Electrochemical systems are composed of fundamental components such as electrodes and electrolytes, whose composition, phase, and structure have an important influence on the electrochemical performances. The electrochemical interface serves as the core zone for species transformation, charge transfer and electrochemical reactions. With the development of advanced in-situ electrochemical characterization techniques, in-depth investigation and understanding of the dynamic processes at the electrochemical interface are essential for the precise construction of high-performance systems. In this review, we present a systematic summary of electrochemical interfacial processes and characterization from the perspective of condensed matter chemistry. The basic components of electrochemical systems, such as electrodes and electrolytes, are introduced, and the characteristics of electrochemical interfaces in view of condensed matter chemistry are discussed. The characterization methods and techniques for electrochemical interfaces are summarized. In addition, the regulations of some electrochemical dynamic processes are re-examined.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Condensed matter systems in electrochemistry

2.1 Electrode

2.2 Electrolyte

2.3 Dispersed medium

3 Understanding electrochemical interface from a condensed matter chemistry perspective

3.1 Integrality

3.2 Dynamics

3.3 Multi-scale

4 Electrochemical interfacial characterization techniques

4.1 Imaging characterizations of interfacial structures of condensed matter

4.2 Spectroscopic characterizations of species in condensed matter systems

5 Electrochemical interfacial processes and properties

5.1 Interfacial structure evolution and characterization

5.2 Interfacial process regulation

6 Conclusion and outlook

Amorphous materials represent a vital component of condensed matter chemistry. Their atomic arrangement, which defined by long-range disorder and short-range order, confers distinct structural, physical, and chemical properties that differ significantly from those of conventional crystalline materials. This paper, focusing on inorganic amorphous nanomaterials (ANMs), first examines the characteristics of amorphous structures from a microscopic perspective, with an emphasis on the types and mechanisms of chemical bonds as well as intermolecular interactions within these materials. Subsequently, from a macroscopic application-oriented perspective, it discusses in detail the pivotal roles and underlying mechanisms of amorphous structures in regulating material properties, chemical reaction processes, and functional applications. Then, based on a multi-scale structural perspective, the work conducts an in-depth analysis of the critical contributions of their electronic structures, defect characteristics, and amorphous disordered structure design to chemical reactions, while aiming to establish the structure-activity relationship between amorphous structures and reaction activity. Finally, it outlines the research directions and application prospects of amorphous materials and their structural features, providing a systematic reference framework for advanced studies in the field of condensed matter chemistry.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Concepts of Amorphous Materials

3. Amorphous State Structural Chemistry

3.1 Interaction Forces of Amorphous Materials

3.2 Role and Influence of Amorphous Structure

3.3 Multiscale Structure of Amorphous State and Chemical Reactions

4 Conclusion and Outlook

This article reviews the challenges and recent advancements in the utilization of methane (CH₄) resources via low-temperature electrochemical oxidation (CH₄OR) for producing value-added chemicals. Conventional indirect pathways, including methane reforming, are energy-intensive and operate under harsh conditions. In contrast, thermal catalytic partial oxidation frequently results in over-oxidation, thereby limiting their practical applications. In contrast, electrochemical CH₄OR represents a promising alternative, facilitating efficient methane conversion under mild conditions, compatible with renewable energy sources, and providing advantages in product separation and transport. This review explores the mechanistic aspects of C-H bond activation during CH₄OR, encompassing both direct and radical-mediated indirect pathways.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 The mechanism of low-temperature electrooxidation of methane

