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  • Formation Mechanism and Inhibition Strategy of Cathode Alkali Scale in Seawater Direct Electrolysis System
    Junshu Yuan, Wei Zhou, Yang Yu, Xingxing Wang, Yuming Huang, Xiaoxiao Meng
    Progress in Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC241113
    Accepted: 2025-06-06
    Abstract (10) PDF (13) Knowledge map Save Cited
    Hydrogen energy is regarded as an ideal energy carrier for the future. Traditional hydrogen production through fossil fuel reforming fails to fundamentally address carbon emission issues. Direct seawater electrolysis has emerged as a promising hydrogen production technology with significant prospects. Compared to conventional pure-water electrolysis systems, natural seawater exhibits a more complex chemical composition and induces additional side reactions during electrolysis, thereby imposing higher requirements on electrode materials and electrolyzer structural design. The chlorine evolution reaction (CER) at the anode and calcium/magnesium ion precipitation at the cathode constitutes two critical challenges in direct seawater electrolysis. While substantial research has been reported in recent years regarding the mechanisms and suppression strategies of CER, comparatively fewer studies have systematically addressed the fundamental mechanisms and inhibition approaches for cathodic calcium/magnesium deposition. Practical hydrogen production processes require particular attention to electrode performance degradation caused by such inorganic precipitates, including increased mass transfer resistance and reduced electrolysis efficiency. This review initiates from the formation mechanisms of calcium/magnesium precipitation on cathode surfaces, elaborates on the fundamental principles and technical challenges of direct seawater electrolysis, and critically summarizes recent advances in suppression strategies against cathodic inorganic deposition. Furthermore, perspectives on future research directions for seawater electrolysis technology are provided, emphasizing the need for comprehensive investigations into electrode-electrolyte interfaces and scalable system optimization.
  • Reduction Pathways in Zero-Valent Iron Systems: Discussions Triggered by Research Approaches and Detection Methods
    Shiying Yang, Wenjun Kuang
    Progress in Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC241109
    Accepted: 2025-05-14
    Abstract (12) Knowledge map Save Cited
    Zero-valent iron (ZVI) and its surface-modified materials have been widely used for the removal of various pollutants due to their excellent reduction properties. The three recognized potential reduction pathways of ZVI include direct electron transfer reduction, Fe(II) reduction, and atomic hydrogen reduction. Due to varying interpretations among researchers regarding the three reduction pathways and the diverse methods employed to detect them, recent studies have yielded differing conclusions on several critical aspects, including: (1) the dominant reduction pathway for pristine ZVI materials; (2) the impact of sulfur modification on the generation or recombination of atomic hydrogen; (3) the role of carbon modification in enhancing the reduction performance of ZVI through accelerated direct electron transfer or atomic hydrogen production; (4) and the underlying mechanisms by which different transition metal modifications influence the dominant reduction pathways of ZVI, among others. These discrepancies have sparked debates concerning the predominant reduction pathways involved in the removal of pollutants by ZVI and its surface-modified materials. This review systematically summarizes the following points: (1) the structure and modification principles of ZVI and its surface-modified materials; (2) the mechanisms and detection methods of the three reduction pathways in ZVI reduction systems; (3) the influence of different surface modification techniques (sulfur modification, carbon material modification, and transition metal modification) on the reduction pathways and the existing controversies; (4) the interference of environmental conditions (pH, coexisting ions, and natural organic matter) on the reduction pathways. Based on the reduction pathways, the review also presents prospects for future research directions, with the aim of addressing some of the current uncertainties in reduction pathway research and promoting a unified understanding of ZVI reduction pathways, thereby advancing scientific research and development in ZVI and its surface-modified materials.
