Abstract Breast cancer remains one of the most prevalent malignancies and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. Metastasis represents the critical determinant of poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Conventional detection methods face limitations, including insufficient sensitivity, invasiveness, and inability to dynamically monitor tumor microenvironment alterations, thereby failing to meet the demands of precision medicine. In recent years, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has emerged as a powerful tool for breast cancer metastasis monitoring and treatment evaluation, owing to its ultra-high sensitivity at the single-molecule level, exceptional spatiotemporal resolution, and multiplex detection capability. Functionalized SERS probes targeting tumor-specific biomarkers enable non-invasive identification of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), exosomes（Exos）, and metastasis-associated metabolites, facilitating molecular-level diagnosis of breast cancer metastasis. Furthermore, SERS technology permits real-time monitoring of drug delivery efficiency, release kinetics, and therapeutic responses at tumor sites, providing dynamic molecular profiles for personalized treatment evaluation. This review systematically summarizes recent advancements in SERS-based detection of metastasis-related biomarkers, tumor microenvironment analysis, and treatment efficacy assessment. Key challenges, including probe targeting optimization, signal stability enhancement, and clinical translation, are critically discussed. Looking forward, the integration of multimodal SERS probe design with artificial intelligence-powered data analytics is anticipated to propel breast cancer management into a new era of precision medicine and visualization-guided therapeutics.

As a type of biomimetic catalyst, artificial enzymes can effectively overcome the limitations of natural enzymes in purification, storage, and recyclability. Hemin (Fe(III)-protoporphyrin IX), serving as the essential cofactor in the active center of most peroxidases, possesses fundamental peroxidase-like catalytic activity due to its iron-porphyrin structure. However, native free hemin suffers from issues such as intermolecular self-aggregation, susceptibility to oxidative deactivation, and insufficient exposure of catalytic sites, leading to reduced catalytic efficiency and poor stability. Combining hemin with supporting materials to form hemin-based artificial enzymes can effectively inhibit hemin self-aggregation and oxidative degradation while simultaneously enhancing its catalytic activity and stability. This review primarily introduces several common types of hemin-based artificial enzymes. It summarizes and categorizes their construction and applications based on the underlying principles of the various support materials and the characteristics of the resulting hemin-based enzymes. Furthermore, it analyzes how the structural properties of different supports regulate the functions of the artificial enzymes and provides an outlook on their future development. Current challenges in designing and constructing hemin-based artificial enzymes include complex self-assembly processes and poor controllability during preparation. Future studies could focus on conducting in-depth physicochemical research on support materials to achieve a higher integration of hemin and support properties. This may involve establishing structure-activity relationship maps correlating the physicochemical properties of supports with the directional assembly of hemin molecules, implementing interface engineering strategies for synergistic optimization of hemin and carrier performance, or exploring alternative support materials with similar properties. The development of hemin-based artificial enzymes combining high catalytic activity with structural homogeneity is key to facilitating their practical applications across multiple fields.

N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is a common organic compound. It is not only often used as a solvent in organic reactions but also widely employed as a reaction reagent in industrial production, playing an important role in organic synthesis for a long time. It is worth noting that DMF itself can act as a synthon to provide different structural units for participation in organic synthesis reactions, and it plays a very important role in the construction of complex, diverse and structurally novel functional molecules. Therefore, this review focuses on introducing the performance of DMF as a multifunctional precursor in various reactions, summarizes the latest progress of DMF as an amine source, carbon source, hydrogen source, oxygen source and double synthon reactions, and prospects the future development direction of this field, hoping to provide a reference for the later research on reactions involving DMF as a synthon.

