Using catalytic processes to convert CO₂ into low-carbon fuels and fine chemicals is one of the most efficient paths to addressing global energy imbalance and CO₂ excess emissions. The advantages of one-dimensional nanocatalysts in long-range electron transport and controllable internal structure endow them with widely utilization in catalysis. Electrospinning, a top-down method for fabrication of fibers, offers unique advantages in regulating fiber composition and structure. This paper systematically reviews the designing strategies and application advancements of fiber catalysts based on electrospinning, including fully controllable synthesis strategies for multilevel structured fibers, methods for introducing active sites via one-step and post-load techniques, and research case of fiber catalysts in CO₂ conversion. This review provides valuable references for the development of new concepts, methods, processes, and applications of fiber catalysts for CO₂ conversion.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Electrospinning in designing of fiber catalysts

2.1 Electrospinning

2.2 Designing of fiber structures

2.3 Introducing of active sites

3 Applications of fiber catalysts in CO₂ conversion

3.1 Photocatalytic CO₂ conversion

3.2 Electrocatalytic CO₂ conversion

3.3 Thermocatalytic CO₂ conversion

4 Conclusion and outlook

With the advancement of technology, flexible pressure sensors have been widely utilized in wearable device fields such as medical monitoring and motion monitoring, primarily due to their thinness, lightness, flexibility, good ductility, as well as their faster response speed and higher sensitivity compared to traditional rigid sensors. When subjected to external forces, the elastic elements within these sensors undergo deformation, converting mechanical signals into electrical signals. Consequently, the choice of elastic elements significantly impacts the overall performance of flexible pressure sensors. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is extensively used as a flexible substrate in sensors because of its stable chemical properties, good thermal stability, low preparation cost, and excellent biocompatibility. By collecting relevant information, this paper reviews the sensing mechanisms of PDMS-based flexible pressure sensors, introduces preparation techniques to improve the properties of PDMS materials, including the recently popular methods of introducing porous structures and constructing surface architectures, and discusses the applications of PDMS-based flexible pressure sensors in medical monitoring, electronic skin, and other fields. Finally, the challenges faced by PDMS-based flexible sensors and their future opportunities are prospected.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Flexible pressure sensor

3 Fabrication technology of flexible sensor with improved performance

3.1 Pore structure

3.2 Surface Micro-Nano Structures

4 Application of flexible pressure sensor based on PDMS

4.1 Health monitoring

4.2 Electronic skin

5 Conclusion and outlook

ONOO⁻, produced by the diffusion-controlled reaction of nitric oxide and superoxide radicals, is a strong oxidizing and nitrating agent that causes damage to DNA, proteins, and other biomolecules in cells. Since ONOO⁻ is characterized by its short lifetime, high reactivity, and low concentration under physiological conditions, and the pathophysiological roles it plays in biological systems are not yet fully understood, it is of great significance to develop highly sensitive and selective detection technologies to achieve real-time dynamic monitoring of ONOO⁻. In this paper, we review the research progress of ONOO⁻ fluorescent probes in disease-related processes in the recent 5 years, revealing the potential role of ONOO⁻ in various diseases, such as inflammation, tumors, liver injury, and brain diseases. Finally, the bottlenecks in the development of ONOO⁻ probes and future trends are discussed, which will promote the application of ONOO⁻ probes in chemistry, biology, and pharmacology.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Design strategy of ONOO⁻ fluorescent probe