  • Targeted Construction of Highly Selective Nanofiltration Membranes for Lithium-Magnesium Separation Based on the Sieving Mechanisms and Separation Models
    Shichen Xiao, Xinyue Zhang, Xudong Wang, Lei Wang
    Progress in Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC240814
    Accepted: 2025-05-14
    Abstract (26) Knowledge map Save Cited
    As a globally strategic resource, lithium resources are crucial for the development of new energy sources. Due to the similar physical and chemical properties of lithium and magnesium, lithium extraction from saline lakes with high Mg/Li ratios is a great challenge. Therefore, it is of great significance to reverse customize nanofiltration (NF) membranes with high performance according to targeted applications. This article discusses the separation mechanisms such as size exclusion, dehydration effect, Donnan effect, and dielectric exclusion, guiding composite film creation for excellent Li⁺/Mg²⁺ sieving from a theoretical direction. Besides, based on the above separation mechanisms, this paper first comprehensively summarizes existing models (non-equilibrium thermodynamic model, charge model, steric hindrance pore model, etc.) for evaluating composite film parameters, which effectively reduces the number of experiments for the preparation of high-performance NF film in the early stage. Finally, we discuss the importance of utilizing the synergy of principles and models to jointly guide the construction of NF membranes that can effectively separate Li⁺/Mg²⁺ and point out that in the future, the structural parameters of the customized NF membranes should be more precise, and the construction of the separation models should be more relevant to the real scenario, so as to better guide the synthesis of NF films with superior separation performance.
  • Lithium Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Sulfide (LPSC) Composite Solid Electrolyte
    Yifan Tang, Jutang Hu, Qianying Song, Guichao Kuang, Libao Chen
    Progress in Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC240725
    Accepted: 2025-05-14
    Abstract (31) Knowledge map Save Cited
    All-solid-state batteries have the characteristics of high energy density, long cycle life and high safety, which is the development direction of the next generation of electrochemical energy storage. Solid-state electrolytes are the core components of all-solid-state batteries, and sulfide electrolytes have attracted extensive attention due to their advantages of high ionic conductivity and good mechanical ductility. As one of the most studied sulfide electrolytes in recent years, lithium-phosphorus-sulfur-chloride sulfide (LPSC) has high ionic conductivity and relatively low cost, but its practical application is limited by shortcomings such as poor stability and poor compatibility of positive and negative electrode materials.The composite solid-state electrolyte has good electrochemical and mechanical properties, and the composite solid-state electrolyte is prepared by modifying the LPSC with polymers, aiming to improve the interfacial compatibility and electrochemical stability of the LPSC. In this paper, the basic composition, recombination mode, modification strategy and ion transport mechanism of LPSC composite solid electrolyte are reviewed, and the future research direction and application prospect of LPSC composite electrolyte are prospected.
  • A review of methods for evaluating adverse skin reactions
    BING Mengyao, PEI Yao, WANG Changou, HAN Gaocai, ZHOU Qunfang, JIANG Guibin
    Progress in Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC240902
    Accepted: 2025-05-14
    Abstract (14) Knowledge map Save Cited
    With the rapid development of the economy and society, various types of new chemicals are constantly emerging, and have been widely applied in daily life and work, including medical devices, metal jewelry, beauty and personal care products, and smart wearable products. However, the adverse skin reactions caused by contact with these daily products seriously threaten human health and reduce the quality of life of patients. Therefore, it is of great significance to evaluate the adverse skin reactions of daily necessities and their ingredients. These evaluations aid in identifying potentially hazardous chemicals, and guiding the effective management of the product manufacturing. Traditional methods for evaluating adverse skin reactions have relied heavily on animal experiments. But in light of concerns regarding animal welfare and the need for improving test throughput and prediction efficacy of methods, great efforts have been made to develop various in vivo and in vitro alternative methods. Against this backdrop, the mechanisms of adverse skin reactions, especially for skin irritation/corrosion, atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis, and their evaluation methods were summarized in this review, based on a large number of studies published in recent years. Finally, the shortcomings and perspectives of research in this field are prospected.