In recent years, flexible electronic devices have shown broad application prospects in fields such as smart sensing equipment, human-machine interfaces and bio-inspired electronic skins. Ionogels demonstrate significant potential in the preparation of flexible electronics due to their excellent electrochemical performance, tunable mechanical properties and high environmental adaptability. However, the generally poor mechanical properties of ionogels limit their widespread use. To address this, this article systematically reviews the research progress of ionogels from two aspects: preparation methods and mechanical reinforcement strategies. First common types of ionic liquids and their characteristics are summarized based on the types of anions and cations. Then the preparation techniques for ionogels are categorized into physical blending, in situ polymerization and solvent exchange, with detailed analysis of their advantages and disadvantages. Next, representative strategies for enhancing mechanical performance are outlined, including regulating polymer network structures, constructing non-covalent interactions, forming microphase-separated structures and introducing inorganic nanoparticles. The mechanism of these strategies, the regulatory effect on the mechanical properties of ionic gels, and the application scenarios are systematically explained. Finally, key challenges in current ionogel preparation processes are discussed along with future development directions. This work provides a theoretical foundation for designing high-performance ionogels and improving their properties.

With the increasing proportion of renewable energy in the energy structure, the development of efficient and safe secondary battery energy storage technologies is crucial for addressing the challenges of integrating intermittent energy sources such as wind and solar power into the grid. Due to its unique structure and physicochemical properties, graphite anode material has been widely used in lithium-ion batteries. Inspired by the lithium storage behavior of graphite, its application in other metal-ion batteries has also been extensively studied, demonstrating significant potential. However, the application of graphite anode materials in various metal-ion secondary batteries still lacks a comprehensive understanding. This review analyzes the electrochemical behavior of graphite in different metal-ion secondary battery systems, identifies the challenges faced by graphite materials, and highlights the primary strategies and current research progress in addressing these issues. The aim is to provide a reference for the development of high-performance and sustainable graphite-based energy storage batteries.

Large emission of carbon dioxide leads to severe global warming effects. Therefore, it is urgent to convert carbon dioxide. Among various transformation technologies, electrocatalytic reduction of CO₂ is able to efficiently and continuously convert carbon dioxide. However, the electrocatalytic reduction of CO₂ needs to overcome a higher activation barrier. Traditional electrocatalysts such as metals, metal dichalcogenides, transition metal oxides and 2D metal-free catalysts (g-C₃N₄) are susceptible to inactivation in homogeneous systems and present low electron transfer efficiency, low ability to adsorb and activate carbon dioxide, low reaction kinetics and low selectivity. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), which are fabricated through covalent bonds, are a class of emerging porous organic polymers. Ordered alignment and π-π interactions between layers facilitate the transportation of charge carriers. High specific surface area and appropriate pore size enable the adsorption of carbon dioxide and generate more active sites as well. All these unique advantages make COFs an ideal candidate for the electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide. In this paper, we first summarize the synthesis and structural diversity of two- and three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks based on topology. Then, the development of 2D and 3D covalent organic frameworks for the electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide is introduced, respectively. Finally, the potential development of COFs for electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction is discussed.

Silica composite aerogels, characterized by their extremely low density, high specific surface area, and remarkable porosity, have found extensive applications in high-temperature kilns, the oil and gas sector, aerospace, and various other advanced domains. Firstly, silica aerogels that have been composited through inorganic and organic compositing were thoroughly reviewed in this paper, as well as fiber reinforcement, including a comparative analysis of their thermal conductivity, compressive strength, porosity, density, and other significant physical properties. Secondly, the most recent strategies for additive manufacturing of silica composite aerogels are summarized. Finally, the challenges related to the fabrication and performance of silica composite aerogels and proposed future research directions for their advancement was addressed by this paper.