3 Detection and imaging of ONOO⁻ by fluorescent probes in disease-related processes

3.1 Detection and imaging of ONOO⁻ in inflammation

3.2 Detection and imaging of ONOO⁻ in tumors

3.3 Detection and imaging of ONOO⁻ in Liver Injuries

3.4 Detection and Imaging of ONOO⁻ in Brain diseases

3.5 Detection and imaging of ONOO⁻ in other disease models

4 Conclusion and outlook

Two-dimensional nanochannel membrane is a new membrane composed of two-dimensional nanosheets with atomic layer thickness and stacked by self-assembly. Compared with traditional separation membranes, its ion separation behavior has many unique characteristics, and has important application potential in seawater desalination, energy storage and conversion, rare element extraction and separation, and other fields. These materials have attracted great interest and wide attention of researchers. It has become an important development direction and research hotspot in the field of membrane separation science and technology in recent years. In this paper, the construction strategy, performance evaluation method and mass transfer mechanism of two-dimensional nanochannel membranes were systematically summarized from the perspective of two-dimensional nanochannel membranes used for accurate ion sieving. The latest research progress in the preparation and application of two-dimensional nanochannel membranes in recent years was reviewed, and the development trend was prospected. We hope this review can provide enlightenments for structure design and optimization, performance enhancement, large-scale preparation and engineering applications of two-dimensional nanochannel membrane in the future.

Contents

1. Introduction

2. Two-dimensional nanochannel ion sieving membrane and its construction methods

2.1 Two-dimensional nanochannel ion screening membrane

2.2 Construction method of 2D nanochannel ion sieving membrane

2.3 Characterization of structure and evaluation of properties of two-dimensional nanochannel ion sieving membranes

3. Mass transfer mechanism in two-dimensional nanochannels

3.1 Mass transfer mechanism of solvent in two-dimensional channels

3.2 Mass transfer mechanism of ions in two-dimensional channels

4. Application of two-dimensional nanochannel ion sieving membrane

4.1 Desalination of seawater

4.2 Energy conversion and storage

4.3 Extraction and separation of elements

5. Conclusion and outlook

The sustained development of industry has brought enormous economic benefits, but it has also caused great harm to the environment. The excessive CO₂ emissions from fossil fuel combustion are released into the natural environment, posing a threat to the environment and human health. So people are working hard to develop materials that can effectively capture CO₂. At present, CO₂ capture mainly occurs after the combustion of fossil fuels. According to the design standards for CO₂ adsorbents, a variety of CO₂ capture materials have been designed and developed, including solid adsorbents, liquid adsorbents, and multiphase adsorbents. The adsorption mechanisms of various adsorbents are also different, including adsorption, absorption, or a combination of both mechanisms.This review focuses on the capture performance, absorption mechanism, advantages and disadvantages of various common types of current adsorbents, and introduces amine solution absorbents, zeolite-based adsorbents, ionic liquids-based adsorbents, carbon-based adsorbents, metal-organic framework materials, covalent organic framework materials, metal-oxide materials, and biopolymer nanocomposites, respectively, with an outlook of the future development of CO₂ adsorbent materials.

Contents

1 Introduction

1.1 Current status and hazards of CO₂ emissions

1.2 CO₂ capture technology

1.3 Criteria for designing CO₂ capture materials

2 CO₂ capture materials

2.1 Amine solution absorbents

2.2 Zeolites based adsorbents

2.3 Ionic liquids absorbents(ILs)

2.4 Carbon-based adsorbents

2.5 Metal organic framworks(MOF)

2.6 Covalent organic frameworks(COF)

2.7 Metal oxide sorbents

2.8 Biopolymeric nanocomposites

3 Comparison and Prospect of Capture Materials

4 Conclusion

Polyphenolic compounds are a class of naturally occurring bioactive substances widely found in environment. Their characteristics, such as low toxicity, low cost, and broad availability, make them become to be widely used chelating agents, reducing agents and capping agents for treating typical pollutants in water. Currently, polyphenols are extensively used in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) through the coupling of common transition metal ions and peroxides. However, the chemical mechanisms of polyphenolic substances in water pollution remediation still lack systematic conclusions. This study reviews and summarizes the compositions of homogeneous and heterogeneous systems containing polyphenolic compounds, as well as the pro-oxidant, antioxidant, and chelating-reduction effects exhibited by polyphenols within these systems. It explains the main active species generated by polyphenolic substances under different systems from both radical and non-radical perspectives, along with the corresponding mechanisms for the removal of water pollutants. The dual role of polyphenols as natural redox mediators (RMs) in constructing complex catalytic systems is emphasized, and the effects of external energies such as light, heat, electricity, ultrasound, and plasma on the reaction mechanisms and pollutant degradation effectiveness in these systems are described. Finally, the article looks ahead to the future development directions of polyphenolic compounds in the field of water treatment.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 H₂O₂/PS/PAA activation

