene Electron Acceptors with Condensed Rings

2.1 Research on the regulation of photovoltaic performance by selenophenes for ITIC series acceptor materials

2.2 Research on the regulation of photovoltaic performance by selenophenes for Y series acceptor materials

2.3 Research on the regulation of photovoltaic performance by selenophenes for Y series polymer materials

2.4 Research on the regulation of photovoltaic performance by selenophenes for other types of acceptor materials

3 Research on the Regulation of photovoltaic Performance by Selenophenes for Non-Condensed Ring Non-Fullerene Electron Acceptors

4 Conclusion and outlook

The exceptional waterproof and oil-repellent properties of fluorides, attributed to their remarkably low surface energy, have rendered them extensively employed in the realm of functional finishing. However, the use of fluorine presents potential hazards to human health and engenders irreversible harm to the environment. Consequently, it is progressively being regulated by nations, and discovering alternatives without fluorine has emerged as an imperative concern that necessitates immediate attention in the fields of waterproofing and anti-fouling. To clarify the definition of the fluorine-free materials with oil-repellent property and explore their potential applications in the field of chemistry, the research background of fluorine-free surfaces with oil-repellent property was described, along with a comprehensive review and evaluation of recent achievements and preparation methods. Furthermore, the mechanism of fluorine-free surfaces with oil-repellent property was analyzed, and the application status of fluorine-free coating with oil-repellent property in textiles, construction, food, liquid treatment and other fields was summarized. Additionally, an analysis of the current challenges in ongoing research process of fluorine-free surfaces with oil-repellent property was provided. Finally, a prospective outlook on the future of green and environmentally-friendly fluorine-free surface technology was prospected.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Properties and characteristics of fluorine-free surfaces with oil-repellent property

3 Preparation strategy of fluorine-free surfaces with oil-repellent property

3.1 Solid fluorine-free surfaces with oil-repellent property

3.2 Liquid fluorine-free surfaces with oil-repellent property

3.3 “liquid-like” fluorine-free surfaces with oil-repellent property

4 Application of fluorine-free surfaces with oil-repellent property

5 Conclusion and outlook

Solar photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting holds significant importance for the development of sustainable green energy. With ongoing research, the BiVO₄ photoanode, a core component of PEC systems, faces challenges in scaling up and maintaining long-term stability. The superiority of fully conformal coating strategies lies in their lack of substrate size constraints, ability to suppress photo-corrosion of the BiVO₄ semiconductor, creation of multifunctional interfaces, and potential synergistic action with heterojunctions and promoter catalysts, which may facilitate the stable operation of large-scale PEC water splitting devices for over 1000 hours. This review briefly introduces the basic principles of PEC water splitting and the development status of representative devices, elaborates on the important concept and main design principles of fully conformal coatings aimed at large-scale photoanodes, summarizes recent advances in materials capable of achieving fully conformal deposition coatings, including molecular catalysts, metal oxides/hydroxides, carbonized/sulfurized/phosphorized materials, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and discusses key characteristics of fully conformal coatings with greater development potential. Finally, it presents a prospective view on future trends in fully conformal coatings for BiVO₄ photoanodes.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Fundamentals of PEC water splitting and develop- ment status of PEC device

3 Basic principles of fully conformal coating strategy

3.1 Fully conformal coating and its importance

3.2 Primary design principles of fully conformal coating

4 Recent progress of fully conformal coating strategy

4.1 Molecular catalyst

4.2 Metal oxides/hydroxides

4.3 Carbide/Sulfide/Phosphide

4.4 Metal-organic framework

5 Conclusion and outlook

The visible light-driven copper-catalyzed decarboxylative coupling reaction of carboxylic acids and their derivatives is a novel, efficient, and green synthetic method. It allows the construction of various carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds for the synthesis of a wide range of high-value-added chemicals, making it a hot topic in the field of modern synthetic chemistry. In recent years, researchers worldwide have conducted extensive studies in this area, achieving a series of innovative results that have been widely applied in organic synthesis, materials science, and medicinal chemistry. This paper reviews the latest experimental and theoretical advances in the visible light-driven copper-catalyzed decarboxylative coupling reactions of carboxylic acids and their derivatives, with a focus on several typical cross-coupling reactions that form C−X (X = C, N, O, S) bonds. It also discusses the future development prospects of this catalytic method.