  • Circularly Polarized Organic Room Temperature Phosphorescent Materials
    Hengyu Cao, Zhisheng Gao, Xin Yan, Huanhuan Li, Ye Tao
    Progress in Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC240907
    Accepted: 2025-05-14
    Abstract (9) Knowledge map Save Cited
    In recent years, a series of organic room temperature phosphorescence materials with circular polarization luminescence have been constructed by combining （circularly polarized room temperature phosphorescence, CPRTP）materials with reasonable molecular design. The luminescence principle of CPRTP materials is consistent with the luminescence of organic room-temperature phosphorescence materials, and is accompanied by the property of circularly polarized luminescence. This kind of material not only retains the advantage of low energy loss in circular polarization luminescence, but also greatly expands the application of organic room-temperature phosphorescence materials in the fields of anti-counterfeiting encryption and afterglow display. In this paper based on the luminescence mechanism and molecular strategy of CPRTP materials, the structural design strategy of CPRTP materials is summarized. Finally, the existing problems of CPRTP materials are discussed, and the future development prospects and challenges are prospected.
  • Multiple-responsive Pickering emulsion interfacial catalysis and its application
    Mingxia Zhang, Heng Zhang, Anguo Ying
    Progress in Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC240720
    Accepted: 2025-02-25
    Abstract (62) Knowledge map Save Cited
    In recent years, Pickering emulsions have attracted substantial attention owing to their facile preparation and superior stability. Characterized by solid-particle stabilization, these emulsions distinguish themselves from surfactant-stabilized emulsions through heightened stability, diminished toxicity, and stimulus-responsiveness. Solid particles, acting as the core part of the emulsion system, play an important role in the preparation and application of Pickering emulsions. Here, this review concentrates on the impact of various single stimulus responses (pH, temperature, carbon dioxide, redox, light irradiation, magnetic fields) and multiplexed stimulus responses on the stability and performance of Pickering emulsion systems. Additionally, it highlights the latest research and advancements concerning the application of Pickering emulsion systems in a multitude of reactions, such as oxidation, reduction reaction, hydrolysis reaction, condensation reaction, esterification transesterification reaction, and cascade reaction.
  • “Environmental Catalytic City”: Concept and Research Prospects
    Jinzhu Ma, Biwu Chu, Qingxin Ma, Guangzhi He, Qian Liu, Shuxiao Wang, Kebin He, Jincai Zhao, Hong He
    Progress in Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC24021
    Accepted: 2024-03-19
    Abstract (268) PDF (397) Knowledge map Save Cited
    Air pollution is a major challenge for the improvement of urban environmental quality. The process of urbanization is an important cause of highly complex air pollution, on the other hand it also provides artificial reinforcement conditions for self-purification of air pollutants in cities. "Environmental catalytic city" refers to the spontaneous catalytic purification of low concentration gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere by catalytic materials coating on the artificial surfaces, such as building surfaces in the city under natural photothermal conditions. "Environmental catalytic city" is of great significance for the control of complex air pollution without additional energy consumption, the continuous improvement of indoor and outdoor air quality, and the scheme and construction of " self-purifying city". Here, we propose the concept of “environmental catalytic city”, and discuss its further improvement, development, and application.
  • Preparation of lignocellulosic aerogel and its flame retardant modification
    Shuang Wang, Xin Zhang, Miao Sun, Hongjuan Duan, Haijun Zhang, Shaoping Li
    Progress in Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC230813a
    Accepted: 2024-03-13
    Abstract (243) Knowledge map Save Cited
    Lignocellulose aerogels possess excellent properties of low density, high porosity, low thermal conductivity and so on, making them widely utilized in thermal insulation, adsorption, catalysis, electromagnetic shielding, biomedical and other fields. Moreover, as a bio-based material, lignocellulose is a green, pollution-free, renewable, and sustainable material. In this paper, the latest research progress of wood-based cellulose and agricultural waste-based cellulose aerogels are reviewed. Then the current research status of lignocellulose aerogel preparation methods including freeze-drying, supercritical drying, and atmospheric drying, is summarized. In addition, for the flammability issues commonly found in lignocellulose aerogels, commonly used methods to improve the flame retardancy of lignocellulose aerogels are discussed in detail. Finally, this paper concludes the main problems in lignocellulose aerogel preparation methods and properties, and the future development direction in this field is proposed.