2.1 Direct activation mechanism of methane dehydrogenation

2.2 Mechanism of methane dehydrogenation activated by reactive oxygen species

2.3 Kinetic and thermodynamic control in the CH₄OR

3 Methane electrooxidation catalyst

3.1 Noble metal catalysts

3.2 Alloy catalysts

3.3 Transition metal oxide catalysts

3.4 MOFs catalysts

3.5 Single atom catalysts

4 Defect engineering: material design strategy for catalytic performance optimization

5 Conclusions and Prospects

Photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production is recognized as one of the most promising solutions to alleviate global energy crises and mitigate environmental pollution. As a typical ternary chalcogenide semiconductor with a layered structure, Zn₃In₂S₆ (ZIS) has garnered significant attention in the field of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, thanks to its favorable energy band structure, excellent visible-light response capability, and abundant surface active sites. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest research progress of ZIS-based nanomaterials in photocatalytic hydrogen production. First, it systematically elaborates on the fundamental properties of ZIS, including its hexagonal layered crystal structure, and its energy band characteristics, as well as the core mechanism of photocatalytic hydrogen production centered on the separation and migration of photogenerated carriers. Then, the review focuses on the application progress of ZIS-based nanomaterials in different photocatalytic hydrogen production systems: overall water splitting (achieving efficient carrier separation via S-scheme heterojunctions), hydrogen production in sacrificial agent systems (optimizing hole consumption paths with agents like lactic acid, formic acid, and triethanolamine to enhance efficiency), and bifunctional coupled reaction systems (including organic pollutant degradation coupled with hydrogen production, selective oxidation of alcohols such as benzyl alcohol and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural coupled with hydrogen production, and hydrogen peroxide synthesis coupled with hydrogen production). For each system, a comparative analysis is conducted on reaction mechanisms, advantages, disadvantages, performance optimization strategies (e.g., heterojunction construction, cocatalyst loading, defect engineering), and technical economy. Finally, the review discusses the current challenges faced by ZIS-based photocatalytic materials, especially in bifunctional coupled reaction systems, such as limited selectivity in organic oxidation, catalyst deactivation, and complex product separation, and proposes future development directions, including the design of atomically dispersed cocatalysts, in-situ mechanism studies using advanced characterization technologies, and integration with practical application scenarios like wastewater treatment. This review provides a systematic reference for the rational design and further development of high-performance ZIS-based photocatalytic materials for hydrogen production.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Structure and Properties of ZIS-based Nanomaterials

2.1 Crystal Structure

2.2 Optical Properties and Energy Band Structure

3 Mechanism of Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production

4 Research Progress on Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production by ZIS-based Nanomaterials

4.1 Overall Water Splitting for Hydrogen Production by ZIS

4.2 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production in Sacrificial Agents Systems

4.3 Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants Coupled with Hydrogen Production

4.4 Photocatalytic Selective Oxidation of BA/Biomass Alcohols Coupled with Hydrogen Production

4.5 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production Coupled with Hydrogen Peroxide Synthesis

5 Conclusions, Future Outlook, and Challenges

5.1 Conclusions

5.2 Future Outlook and Challenges

Self-enhanced electrochemiluminescence (SEECL), as an emerging analytical technique, significantly enhances electrochemiluminescence (ECL) efficiency by integrating luminophores and co-reactants into unified nanostructures or molecular frameworks, demonstrating substantial value in the fields of bioanalysis and environmental sensing. Based on the integration mode of luminophores and co-reactants, SEECL structures can be categorized into two types: covalently bonded SEECL and non-covalently bonded SEECL. Covalently bonded SEECL can be further divided into inorganic, organic, and nanoscale covalent bonding SEECL systems, while non-covalently bonded SEECL includes structures such as nanocarrier encapsulation, self-assembly, and metal-organic framework (MOF)-based SEECL. On the basis of summarizing the construction principle of SEECL, this paper summarizes its applications in areas including bioanalysis (protein biomarker detection, nucleic acid analysis, and enzyme activity monitoring), environmental sensing (trace detection of heavy metal ions and organic pollutants), food safety testing, wearable devices, and point-of-care testing (POCT). Additionally, the article addresses unresolved issues such as the stability, biocompatibility of SEECL materials and interference from complex matrices, and prospects its future development directions, providing a reference for subsequent research on SEECL.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Construction of SEECL systems