1 Introduction

2 Mechanism of photocatalyst and copper complex co-catalysis

3 Photocatalyst and copper complex co-catalyzed carboxylic acid (ester) decarboxylative coupling reactions

3.1 C−C coupling

3.2 C−N coupling

3.3 C−O coupling

3.4 C−S coupling

4 Conclusion and outlook

Electrocatalytic reduction of CO₂ into value-added chemicals is a research hotspot in recent years, among which electrocatalytic conversion of CO₂ to CO is an industrial-related potential route. Among the electrocatalysts, metal macrocyclic molecular catalysts have attracted much attention due to their functional structure diversity, high conjugation structure, high chemical stability and great potential in electrochemical research. Herein, this paper reviews introduces several main metal macrocyclic molecular catalysts, related reaction mechanism and development progress. As to the problems of their low electrical conductivity and unstability under long term operation, the main strategies of heterogeneous system on catalytic activity and stability were thoroughly discussed, including the introduction of the conductive carrier with high surface areas via non-covalence or covalence connection, building the polycondensation/ polymerization or COF skeleton structure, modification of functional group with different effect. Finally, the challenges of catalytic activity and stability were analyzed and solving strategies were proposed, focusing on heterogeneous catalysts design, optimization of electrolyzer, and machine learning.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Development history of metal macrocyclic molecular catalysts for electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction

3 Research on metal macrocyclic molecular catalysts and related catalytic mechanism

4 Regulation of the activity and stability of CO₂RR electrocatalyzed by metal macrocyclic molecular catalysts

4.1 Immobilization of a conductive carrier with a high surface area

4.2 Periodic skeleton structure formation

4.3 Combination with functional groups

5 Conclusion and prospect

Pseudo-protein materials have the advantages of high biocompatibility, biodegradable, and high tunability, and have attracted wide attention in the biomedical field as a drug carrier in recent years. Pseudo-protein molecules contain amide bond, ester bond and other active groups, compared with protein, not only retained the advantages of high tissue compatibility, and ester bond and other active groups to overcome the disadvantages of single protein structure, single function, make it have better mechanical properties and functionality, according to the actual demand for diversified morphology design and surface modification. The pseudo-protein drug carriers constructed by various methods such as self-assembly not only enhances the bioavailability of the drug in vivo, but also makes the pseudo-protein drug carriers show ideal targeted controlled release performance with the help of specific signals at the focus. This paper focuses on the pseudo-protein drug delivery materials, introduces the construction and loading mode of pseudo-protein drug carriers, and summarizes the targeted release strategy of pseudo-protein drug carrier, and finally makes the prospect of pseudo-protein in the direction of controlled drug release, so as to provide reference for the subsequent research of pseudo-protein drug carriers.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Construction of pseudo-protein drug carriers

2.1 The pseudo-protein itself constructs the drug carrier

2.2 Pseudo-protein with other substances to construct the drug carriers

3 Drug loading mode of pseudo-protein drug carrier

3.1 Physical coating

3.2 Preparation of sudden-release microcapsules

3.3 Chemical bonding

4 Targeted release of pseudo-protein drug carriers

4.1 Passive targeting

4.2 Active targeting

4.3 Stimulus-responsive targeting

Bifunctional small molecules are a sort of small molecules that engage multiple targets. They are subdivided to two categories: bifunctional small molecules with linkers and without linkers. Targeted protein degradation(TPD) is a currently emerging strategy hijacking cellular protein degradation systems, namely ubiquitin-proteasomal system and lysosomal system, to induce the degradation of targeted protein for drug development. Distinct from the traditional mechanism of action based on inhibition, TPD inhibits the function of targeted protein through targeted clearance, thus is advantageous in long-term inhibition and targeting undruggable proteins. With unique mechanism of action, bifunctional small molecules are capable of binding degradation-associated protein and targeted protein simultaneously, therefore used widely in the realm of TPD. This review summarizes the recent development of bifunctional molecules in TPD. Proteolysis targeting chimeras(PROTACs), molecular degraders of extracellular proteins through the asialoglycoprotein receptors (MoDE-As), and autophagy targeting chimeras(AUTACs) which based on bifunctional small molecules with linkers, and molecular glue degraders(MGDs) and autophagosome-tethering compounds(ATTECs) which based on bifunctional small molecules without linkers are introduced, with their clinical application highlighted. Finally, the challenges that the two categories of bifunctional small molecules respectively face in the realm of TPD as well as prospects and suggestions for their development are proposed.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Bifunctional small molecules with linkers for TPD