  • Condensed Matter and Chemical Reactions in Hydrothermal Systems*
    Lu-Sha Gao, Jing-Wen Li, Hui Zong, Qian-Yu Liu, Fan-Sheng Hu, Jie-Sheng Chen
    Progress in Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC220326
    Accepted: 2022-04-01
    Abstract (422) Knowledge map Save Cited
    Water is a clean, safe, environmentally benign chemical reaction medium. Understanding the properties of water and the chemical processes in hydrothermal systems is of vital significance in the research of condensed matter chemistry. The physicochemical features of water under hydrothermal conditions greatly differ from that under normal condition, and thus the hydrothermal technique has been extended to much broader systems. In this review article, we introduce the structures of water and its clusters, the variation of their properties along with conditions, and relevant condensed matters in hydrothermal systems. We also illustrate the hydrothermal chemistry through discussing the preparation of typical materials through hydrothermal methods, hydrothermal organic reactions, and bio-hydrothermal chemistry. By relating condensed matter and hydrothermal chemistry, we hope this review will offer new ideas for comprehending hydrothermal reaction systems from the angle of condensed matter chemistry.
  • Analysis of Mineral Phases in Heavy-Metal Hazardous Waste under the Interdisciplinary Scope of Data Science and Chemistry
    Le Lin, Xueming Liu, Yanjie Liang, Wenbin Xu, Yin Li, Zhang Lin
    Progress in Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC211120
    Accepted: 2021-12-27
    Abstract (1664) Knowledge map Save Cited
    China has the largest amount of heavy-metal hazardous waste (HMHW) in the world, up to tens of millions of tons per year. It poses a great threat to the environment, once being improperly contained will lead to severe environmental safety accidents. Therefore, its treatment and disposal have been the worldwide problem in the field of environment. At present, resource recovery based on mineral phase regulation is one of the most potential solution to this problem. However, heavy-metal hazardous waste is originated from wide range of sources with diverse mineral phases and structure, which impedes the development of universal recovery technology. This review takes the hazardous wastes listed in the Chinese “National Catalogue of Hazardous Wastes” as the research object, and systematically analyzes their mineral phases under the interdisciplinary scope of data science and chemistry. It summarizes the common mineral phases prevailing in HMHWs, and constructs a mapping of heavy metals and mineral phases in HMHWs at an industry-wide scale. Moreover, it introduces two analytic methods to quantify distribution of heavy metals on mineral phases, and clarifies the host mineral phases of typical HMHWs. Finally, broad prospect in promoting technology innovation of treatment and disposal with new knowledge of HMHWs mineral phases is proposed.
  • Research Progress on the Pt-based Electrocatalysts with Special Three-dimensional Morphology or Nanostructure
    Progress in Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC200218
    Accepted: 2021-05-25
    Abstract (610) Knowledge map Save Cited
    Fuel cell technology and its industrialization have been developed rapidly in China in recent years. However, the high cost of the fuel cell caused mainly by the using of precious Pt catalysts is still one of the most important factors restricting the development of fuel cell commercialization. It is of great significance to develop low Pt catalysts with much higher catalytic efficiency and lower Pt loadings. In recent years, Pt-based catalysts with three-dimensional morphology or nanostructure have been emerged as a type of ultra-important low Pt catalysts, due to their special morphologies/structures, their catalytic activity are usually much higher than that of the widely used Pt/C catalysts. In this paper, the research progress of Pt-based catalysts with special three-dimensional morphology (such as nanoframe structure, flower-like structure, nanocage structure, sea urchin structure, etc.) and their applications in fuel cells are reviewed, meanwhile, some weaknesses and challenges of these catalysts are concluded; Furthermore, the future development and application of these catalysts are prospected.