2.1 Mechanistic insights into SEECL

2.2 Covalent-bonded SEECL systems

2.3 Non-covalent-bonded SEECL Systems

3 Applications of SEECL

3.1 Bioanalysis

3.2 Environmental sensing

3.3 Other categories

4 Conclusion and prospect

The table salt we consume daily, sodium chloride crystal (NaCl), consists of one sodium atom for every chlorine atom. In fact, NaCl is the only crystal composed solely of sodium and chlorine elements that exists under normal temperature and pressure conditions. Recently, novel two-dimensional crystalline materials with unconventional stoichiometries, such as Na₂Cl and Na₃Cl, have successfully fabricated at ambient conditions. These two-dimensional (2D) crystals’ unique electronic structures endow them with novel attributes, which differ from those of conventional three-dimensional crystals. This review summarizes the recent progress made in the fabrication and analysis of the structures, distinctive features, and applications of these 2D unconventional-stoichiometry crystals Na₂Cl、 NaCl₂、CaCl、K_xCl and Li₂Cl on graphene surfaces in ambient conditions. Their special properties, including their piezoelectricity, metallicity, heterojunction, and room-temperature ferromagnetism, are paid particularly close attention. Finally, some significant prospects and further developments in this exciting interdisciplinary field are proposed.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Hydrated cation−π interactions on the graphene-based material surface

3 Two-dimensional Na₂Cl and Na₃Cl crystals of unconventional stoichiometries in ambient conditions

4 Two-dimensional NaCl₂ crystals of unconventional stoichiometries in ambient conditions

5 Two-dimensional CaCl, K_xCl, Li₂Cl, etc. crystals of unconventional stoichiometries in ambient conditions

6 Conclusion and outlook

Electrochemical CO₂ reduction (eCO₂R), as one of the pivotal technologies for achieving carbon neutrality strategic goals, demonstrates significant application potential in renewable energy storage and high-value chemical synthesis. The electrode-electrolyte interfacial electric double layer (EDL), serving as the highly active reaction zone, profoundly governs the overall system performance by coupling reaction kinetics at catalytic sites with interfacial mass transport processes. Conventional solid/liquid EDL systems suffer from limitations imposed by one-dimensional regulatory mechanisms relying on electric field-driven effects and static interfacial configurations, resulting in restricted ion spatial distributions and insufficient dynamic regulation dimensions. This inherent constraint hinders the synergistic optimization of interfacial reaction kinetics and mass transport processes. To address these challenges, we propose the construction of a "Metal-Organic Diffusion Layer" (MODL) architecture. Through molecular design strategies incorporating functionalized organic components (e.g., amphiphilic molecules, coordinating and charged polymers), this approach leverages their abundant functional groups and dynamic interfacial characteristics to precisely regulate the hierarchical condensed-phase structures within the MODL at the near-field microscopic scale (e.g., electrode crystallinity, reaction pathways), far-field mesoscopic scale (e.g., interfacial electric field, water molecular configuration), and macroscopic scale (e.g., interfacial wettability, mass transport channels), achieving precise regulation of spatial partitioning of electrode interfaces. This work will systematically analyze the organic-mediated dynamic coupling mechanism between the near-field catalytic core and far-field mass transport environment, elucidating their synergistic interplay in regulating CO₂ conversion pathways and interfacial kinetics. The established multi-dimensional MODL interfacial model provides a theoretical framework for deciphering intricate structure-performance relationships in electrochemical interfaces, laying scientific foundations for the rational design of efficient and stable eCO₂R catalytic systems.

In nanoscale metal particles, atoms of different elements can exhibit various condensed states: they may either fully mix to form homogeneous alloys or separate into distinct phases, creating heterogeneous structures. These diverse atomic arrangements significantly affect the electronic coupling and catalytic properties of the multimetallic nanoparticles. Precise control over the atomic condensed states within nanoparticles holds the promise of optimizing their electronic structures, offering significant opportunities for the design of novel nanocatalysts with distinctive properties. However, controlling atomic condensed states in nanoparticles using current wet-chemical methods remains challenging. In the synthesis of alloy nanomaterials, the intrinsic reduction potential differences between metal salts cause significant variations in reduction kinetics, making it difficult to achieve uniform alloying and precise control over the alloy compositions. In the synthesis of heterogeneous structures, the reduction potential differences cause galvanic replacement reactions between noble metal salts and less-stable metal nanostructures, limiting the controllability of nanocrystal growth. This paper reviews recent research progress in overcoming these synthesis limitations for controlled atomic condensed states of metal atoms in nanoparticles. Specifically, introducing an active hydrogen (i.e., hydrogen atoms or radicals) interfacial reduction mechanism has mitigated the impact of reduction potential differences, improving the mixing homogeneity of different metal atoms within nanoparticles. This approach also allows precise control over the content of each metal component within nanoparticles. By modulating the reduction potentials of metal salts, it has become possible to suppress the galvanic replacement reaction between noble metal salts and less-stable metal nanostructures, leading to a novel family of core-shell nanostructures with a less-stable metal core and a noble metal shell. By precisely regulating the atomic condensed states within multimetallic metal nanoparticles, researchers have been able to effectively tune the electronic structures of these materials, significantly improving the catalytic performance. These advancements highlight the potential of controlled atomic condensed states in multimetallic nanoparticles for developing high-performance catalysts across various applications.