2.1 ROS of H₂O₂/PS/PAA

2.2 Polyphenols/Fe(Cu) ions/peroxide systems

2.3 Chelation and reduction of polyphenol-metal ions

2.4 Non-radical reactions

3 High-valent metal species

3.1 Fe ions

3.2 Cu ions

3.3 Mn ions

4 Solid catalyst

4.1 Zero-valent metal monomers

4.2 Monometallic compounds

4.3 Polymetallic compounds

4.4 Metal-organic complexes

4.5 Carbon-based materials

4.6 Inorganic salt supported metal catalysts

5 Polyphenol-SQ•^--Quinone

5.1 Periodate and permanganate

5.2 Peroxide

5.3 O₂, H₂O and others

5.4 Redox mediators

6 External energy

7 Conclusion and outlook

Due to HKUST-1 has ultra-high specific surface area and porosity, excellent thermal stability, and adjustable structure and function, HKUST-1 is one of the most widely studied MOFs. The HKUST-1-based composites have achieved excellent multi-component properties and demonstrated new physical and chemical properties, which have a significant impact on their applications. The structural characteristics and physicochemical properties of HKUST-1 and HKUST-1-based composites make them have broad application prospects in gas storage, gas adsorption, catalysis, drug delivery and release sensing and photodegradation. This article focuses on the application progress of HKUST-1 and HKUST-1-based composites in various fields in recent years, and finally looks forward to the research on HKUST-1-based composites.

Lithium-sulfur batteries are valued for their high theoretical specific capacity, energy density, and other advantages, but their commercialization is limited by the slow kinetics of sulfur species conversion and the "shuttle effect". In response, researchers have utilized the photocatalytic effect to develop a photo-assisted strategy for lithium-sulfur batteries, an emerging strategy that not only improves the adsorption and catalytic performance of the catalyst, but also enhances the battery performance in terms of both thermodynamics and kinetics, and even achieves the storage and release of solar energy through the photo-charging mechanism. In this paper, based on recently relevant studies, we introduce in detail the photoelectrochemical principles of photo-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries, discuss the design strategies of photocatalysts and photoanode, as well as the selection of optical windows and encapsulation materials, and review the typical configurations of photopositives and the research methodology of photo-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries, with the aim of attracting the extensive attention of our peers and providing references for the in-depth understanding and improvement of photo-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries.

Two-dimensional (2D) perovskite materials have been receiving considerable attention owing to their high stability. Despite this, there is still significant potential for improving their power conversion efficiency. Designing effective spacer cations is one of the crucial method to improve the photoelectric performance of 2D perovskite solar cells. Among the various strategies, halogen substitution has emerged as a particularly effective approach, which can fine-tune the stability and optical properties of the perovskite crystal structure, leading to notable improvements in photoelectric conversion efficiency as well as long-term stability. In recent years, there has been significant and notable progress of two-dimensional (2D) perovskites based on various halogen-substituted spacer cations in the preparation of high-performance perovskite solar cells. This paper initially provides a comprehensive overview of the development status of 2D perovskite materials and devices that employ different spacer cations. Following this, the focus shifts to an in-depth review of the advancements made in the fabrication of 2D perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and the surface modification of three-dimensional (3D) perovskites, specifically emphasizing the role of spacer cations that have been singly or multiply substituted with halogens such as fluorine, chlorine, and bromine. Finally, we present a concise discussion on the current challenges faced in this field and offer insights into the potential future directions for further research and development.