  • Research on Application of Activatable Organic Photoacoustic Contrast Agents
    Jiawei Liu, Jing Wang, Qi Wang, Quli Fan, Wei Huang
    Progress in Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC200720
    Accepted: 2020-12-28
    Abstract (690) Knowledge map Save Cited
    Photoacoustic (PA) imaging, as a new type of imaging technique that offers strong optical absorption contrast and high ultrasonic resolution, shows great application prospects in the early disease diagnosis for its characteristics of deep tissue penetration and high spatial resolution. However, traditional "always on" PA contrast agents have many disadvantages such as low signal-to-noise ratio, poor selectivity and specificity. In contrast, activatable PA contrast agents, where the imaging signal can be changed in response to pathologic parameters, have shown decreased background signal and improved selectivity and specificity in early disease detection. Moreover, these contrast agents can obtain pathological parameters and information of various diseases at the molecular level by rational design to their structures, providing important guidelines for the optimization of treatment options. Therefore, activatable PA contrast agents hold greater promise in clinical practice than traditional "always on" PA contrast agents. In this review, we describe the recent advances in the development of activatable PA contrast agents. The design mechanisms and proof-of-concept applications of these activatable PA contrast agents are summarized in detail. The use of these activatable probes to detect different pathologic parameters (such as metal ions, enzymes, reactive nitrogen and reactive oxygen) is highlighted. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives in this emerging field are also analyzed.
  • Application of Biomass Fiber Derived Carbon in Cathode for Lithium Sulfur Batteries
    Wenchen Ren, Zhihua Cui, Wentao Wang, Bingtao Tang
    Progress in Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC200629
    Accepted: 2020-12-22
    Abstract (1076) Knowledge map Save Cited
    The elemental sulfur as an active cathode material in lithium sulfur batteries possess a high theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh/kg, which is 5~6 times higher than that of traditional Li-ion batteries. Thus, the use of lithium sulfur batteries can significantly prolong the endurance mileage of electric cars and working time of electronic products. However, lithium sulfur batteries are suffering from the dissolution of polysulfide in the electrolyte during charging and discharging process, which can cause dramatic loss of active materials in the cathode. In order to suppress the problem of polysulfide dissolution, strategies such as porous modification and polarization were applied to increase the sulfiphilicity of cathode host. The biomass fibers are natural nanomaterial source to obtain cathode host materials which typically possess natural abundant hierarchical pores and heteroatoms. The porosity and heteroatom doping properties of biomass fiber derived host materials can be used to trap polysulfide via chemical and physical adsorption in cathode. The application of such materials in cathode are beneficial for slowing down the decay rate of cycling stability in lithium sulfur batteries. This review provides an overview and discussion on the application, working mechanism, problems and prospects of the biomass fibers derived cathode host for lithium sulfur batteries.
  • Research and Prospect of Selective Oxidation of HMF
    Lili Cheng, Yun Zhang, Yekun Zhu, Ying Wu
    Progress in Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC200441
    Accepted: 2020-10-15
    Abstract (2627) Knowledge map Save Cited
    In recent years,the use of abundant and renewable biomass resources to prepare high value-added chemicals and liquid fuels is one of the hot spots in the chemical research field,which is in line with the national strategy of sustainable development. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF)is one of the key biomass platform compounds,widely used in the preparation of fine platform compounds,drug intermediates,polymer synthesis and liquid fuel precursor. Therefore,the selective oxidation of HMF has gradually become a research hotspot in the field of biomass. This paper mainly introduces the research on preparation of biomass derivatives such as DFF,FFCA and FDCA by selective oxidation of HMF in last five years,and the transformation of biomass with HMF as intermediate. The selective oxidation of HMF mainly focuses on two ways:thermalcatalytic and photocatalytic. Among them,the selective oxidation of HMF to DFF and FDCA by thermalcatalytic is widely studied. The catalytic system under this approach mainly introduces the noble metals and non-precious metals. In the few photocatalytic pathways,the main catalytic system is g-C3N4 catalyst. In addition,the deficiencies in there search on the oxidation of HMF are pointed out and the possible solutions are proposed.