Hydrogen production via water electrolysis powered by renewable energy sources represents a critical approach to addressing the dual challenges of energy and the environment. However, the practical implementation of this technology remains constrained by the sluggish kinetics of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Recent advances in high-entropy materials (HEMs) with unique structural configurations and compositional tunability have demonstrated breakthrough capabilities in OER catalysis. Their near-continuous adsorption energy tunability across multi-dimensional landscapes enables surpassing the perforce ceilings of conventional single-/dual-component electrocatalysts. While substantial progress has been achieved in developing HEMs for OER catalysis, formidable scientific challenges persist regarding the intricate composition-structure-activity relationships in multi-component systems and unresolved mechanistic ambiguities governing catalytic synergies. This review systematically examines the fundamental mechanisms underlying the four-electron transfer process in OER, followed by a critical survey of recent breakthroughs in high-entropy alloys (HEAs), high-entropy oxides (HEOs), and high-entropy metal-organic frameworks (HEMOFs) for OER applications. By emphasizing three critical dimensions: atomic coordination environment modulation, electronic structure engineering, and surface adsorption energy optimization, we establish explicit correlations between compositional architecture, structural characteristics, and catalytic performance. This framework profoundly elucidates the synergistic catalytic mechanisms arising from multi-metallic active sites. Furthermore, we propose strategic optimization pathways through material design, defect engineering, and elemental regulation. The review concludes by discussing emerging challenges and future opportunities in this rapidly evolving field. This review can provide inspiration for the accurate design of high-entropy electrocatalysts, the atomic-level analysis of structure-activity relationships, and the regulation and optimization of catalytic performance.

In recent years, visible-light-promoted palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions and C-H functionalization have witnessed remarkable advances in the field of organic synthesis. By utilizing photoexcited palladium complexes to mediate single-electron transfer (SET) processes, researchers have effectively addressed challenges associated with the activation of inert bonds in conventional thermal catalytic systems. This strategy has notably expanded the scope of applicable substrates and improved compatibility with diverse functional groups. This review highlights recent developments in visible-light-induced palladium-catalyzed Negishi coupling, Suzuki-Miyaura coupling, Heck reaction, three-component coupling, as well as C-H functionalization. Particular emphasis is placed on the distinct advantages of photoexcited palladium catalysis in enabling inert bond activation, regioselective control, and stereoselective transformations. This Pd/photoredox dual catalytic strategy significantly enhances reaction regioselectivity and stereocontrol, substantially broadening the substrate scope and functional group tolerance. It demonstrates particular utility in the construction of fluorinated molecules, strained rings, and heterocyclic architectures, offering a novel and efficient green pathway for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, functional materials, and natural products, thereby revealing considerable application potential.

As a new generation of biomimetic enzyme catalytic materials, carbon-based nano-mimetic enzymes (CNEs) demonstrate significant value in the fields of sample analysis, environmental remediation and biomedicine, which is due to their multi-enzyme activity characteristics, such as peroxidase/oxidase. Compared with natural enzymes, CNEs exhibit advantages such as facile preparation, low cost, excellent stability, and, more importantly, the tailorable catalytic activity through structural modulation. These merits make them a promising next-generation alternative to the enzyme. Based on recent research progress over the past five years, this review summarizes the relationship between structural and catalytic activity from CNEs and elucidates the regulatory mechanism of their active site distribution and electronic structure on catalytic performance. It also discussed the strategies of heteroatom doping, secondary chemical modification, and environmental optimization factors for the influence on CNEs’ enzyme activity, and pointed out the effective enhancement approaches among them. Moreover, the application cases of enzyme-targeted therapy and preventive intervention in disease are reviewed. At the end of this paper, the future research prospect of new structural design and intelligent response system construction of CNEs is proposed, aiming to expand the application boundary of CNEs in the field of precision medicine and public health, and provide innovative ideas and strategies for solving global health problems. Finally, prospects for CNEs are proposed, focusing on novel structural designs and intelligent responsive system development. Hopefully, we can expand CNEs’ applications in precision medicine and public health domains, thereby providing innovative solutions for addressing global health challenges.