Eu-Tb lanthanide bimetallic organic frameworks (Ln-BMOFs) are inorganic organic hybrid materials with periodic network structure and functional diversification, which are composed of lanthanide Eu-Tb as the center and organic ligands. It has unique luminescence characteristics, especially sharp absorption, and large Stokes displacement, which makes it exhibit excellent performance in the field of fluorescence sensing. By adjusting the ratio of Eu and Tb in MOFs, we can obtain a series of Eu_xTb_1-x doped MOFs with different luminous colors, and containing different proportions of Eu and Tb, which have similar or different luminous sensing mechanisms. Since the Eu-Tb lanthanide bimetallic organic frameworks has important research value in the field of fluorescence sensing, this paper will comprehensively and systematically review the research progress of lanthanide bimetallic organic frameworks from the aspects of background, sensing mechanism and application of fluorescence sensing.

In recent years, Pickering emulsions have attracted substantial attention owing to their facile preparation and superior stability. Characterized by solid-particle stabilization, these emulsions distinguish themselves from surfactant-stabilized emulsions through heightened stability, diminished toxicity, and stimulus-responsiveness. Solid particles, acting as the core part of the emulsion system, play an important role in the preparation and application of Pickering emulsions. Here, this review concentrates on the impact of various single stimulus responses (pH, temperature, carbon dioxide, redox, light irradiation, magnetic fields) and multiplexed stimulus responses on the stability and performance of Pickering emulsion systems. Additionally, it highlights the latest research and advancements concerning the application of Pickering emulsion systems in a multitude of reactions, such as oxidation, reduction reaction, hydrolysis reaction, condensation reaction, esterification transesterification reaction, and cascade reaction.

Zinc-iodine batteries have attracted widespread attention as a novel green, low-cost, and highly safe electrochemical energy storage technology. Its basic principle is to use the electrochemical reaction between zinc and iodine to store and release energy. However, the low electronic conductivity, shuttle effect, and high solubility of iodine limit the practical application of zinc-iodine batteries. This work provides a systematic review of the research progress on carbon materials used in the cathode of zinc-iodine batteries, with a focus on several commonly used carbon materials, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, activated carbon, biomass-derived carbon, and other porous carbon materials. Owing to their excellent conductivity, high specific surface area, and good chemical stability, these carbon materials can not only effectively adsorb and immobilize iodine molecules, preventing iodine loss and the shuttle effect, but also promote iodine redox reactions by regulating the pore structure and surface chemical properties, thereby improving the specific capacity and cycling stability of the battery. Additionally, we put forward the challenges and issues faced by carbon materials in the practical application of zinc-iodine batteries, including how to further enhance iodine adsorption capability and improve the structural stability of the electrode. Accordingly, several potential future research directions are proposed with a view to further improving the electrochemical performance and reducing the manufacturing cost, thus laying the foundation for advancing the development and application of this emerging battery technology.
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Research background and significance of zinc-iodine batteries
1.2 The importance of carbon materials in zinc-iodine batteries
2 Overview of zinc-iodine batteries
2.1 Reaction mechanism of zinc-iodine batteries
2.2 Advantages and problems of zinc-iodine batteries
3 The application of carbon materials in the cathode of zinc-iodine batteries
3.1 Carbon nanotube-based cathodes
3.2 Graphene-based cathodes
3.3 Activated carbon-based cathodes
3.4 Biomass-derived carbon-based cathodes
3.5 Other porous carbon material-based cathodes
4 Conclusions and outlook

Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant. The redox transformation of Hg plays a pivotal role in the Hg global cycle, with mercurous mercury (Hg(I)) serving as an important intermediate theoretically. Due to the metastable nature of Hg(I), it was considered unstable and susceptible to disproportionation. This finding not only challenged the traditional viewpoint that Hg(I) cannot exist in water, but also revealed that the stability of Hg(I) had a significant effect on the reduction process of Hg(II) in the natural water.