2.1 PROTACs

2.2 AUTACs

2.3 MoDE-As

2.4 Challenges for bifunctional small molecules with linkers in TPD

3 Bifunctional small molecules with linkers for TPD

3.1 MGDs

3.2 ATTECs

3.3 Rational design strategy for bifunctional small molecules without linkers

4 Conclusion and outlook

Compared to lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries have greater advantages in terms of resources, cost, safety, power performance, low-temperature performance and so on. However, the energy density of sodium-ion batteries is relatively low. To explore broader application prospects, the development of high specific energy sodium batteries has become a research hotspot in both academia and industry. The anode is considered the key bottleneck constraining the development of the sodium battery industry due to limitations such as the inability of graphite to serve as sodium anodes and the high cost, low Coulombic efficiency, and poor kinetics of mainstream hard carbon materials. In recent years, anode-free sodium batteries (AFSBs) have garnered widespread attention due to their advantages in energy density, process safety, and overall battery cost. However, AFSBs generally show rapid capacity loss owing to the rupture of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, increased chemical side reactions, serious dendrite growth and the formation of dead sodium. As the AFSBs operate, active sodium is continuously consumed without additional metallic sodium to replenish it, leading to poor cycling performance and failure of AFSBs. These issues can be attributed to the following characteristics: the high reactivity of sodium, non-uniform nucleation and huge volume expansion. To elucidates the strategies of promoting dendrite-free growth on the anode side of AFSBs, this review focuses on the current collector-sodium interface and sodium-electrolyte interface, including the design of sodiophilic coatings, porous skeleton structure to regulate the sodium nucleation process, and the construction of robust SEI interface, which further guides the homogeneous sodium deposition and stripping process. This comprehensive review is expected to draw more attention to anode-free configurations and bring new inspiration to the design of high specific energy batteries.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Factors affecting sodium deposition on the anode side

2.1 High reactivity of sodium

2.2 Inhomogeneous sodium deposition

2.3 Volumetric deformations

3 Critical differences between sodium and lithium

4 Interface design principles and strategies

4.1 Design principles

4.2 Homogeneous nucleation regulation at the current collector-sodium interface

4.3 Formation of robust SEI at the sodium-electrolyte interface

5 Conclusions and prospects

Black carbon (BC) particulate matter has significant light-absorbing capacity and is an important species contributing to haze pollution and global warming. However, quantitative studies of the light absorption capacity of black carbon (BC) have long been unable to reach a consensus affecting the accurate assessment of its environmental and climate effect. The morphological evolution of BC particles is the important factor affecting the light-absorbing capacity. However, the current literature review lacks a comprehensive summary of the characteristics and mechanisms involved in the evolution of BC micromorphology. This review summarizes the relevant studies on BC morphology evolution in recent years including the quantitative parameters of BC morphology, measurement and calculation methods of morphology parameters, the micromorphology evolution characteristics of BC during condensation process, phase separation process, coagulation process and evaporation process, and its evolution mechanism and main influencing factors. The evolution of the microphysical morphology of BC particles during different aging processes is the key to explaining the controversy over the light absorption of BC particles. However, there are still many uncertainties in the morphology evolution of BC core and the quantitative assessment of light absorption of complex-structured BC particles in these processes. Therefore, tracking the actual atmospheric BC morphology evolution, further investigating the effect of morphology evolution mechanism on the BC core collapse, and improving the models of BC light absorption and radiation will be the key research direction in the future.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Quantitative characterization parameters and related measurement instruments for morphology of BC particles

2.1 Quantitative characterization parameters for morphology of BC particles

2.2 Related measurement instruments for morphology of BC particles

3 Morphological evolution characteristics and absorption effect of BC particles during different aging processes

3.1 Condensation process

3.2 Phase separation process

3.3 Coagulation process

3.4 Evaporation process

4 Conclusion and prospect

Membrane separation technology has been intensively used in numerous applications such as seawater desalination, water treatment and reuse, fine separation and product concentration, biomedical treatment and so forth owing to its low operation temperature, easy operation process, modularity, and high separation efficiency. However, due to membrane materials, membrane structures, and membrane manufacturing technology, the trade-off behavior between the water flux and the rejection rate of conventional separation membranes has become a technical bottleneck. The preparation of high-performance separation membranes using proteins as membrane materials is expected to break the trade-off behavior of conventional separation membranes. Protein separation membrane works super-efficiently for the target separation and transport, as well as the antibacterial and antifouling properties, where an emerging membrane material of proteins can transport the solute due to their inherent specific water or ion channels, rich binding sites with metal ions, regular nanostructures or low-cost and multifunctional. In this review, the widely implemented membrane materials and fabrication strategies for protein separation membranes are summarized in detail, and the research progress of the various protein separation membranes is described. Furthermore, the challenges faced by protein separation membranes are comprehensively reviewed. This review provides some insights into the construction and prospect of protein separation membranes.