Contents

1 Introduction 3

2 Classification of structure and activity of carbon-based nanozymes 3

2.1 Carbon nano-spheres enzyme 5

2.2 Carbon nanotubes enzyme 6

2.3 Carbon quantum dot enzymes 7

2.4 Porous organic frameworks 9

2.5 Single-atom carbon-based nanozymes 10

2.6 Other 10

3 The influent factors the catalytic activity of carbon-based nanozymes 11

3.1 Heteroatom doping 11

3.2 Secondary chemical modification 12

3.3 Environmental condition control 14

4 Biomedicine application of carbon-based nanozymes 15

4.1 Small molecule screening 15

4.2 Regulates oxidative stress 17

4.3 Antimicrobial therapy 18

4.4 Oncology treatment 19

5 Conclusion and prospects 20

The slippery liquid-infused porous surface (SLIPS), owing to its unique liquid-repellent properties, has been widely applied in diverse fields such as anti-fouling, anti-corrosion, de-icing and droplet manipulation. However, the SLIPS tend to experience lubricant depletion when subjected to external mechanical abrasion, consequently diminishing or even completely losing their liquid-repellent properties. In light of this, this paper begins by exploring the three foundational principles of SLIPS design, and clarifies the guiding role these theories in the design process. Five critical requirements for fabricating durable SLIPS are also systematically summarized. Furthermore, by integrating global research progress, three strategies to enhance the durability of SLIPS are distilled. These strategies involve optimizing the rough structure to improve mechanical stability, anchoring lubricants through covalent grafting techniques to ensure long-term lubrication, and establishing lubricant replenishment mechanisms to sustain the durability of lubricating layer. A concise evaluation of their respective advantages and limitations is also provided. Finally, based on the bottlenecks of these strategies, key challenges in improving the mechanical durability of SLIPS are identified. Then, the future research directions are proposed, including optimizing nano-rough substrate design, expanding the functionalization of polymer molecular brushes, developing green and environmentally friendly lubricants, and enhancing SLIPS durability through multidimensional engineering approaches. In short, this paper aims to provide a new idea and way for the further study and application of SLIPS.

Fluorescent probes have gained significant attention in the fields of chemical sensor and bioimaging due to their excellent optical properties and broad application potential. Quinoline and its derivatives, as an important class of fluorophores, exhibit remarkable advantages in the detection of ions and molecules owing to their unique structures and tunable photophysical properties. This review summarizes the development of quinoline-based fluorescent probes for environmental monitoring, bioanalysis, and medical diagnostics, with a focus on their fluorescence response mechanisms, coordination chemistry characteristics, and practical applications. Previous work demonstrates that the structural modification and functional design of quinoline derivatives enable the preparation of highly selective and sensitive fluorescent probes, which serve as powerful tools for detecting target analytes in complex systems. In conclusion, this review not only outlines prospective research directions for quinoline-based fluorescent probes but also provides valuable insights and guidance for advancing related research fields.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Common Mechanisms of Probes

2.1 Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer

2.2 Photoinduced Electron Transfer

2.3 Intramolecular Charge Transfer

2.4 Chelation Enhanced Fluorescence

3 Progress of fluorescent probes based on quinoline derivatives in ion detection

3.1 Fluorescent probes for H⁺ detection

3.2 Fluorescent probes for Zn²⁺ detection

3.3 Fluorescent probes for Cd²⁺ detection

3.4 Fluorescent probes for Cu⁺/Cu²⁺ detection

3.5. Fluorescent probes for the detection of SO₂, HSO₃^-, SO₃^2-

4 Advances in fluorescent probes based on quinoline derivatives for small molecule detection

4.1 Fluorescent probes for the detection of small molecules of reactive oxygen species

4.2. Fluorescent probes for the detection of H₂S

5 Conclusion and outlook

Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are persistent organic compounds that are regulated by the Stockholm Convention. Because of their persistence and long-range transport, PCNs are widely distributed in the environment, even in the Tibetan Plateau and Arctic area. Historical manufacturing and unintentional release from human industrial activities are the two major sources of PCNs. Accurate characterization of PCNs is essential for the development of targeted pollution prevention strategies and effective reduction of their residual levels in the environment. In this paper we summarize the current status of emission studies on PCNs, including their emission sources, emission factors and progress in emission inventories. Historical emission studies show that PCN emissions are closely related to the industrialization process, with an increasing and then decreasing trend in most regions. Studies on unintentional emissions show that the emission factors of PCNs vary considerably between industries and processes and are strongly influenced by pollution control measures. Although some progress has been achieved, the systematic study of global emissions of PCNs is still inadequate, particularly in the determination of emission factors and the compilation of emission inventories. Future research is needed to further improve the emission inventory and strengthen monitoring and management to effectively control the environmental risks of PCNs.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Properties of PCNs