As an important product of synthetic polymers, poly(meth)acrylates have a wide range of applications in the fields of coatings, adhesives, biomedical, electronic and electrical materials. However, the (meth)acrylates monomers are mainly derived from non-renewable petrochemical resources. The undegradable nature of poly(meth)acrylates aggravates the contradiction between resource shortage and environmental pollution. Therefore, the development of new sustainable bio-based (meth)acrylates and bio-based poly(meth)acrylates is of great significance. This article highlighted the recent progress in the synthesis and polymerization of bio-based (meth)acrylates. The lignin, isosorbide, terpene, furan compounds of biological origin, keto-group compounds, vegetable oil and glucose as bio-mass resource and were respectively reviewed in consecutive order. The properties and application the corresponding bio-based poly(meth)acrylate were introduced. At last, the challenges and outlook of bio-based poly(meth)acrylates were also discussed.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Preparation of bio-based acrylates from lignin derivatives

3 Preparation of bio-based acrylates from isosorbide derivatives

4 Preparation of bio-based acrylates from terpene derivatives

5 Preparation of bio-based acrylates from bio-based compounds with furan rings

6 Preparation of bio-based acrylates from bio-based compounds with ketones

7 Preparation of bio-based acrylates from vegetable oils

8 Preparation of bio-based acrylates from glucose and glycerol

9 Conclusion and outlook

Graphene is a two-dimensional nanomaterial with ultra-high thermal conductivity, which is widely used in the field of electric heating. By analyzing the research progress of graphene and its flexible electrothermal (membrane) materials, the preparation methods of graphene of different sizes and the effect of functional modification on the thermal conductivity of graphene are introduced. Summarized the application of graphene flexible electric heating (film) materials in the fields of deicing and anti-fogging, wearable clothing and low-temperature battery thermal management. In the future, it is still necessary to break through the technical problems of the preparation process of graphene and its flexible heating (film) materials and the integration of heating elements.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Preparation and modification of graphene materials

2.1 Small flake graphene

2.2 Large flake graphene

2.3 Functionalization of graphene

3 Graphene electrothermal composite materials

3.1 Graphene resin based materials

3.2 Graphene electrothermal film materials

4 Application of graphene electrothermal film

4.1 Defrosting and anti-fog

4.2 Wearable heating suit

4.3 Battery thermal management

5 Conclusion and outlook

The plasmon resonance LSPR colorimetric sensing based on noble metal nanoparticles has been widely used in many fields such as environment, food safety, and biomedicine due to its advantages of simple operation and low cost. It plays an important role in the detection of important substances such as organic molecules, inorganic ions, DNA, and proteins. In this paper, the principles and applications of two sensing modes based on typical noble metal nanoparticles such as gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, gold nanorods, triangular silver, and gold @silver are summarized: one is LSPR colorimetric sensing based on aggregation; the second is based on the "non aggregation" LSPR sensing caused by etching and growth. At the same time, the response characteristics of noble metal nanoparticles with different chemical composition, size, morphology and surface properties to different analytes were summarized. Aiming at the selectivity problem in colorimetric sensing applications, the construction and use of colorimetric analysis sensor array are briefly introduced. Finally, the problems faced by LSPR colorimetric sensing of nanoparticles are briefly summarized and the research prospects are prospected. In the future, the potential applications of plasma sensor based on noble metal nanoparticles will be further broadened, which will also contribute to the development of simple, sensitive and real-time colorimetric sensing systems.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Colorimetric sensing based on aggregation