ZVI/H₂O₂ Fenton-like technology overcomes some problems existing in the traditional homogeneous Fenton reaction, and can effectively remove antibiotics in water, which has good application potential. However, the degradation efficiency and mineralization rate of antibiotics in water by ZVI/H₂O₂ technology alone need to be improved. Therefore, researchers have adopted different strengthening measures to improve the deconta mination efficiency of ZVI/H₂O₂ technology and its mineralization rate of pollutants. In this paper, the research of antibiotics removal in water by ZVI/H₂O₂ technology was statistically analyzed. The main strengthening measures of ZVI/H₂O₂ technology and their effects on the system were summarized. The degradation efficiency, mechanism, advantages and disadvantages of antibiotics in water by different strengthening measures combined with ZVI/H₂O₂ technology were described and analyzed. Finally, this paper looks forward to the future development of ZVI/H₂O₂ technology for the degradation of antibiotics in water, and puts forward relevant suggestions for further research work.

Air pollution is a major challenge for the improvement of urban environmental quality. The process of urbanization is an important cause of highly complex air pollution, on the other hand it also provides artificial reinforcement conditions for self-purification of air pollutants in cities. "Environmental catalytic city" refers to the spontaneous catalytic purification of low concentration gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere by catalytic materials coating on the artificial surfaces, such as building surfaces in the city under natural photothermal conditions. "Environmental catalytic city" is of great significance for the control of complex air pollution without additional energy consumption, the continuous improvement of indoor and outdoor air quality, and the scheme and construction of " self-purifying city". Here, we propose the concept of “environmental catalytic city”, and discuss its further improvement, development, and application.

Lignocellulose aerogels possess excellent properties of low density, high porosity, low thermal conductivity and so on, making them widely utilized in thermal insulation, adsorption, catalysis, electromagnetic shielding, biomedical and other fields. Moreover, as a bio-based material, lignocellulose is a green, pollution-free, renewable, and sustainable material. In this paper, the latest research progress of wood-based cellulose and agricultural waste-based cellulose aerogels are reviewed. Then the current research status of lignocellulose aerogel preparation methods including freeze-drying, supercritical drying, and atmospheric drying, is summarized. In addition, for the flammability issues commonly found in lignocellulose aerogels, commonly used methods to improve the flame retardancy of lignocellulose aerogels are discussed in detail. Finally, this paper concludes the main problems in lignocellulose aerogel preparation methods and properties, and the future development direction in this field is proposed.

Water is a clean, safe, environmentally benign chemical reaction medium. Understanding the properties of water and the chemical processes in hydrothermal systems is of vital significance in the research of condensed matter chemistry. The physicochemical features of water under hydrothermal conditions greatly differ from that under normal condition, and thus the hydrothermal technique has been extended to much broader systems. In this review article, we introduce the structures of water and its clusters, the variation of their properties along with conditions, and relevant condensed matters in hydrothermal systems. We also illustrate the hydrothermal chemistry through discussing the preparation of typical materials through hydrothermal methods, hydrothermal organic reactions, and bio-hydrothermal chemistry. By relating condensed matter and hydrothermal chemistry, we hope this review will offer new ideas for comprehending hydrothermal reaction systems from the angle of condensed matter chemistry.

The control of NO_x is very important for the air quality improvement. Selective catalytic reduction of NO_x by hydrogen (H₂-SCR) has attracted much attention as an efficient and environmentally benign deNO_x technology. In this review we have summarized the research development in the H₂-SCR of NO_x over noble metal catalysts. The typical H₂-SCR reaction mechanisms are introduced first. Then the factors affecting the H₂-SCR performance of noble metal catalysts, such as the active metal, support type, the added promoter and the nature of active metal, and the structure-activity relationship have been discussed. Finally, the challenges and the prospects for future development of H₂-SCR catalyst are proposed.