2.1 Physicochemical properties of PCNs

2.2 Toxicity of PCNs

2.3 Environmental behavior of PCNs

3 Current status of global management policies for PCNs

4 Source of PCNs

5 Progress in the study of historical production and emission of PCNs

5.1 Estimation of historical production

5.2 Release of PCNs as historical chemicals

6 Unintentional emissions of PCNs

6.1 Emission factors for PCNs

6.2 Emission inventories of PCNs

7 Conclusion and outlook

Since the widespread acceptance between 1960s and 1970s, the condensed matter physics has undergone rapid development. Condensed matter physics primarily investigates the geometric and electronic structures of solid and liquid substances, as well as the resulting microscopic and macroscopic physical phenomena such as sound, light, electricity, magnetism, heat, etc. Meanwhile, the field of chemistry has also evolved significantly, especially in the last two decades, with advancements in theoretical chemistry and chemical characterization techniques. Researchers have gradually come to realize that chemical reactions are not merely straightforward transformations from reactants to products. The structural hierarchy of the reaction system plays a crucial role in the progression of chemical reactions. There has been a growing emphasis on the in-situ characterization of chemical reactions, and efforts have been made to explore the dynamic changes in the material structures at different levels within the system under reaction conditions. These developments can be considered as the nascent stages of condensed matter chemistry research. Physics and chemistry have always been intertwined and mutually reinforcing natural sciences. Currently, new phenomena and theories in condensed matter physics continue to emerge. Introducing these new physical phenomena and theories into chemical research is a highly worthwhile exploration area. The present review will briefly introduce some relatively recent concepts in condensed matter physics (e.g., surface plasmon polariton, topological insulators, quasicrystals, local micro-electric/magnetic fields, light-matter interactions, alternating magnets, etc.) and their applications in chemistry. The aim is to illustrate the application potentials of cutting-edge condensed matter physics research in chemistry, provide insights into advancing traditional chemical research to the realm of condensed matter chemistry, and contribute to the development of condensed matter chemistry.

Contents

1 Introduction: From solid-state physics to condensed matter physics

2 Condensed matter in chemical reaction systems

2.1 Dynamic interface configurations in reactions

2.1.1 Reactions on solid-gas interfaces

2.1.2 Reactions on solid-liquid interfaces

2.1.3 Reactions on solid-Solid interfaces

2.2 External electric field

2.3 Other external fields

2.4 Microenvironments

3 New chemical methods from the new concepts of condensed matter physics

3.1 Quantum confinement effects

3.2 Surface plasmon polariton

3.3 Topological insulator

4 Conclusion and outlook

Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reactions (CO₂RR) have become an important means of building sustainable energy systems due to their potential to convert carbon dioxide into high-value chemicals under mild conditions, as global carbon dioxide emissions become increasingly serious. This review provides a systematic overview of the research progress in the construction of CO₂RR electrodes, with a focus on the structural design principles of the electrodes. It highlights typical construction strategies for metal-based, carbon-based, and emerging electrode structures, analyzing the effects of conductivity, pore structure, and three-phase interface stability on electron transport, carbon dioxide mass transfer, and product desorption behavior.

It particularly emphasizes the crucial role of surface and interface engineering in enhancing catalytic selectivity and long-term stability, and summarizes cutting-edge construction methods such as 3D printing, bio-inspired modification of electrodes, and the use of derivative materials. Although existing research has made significant progress under laboratory conditions, challenges such as structural stability, construction costs, and large-scale manufacturability remain to be addressed in practical applications. Therefore, this review proposes that future research should be conducted in a coordinated manner in the areas of interface microenvironment control, structural modeling, and manufacturing process simplification to achieve efficient, stable, and scalable CO₂RR electrode systems.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 CO₂RR mechanism