2.1 Colorimetric sensing based on the aggregation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)

2.2 Colorimetric sensing based on aggregation of gold nanorods

3 Colorimetric sensing based on morphology and particle size regulation of metal nanoparticles

3.1 Colorimetric sensing based on the etching of AuNRs

3.2 Colorimetric sensing based on the etching of gold nanobipyramid

3.3 Colorimetric sensing based on the etching of triangular silver (AgNPRs)

3.4 Colorimetric sensing based on the etching of gold-silver bimetallic nanomaterials

3.5 Colorimetric sensing based on nanoparticle growth

4. Colorimetric sensor array

5 Conclusion and outlook

Taking into account environmental concerns and the ongoing shift towards clean energy, converting carbon dioxide (CO₂) into ethylene (C₂H₄) through electrochemical CO₂ reduction (ECO₂RR) using renewable electricity is a sustainable and eco-friendly solution for achieving carbon neutrality while also providing economic benefits. Despite significant advancements in the field, issues such as low selectivity, activity and stability continue to persist. This paper presents a review of recent research progress in copper-based catalytic systems for ECO₂RR in the production of ethylene. Firstly, the mechanism of ECO₂RR is briefly summarized. It then highlights various catalyst design strategies for ethylene production, such as tandem catalysis, crystal surface modulation, surface modification, valence influence, size sizing, defect engineering, and morphology design. Finally, the paper discusses future challenges and prospects for the synthesis of ethylene through electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 CO₂ Electroreduction Mechanisms on Cu Catalysts

2.1 The adsorption and activation of CO₂

2.2 The formation of *CO intermediates

2.3 C-C Coupling

3 Key Performance Parameter

4 Catalyst Design Strategies

4.1 Tandem Catalysis

4.2 Facet Exposure

4.3 Surface modification

4.4 Valence State

4.5 Size Control

4.6 Defects Engineering

4.7 Morphology Design

5 Conclusion and prospect

Solar photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting holds significant importance for the development of sustainable green energy. With ongoing research, the BiVO₄ photoanode, a core component of PEC systems, faces challenges in scaling up and maintaining long-term stability. The superiority of fully conformal coating strategies lies in their lack of substrate size constraints, ability to suppress photo-corrosion of the BiVO₄ semiconductor, creation of multifunctional interfaces, and potential synergistic action with heterojunctions and promoter catalysts, which may facilitate the stable operation of large-scale PEC water splitting devices for over 1000 hours. This review briefly introduces the basic principles of PEC water splitting and the development status of representative devices, elaborates on the important concept and main design principles of fully conformal coatings aimed at large-scale photoanodes, summarizes recent advances in materials capable of achieving fully conformal deposition coatings, including molecular catalysts, metal oxides/hydroxides, carbonized/sulfurized/phosphorized materials, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and discusses key characteristics of fully conformal coatings with greater development potential. Finally, it presents a prospective view on future trends in fully conformal coatings for BiVO₄ photoanodes.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Fundamentals of PEC water splitting and develop- ment status of PEC device

3 Basic principles of fully conformal coating strategy

3.1 Fully conformal coating and its importance

3.2 Primary design principles of fully conformal coating

4 Recent progress of fully conformal coating strategy

4.1 Molecular catalyst

4.2 Metal oxides/hydroxides

4.3 Carbide/Sulfide/Phosphide

4.4 Metal-organic framework

5 Conclusion and outlook

Compared to lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries have greater advantages in terms of resources, cost, safety, power performance, low-temperature performance and so on. However, the energy density of sodium-ion batteries is relatively low. To explore broader application prospects, the development of high specific energy sodium batteries has become a research hotspot in both academia and industry. The anode is considered the key bottleneck constraining the development of the sodium battery industry due to limitations such as the inability of graphite to serve as sodium anodes and the high cost, low Coulombic efficiency, and poor kinetics of mainstream hard carbon materials. In recent years, anode-free sodium batteries (AFSBs) have garnered widespread attention due to their advantages in energy density, process safety, and overall battery cost. However, AFSBs generally show rapid capacity loss owing to the rupture of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, increased chemical side reactions, serious dendrite growth and the formation of dead sodium. As the AFSBs operate, active sodium is continuously consumed without additional metallic sodium to replenish it, leading to poor cycling performance and failure of AFSBs. These issues can be attributed to the following characteristics: the high reactivity of sodium, non-uniform nucleation and huge volume expansion. To elucidates the strategies of promoting dendrite-free growth on the anode side of AFSBs, this review focuses on the current collector-sodium interface and sodium-electrolyte interface, including the design of sodiophilic coatings, porous skeleton structure to regulate the sodium nucleation process, and the construction of robust SEI interface, which further guides the homogeneous sodium deposition and stripping process. This comprehensive review is expected to draw more attention to anode-free configurations and bring new inspiration to the design of high specific energy batteries.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Factors affecting sodium deposition on the anode side

2.1 High reactivity of sodium

2.2 Inhomogeneous sodium deposition

2.3 Volumetric deformations

3 Critical differences between sodium and lithium

4 Interface design principles and strategies

4.1 Design principles

4.2 Homogeneous nucleation regulation at the current collector-sodium interface

4.3 Formation of robust SEI at the sodium-electrolyte interface

5 Conclusions and prospects

Black carbon (BC) particulate matter has significant light-absorbing capacity and is an important species contributing to haze pollution and global warming. However, quantitative studies of the light absorption capacity of black carbon (BC) have long been unable to reach a consensus affecting the accurate assessment of its environmental and climate effect. The morphological evolution of BC particles is the important factor affecting the light-absorbing capacity. However, the current literature review lacks a comprehensive summary of the characteristics and mechanisms involved in the evolution of BC micromorphology. This review summarizes the relevant studies on BC morphology evolution in recent years including the quantitative parameters of BC morphology, measurement and calculation methods of morphology parameters, the micromorphology evolution characteristics of BC during condensation process, phase separation process, coagulation process and evaporation process, and its evolution mechanism and main influencing factors. The evolution of the microphysical morphology of BC particles during different aging processes is the key to explaining the controversy over the light absorption of BC particles. However, there are still many uncertainties in the morphology evolution of BC core and the quantitative assessment of light absorption of complex-structured BC particles in these processes. Therefore, tracking the actual atmospheric BC morphology evolution, further investigating the effect of morphology evolution mechanism on the BC core collapse, and improving the models of BC light absorption and radiation will be the key research direction in the future.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Quantitative characterization parameters and related measurement instruments for morphology of BC particles

2.1 Quantitative characterization parameters for morphology of BC particles

2.2 Related measurement instruments for morphology of BC particles

3 Morphological evolution characteristics and absorption effect of BC particles during different aging processes

3.1 Condensation process

3.2 Phase separation process

3.3 Coagulation process

3.4 Evaporation process

4 Conclusion and prospect

ZVI/H₂O₂ Fenton-like technology overcomes some problems existing in the traditional homogeneous Fenton reaction, and can effectively remove antibiotics in water, which has good application potential. However, the degradation efficiency and mineralization rate of antibiotics in water by ZVI/H₂O₂ technology alone need to be improved. Therefore, researchers have adopted different strengthening measures to improve the deconta mination efficiency of ZVI/H₂O₂ technology and its mineralization rate of pollutants. In this paper, the research of antibiotics removal in water by ZVI/H₂O₂ technology was statistically analyzed. The main strengthening measures of ZVI/H₂O₂ technology and their effects on the system were summarized. The degradation efficiency, mechanism, advantages and disadvantages of antibiotics in water by different strengthening measures combined with ZVI/H₂O₂ technology were described and analyzed. Finally, this paper looks forward to the future development of ZVI/H₂O₂ technology for the degradation of antibiotics in water, and puts forward relevant suggestions for further research work.

Air pollution is a major challenge for the improvement of urban environmental quality. The process of urbanization is an important cause of highly complex air pollution, on the other hand it also provides artificial reinforcement conditions for self-purification of air pollutants in cities. "Environmental catalytic city" refers to the spontaneous catalytic purification of low concentration gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere by catalytic materials coating on the artificial surfaces, such as building surfaces in the city under natural photothermal conditions. "Environmental catalytic city" is of great significance for the control of complex air pollution without additional energy consumption, the continuous improvement of indoor and outdoor air quality, and the scheme and construction of " self-purifying city". Here, we propose the concept of “environmental catalytic city”, and discuss its further improvement, development, and application.