3 CO₂RR Electrode Construction

3.1 Transition metal-based

3.2 Carbon-based

3.3 Emerging Structures and 3D Printed Electrodes

4 Surface and Interface Engineering

5 Conclusion and outlook

Recent advances in machine learning (ML) have demonstrated remarkable potential in revolutionizing the design, property prediction, and synthesis optimization of nanomaterials, facilitating a paradigm shift from traditional empirical approaches to data-driven methodologies in nanoscience. This review systematically examines the research frameworks and cutting-edge developments in ML-assisted nanomaterial design and fabrication, with a focus on representative material systems, including zero-dimensional quantum dots, one-dimensional nanotubes, two-dimensional materials, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Key technical aspects such as data acquisition and feature engineering, supervised and unsupervised modeling, generative algorithms, and automated experimental platforms are critically discussed. Furthermore, we highlight emerging challenges and future directions, emphasizing the need for standardized databases, physics-informed ML models, and closed-loop experimental systems to enable intelligent and efficient nanomaterial development. This work provides a comprehensive methodological reference for the integration of ML in next-generation nanomaterial research.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Machine Learning Application Framework

2.1 Acquisition and Standardized Preprocessing of High-Quality Data

2.2 Representation Methods and Feature Engineering for Material Structures

2.3 Model Construction and Training

2.4 Validation and Generalization Assessment

2.5 Performance Prediction and Material Screening

2.6 Inverse Design and Generative Structural Optimization

3 Representative Research Progress

3.1 Zero-Dimensional Nanomaterials

3.2 One-Dimensional Nanomaterials

3.3 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials

3.4 Metal-Organic Frameworks

4 Conclusion and Outlook

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials have entered a new stage of vigorous development with the significant advantage of efficient utilization of single and triplet excitons without the need for precious metals. However, the aggregation-induced burst (ACQ) phenomenon is prevalent in conventional TADF materials, which severely limits their development and application. In contrast, aggregation-induced delayed fluorescence (AIDF) materials have a unique aggregation-induced fluorescence enhancement phenomenon, thus attracting much attention in the field of organic electroluminescence. In this review, we summarize the relevant AIDF molecules in the field of organic light-emitting diode (OLED), focusing on the molecular design of AIDFs and their research and application progress in the field of non-doped OLEDs since 2021, and analyze and discuss the mentioned AIDF molecules by classifying them based on the basis of their molecular structures, respectively, in terms of benzophenones, triazines, quinoxalines, and other receptors. Compounds are structurally disassembled and properties are summarized, the conformational relationships between their structures and properties are deeply explored, and the outlook for the development of this field is made.

D-A-D molecule refers to a class of conjugated structure molecules composed of an electron donor and an electron acceptor. The NIR two-region fluorescence imaging dominated by such molecules has the advantages of good penetration effect and high imaging clarity. It has high application potential in clinical diagnosis. However, such molecules usually contain conjugated benzene ring structures. This means that the water solubility of these molecules is not good, which greatly limits the wider application of NIR-Ⅱregion fluorescence imaging. In recent years, D-A-D molecules have usually been modified to improve their water solubility. This review introduces four methods to improve water solubility by end-modified hydrophilic polyethylene glycol, modified other hydrophilic polymer chains, modified by protein or peptide, and end-ionized modification. The design methods and related applications of water-soluble D-A-D molecules are introduced in detail. Finally, the further development of water-soluble D-A-D small molecules in the field of NIR-Ⅱ region fluorescence imaging is prospect.

The electrocatalytic urea oxidation reaction (UOR) has emerged as an energy-efficient alternative to the traditional oxygen evolution reaction for hydrogen production, with mechanistic understanding being critical for the rational design of catalysts. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in in situ characterization techniques for elucidating the dynamic reaction mechanisms of UOR. Studies reveal that phase transitions, valence state migration, and electronic structure evolution of catalysts under operational conditions are key factors governing activity and stability. Techniques such as in situ X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy enable real-time monitoring of catalyst reconstruction, intermediate evolution, and interfacial adsorption behavior, overcoming the environmental deviations inherent in conventional ex situ characterization. When combined with theoretical calculations, these methods provide direct evidence for identifying active-site configurations, reaction pathways, and rate-determining steps. In addition, special emphasis is placed on multimodal in situ strategies for deciphering synergistic effects in nickel-based catalysts, while current challenges including non-alkaline systems, real wastewater environments, and multi-metal cooperation mechanisms are critically discussed. Future research should focus on developing novel in situ approaches for complex systems and establishing a mutually reinforcing framework integrating theoretical prediction and experimental validation, thereby advancing UOR catalyst design from empirical exploration to mechanism-guided optimization.

Nucleic acid testing is the gold standard and technological cornerstone for the modern diagnosis of pathogenic infections. As a deployable public health surveillance technology, Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) has demonstrated significant value in infectious disease prevention and control, personalized precision medicine, and medical scenarios with limited resources. POCT technology can rapidly provide diagnostic information, significantly improve patient outcomes, and optimize the allocation of medical resources. As an emerging technology, microfluidic chips have become a key component in POCT due to their low reagent consumption, high integration, and automation. By integrating laboratory functions onto a single chip, microfluidic devices have achieved full-process automation of sample processing, signal amplification, and detection, greatly enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of testing. Moreover, when combined with isothermal amplification techniques (such as LAMP) and CRISPR-Cas technology, microfluidic chips can rapidly and sensitively detect pathogens, making them suitable for on-site screening of various infectious diseases. Currently, POCT devices based on microfluidic chips have been successfully applied in the detection of pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2, demonstrating the advantages of speed, portability, and high sensitivity. This review aims to summarize the development of nucleic acid detection and the research progress on the combination of CRISPR-Cas technology and microfluidic chips to explore their current applications and future prospects for POCT.

Cell heterogeneity is key to understanding life processes such as embryonic development and disease evolution, while traditional bulk cell RNA sequencing cannot resolve gene expression differences at the single-cell level. Although single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology can construct transcriptomic maps at single-cell resolution, it faces challenges such as low efficiency in single-cell isolation and capture, and large deviations in trace RNA manipulation. Microfluidic chip technology, through a microscale fluid manipulation system, integrates processes such as single-cell isolation, lysis, reverse transcription, amplification, and sequencing library construction, achieving high-throughput, low sample loss, and automated operations, which significantly improves the efficiency and data reliability of scRNA-seq. This paper outlines the sequencing process of scRNA-seq, including steps such as single-cell isolation and capture, RNA extraction, reverse transcription and amplification, and single-cell sequencing. It analyzes the core advantages of microfluidic chips in adapting to single cells, precisely controlling reaction volumes, and realizing process automation, and briefly describes the technical principles and characteristics of representative platforms such as Fluidigm C1, 10X Genomics Chromium, and BD Rhapsody. Microfluidic chip technology provides an efficient and precise technical platform for scRNA-seq. In the future, with the continuous optimization of chip design and the improvement of multi-omics integrated analysis capabilities, we expect it to play a more profound role in resolving complex biological systems, revealing disease mechanisms, and even promoting precision medicine.

The extensive use of chemical fertilizers and other industrial and agricultural chemicals has led to the discharge of excessive nitrate wastewater into nature, posing a serious threat to the environment and human health. Photocatalytic nitrate reduction technology is considered to be a promising, harmless treatment method for nitrate due to its high efficiency, low energy consumption and wide applicability. In this paper, the mechanism and main products of nitrate reduction in photocatalytic water are described in detail. The commonly used photocatalyst types are systematically reviewed, and the influencing factors in the photocatalytic process are introduced. In addition, the main challenges faced by photocatalytic nitrate reduction technology are comprehensively analyzed, and its future development prospects are discussed and prospected.

Air pollution is a major challenge for the improvement of urban environmental quality. The process of urbanization is an important cause of highly complex air pollution, on the other hand it also provides artificial reinforcement conditions for self-purification of air pollutants in cities. "Environmental catalytic city" refers to the spontaneous catalytic purification of low concentration gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere by catalytic materials coating on the artificial surfaces, such as building surfaces in the city under natural photothermal conditions. "Environmental catalytic city" is of great significance for the control of complex air pollution without additional energy consumption, the continuous improvement of indoor and outdoor air quality, and the scheme and construction of " self-purifying city". Here, we propose the concept of “environmental catalytic city”, and discuss its further improvement, development, and application.