Lignocellulose aerogels possess excellent properties of low density, high porosity, low thermal conductivity and so on, making them widely utilized in thermal insulation, adsorption, catalysis, electromagnetic shielding, biomedical and other fields. Moreover, as a bio-based material, lignocellulose is a green, pollution-free, renewable, and sustainable material. In this paper, the latest research progress of wood-based cellulose and agricultural waste-based cellulose aerogels are reviewed. Then the current research status of lignocellulose aerogel preparation methods including freeze-drying, supercritical drying, and atmospheric drying, is summarized. In addition, for the flammability issues commonly found in lignocellulose aerogels, commonly used methods to improve the flame retardancy of lignocellulose aerogels are discussed in detail. Finally, this paper concludes the main problems in lignocellulose aerogel preparation methods and properties, and the future development direction in this field is proposed.

Water is a clean, safe, environmentally benign chemical reaction medium. Understanding the properties of water and the chemical processes in hydrothermal systems is of vital significance in the research of condensed matter chemistry. The physicochemical features of water under hydrothermal conditions greatly differ from that under normal condition, and thus the hydrothermal technique has been extended to much broader systems. In this review article, we introduce the structures of water and its clusters, the variation of their properties along with conditions, and relevant condensed matters in hydrothermal systems. We also illustrate the hydrothermal chemistry through discussing the preparation of typical materials through hydrothermal methods, hydrothermal organic reactions, and bio-hydrothermal chemistry. By relating condensed matter and hydrothermal chemistry, we hope this review will offer new ideas for comprehending hydrothermal reaction systems from the angle of condensed matter chemistry.

The control of NO_x is very important for the air quality improvement. Selective catalytic reduction of NO_x by hydrogen (H₂-SCR) has attracted much attention as an efficient and environmentally benign deNO_x technology. In this review we have summarized the research development in the H₂-SCR of NO_x over noble metal catalysts. The typical H₂-SCR reaction mechanisms are introduced first. Then the factors affecting the H₂-SCR performance of noble metal catalysts, such as the active metal, support type, the added promoter and the nature of active metal, and the structure-activity relationship have been discussed. Finally, the challenges and the prospects for future development of H₂-SCR catalyst are proposed.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a kind of porous coordination polymers formed by the assembly of metal ions and organic ligands, exhibit excellent advantages as a nanocarrier, such as easy modification, high drug loading as well as controllable drug release. The diversities of metal ions and organic ligands lead to the diversities of MOFs, which make them wide application in many fields such as storage and separation, catalysis, sensing, biomedical application and others. With high porosity, versatile MOFs allow for the facile encapsulation of various therapeutic agents with exceptionally high payloads. Especially when the particle size of MOFs is controlled down to the nanometer level, named nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (NMOFs), they exhibit a series of structural advantages. Based on the above advantages, NMOFs exhibit excellent application prospects for drug delivery and cancer therapy. NMOFs can be used as therapeutic agents, as well as nanocarriers of drug, photothermal agents, photosensitizers and Fenton reaction catalysis to using passive targeting, active targeting, physicochemical targeting, or combination of the three. The review focuses on the application of chemotherapy (CT), photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and various combination therapies. Finally, we will elaborate the current challenges and future development prospects of NMOFs in cancer application.

Fuel cell technology and its industrialization have been developed rapidly in China in recent years. However, the high cost of the fuel cell caused mainly by the using of precious Pt catalysts is still one of the most important factors restricting the development of fuel cell commercialization. It is of great significance to develop low Pt catalysts with much higher catalytic efficiency and lower Pt loadings. In recent years, Pt-based catalysts with three-dimensional morphology or nanostructure have been emerged as a type of ultra-important low Pt catalysts, due to their special morphologies/structures, their catalytic activity are usually much higher than that of the widely used Pt/C catalysts. In this paper, the research progress of Pt-based catalysts with special three-dimensional morphology (such as nanoframe structure, flower-like structure, nanocage structure, sea urchin structure, etc.) and their applications in fuel cells are reviewed, meanwhile, some weaknesses and challenges of these catalysts are concluded; Furthermore, the future development and application of these catalysts are prospected.