The advancement of characterization techniques has emerged as a pivotal driving force in refining structural theories of condensed matter chemistry. The unique interaction mechanism between neutrons and atomic nuclei/unpaired electrons enables neutron scattering techniques to provide distinctive information on light elements, isotopes, neighboring elements, and magnetism, thereby establishing complementary advantages with conventional optical, X-ray, and electron characterization approaches. Recent progress in high-flux neutron sources and in situ experimental methodologies has significantly expanded the application scope of neutron scattering from fundamental physics to complex chemical systems, making it an indispensable tool for deciphering intricate microstructures/microdynamics and reaction mechanisms. Among various techniques, neutron diffraction is mainly used to achieve a precise determination of both local and bulk structures. Concurrently, neutron spectroscopy offers unparalleled insights into dynamic processes and thus is particularly valuable for studying chemical bond breaking/formation, molecular conformation, molecule/ion diffusion/transport, and so on. Other neutron techniques, such as neutron imaging and small-angle neutron scattering, demonstrate huge potential for providing characteristic mesoscopic and macroscopic information. This comprehensive review systematically examines recent advances in neutron scattering investigations of condensed matter chemistry, with case studies underscoring the irreplaceability of these techniques in elucidating structure−property relations in complex systems. Furthermore, we present current challenges such as flux limitations, time resolution constraints, and multimodal characterization integration. We also propose forward-looking perspectives on methodological developments and synergistic characterization frameworks. These discussions offer valuable theoretical references and methodological guidance for researchers pursuing multi-scale characterization in condensed matter chemistry.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 A brief overview of neutron scattering techniques

3 Neutron diffraction studies of condensed matter chemistry

3.1 Single-crystal neutron diffraction studies

3.2 Neutron powder diffraction studies

3.3 Neutron pair distribution function studies

4 Neutron spectroscopy studies of condensed matter chemistry

4.1 Inelastic neutron scattering studies

4.2 Quasielastic neutron scattering studies

5 Neutron imaging/scattering studies of condensed matter chemistry

5.1 Neutron imaging studies

5.2 Small-angle neutron scattering studies

6 Challenges and opportunities

6.1 Technical challenges

6.2 Future research directions

7 Conclusion and outlook

With the continuous advancement and refinement of research methodologies, structural chemistry should evolve from the traditional exploration of “the relationship between reactants-products and chemical reactions” to the higher level of revealing and utilizing “the relationship between the dynamic structure of matter in condensed states and its chemical reactions.” When discussing chemical reactions within condensed matter systems, we cannot disregard the significant influences of the dynamic evolutions in their structures and the coupling of environmental factors. To elucidate the connection between the spatial dimensions of solid material systems and chemical reactions, we introduce the spatial dimension of crystal materials by starting from Bloch theory. Changes in spatial dimensions, surface configurations, and heterostructures can significantly alter their physical properties, thereby affecting the related chemical reactions, and even modifying the reaction pathways. In this review, we will discuss the ways in which spatial confinement effects can influence catalytic reactions, as demonstrated by the performance of carbon nanotubes in the asymmetric hydrogenation of ethyl propionate. Under reaction conditions, the intrinsic structure of solid surfaces, as well as the defects and catalyst particles distributed on them, undergo a series of dynamic changes. Beyond temperature and pressure, the environmental conditions of the reaction system (including pH-values, external electric/magnetic fields, optical fields, etc.) can also dynamically influence the geometric and electronic configurations of defects and catalytically active sites. Through a comprehensive introduction to these examples, we aim to clearly and concisely demonstrate how the dimensionality and dynamic changes in solid material structures affect chemical reactions, thereby emphasizing the importance and essentiality of research in condensed matter structural chemistry.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Dimensions of solid-state systems

2.1 Reciprocal space and dimensions

2.2 Surface and edges

2.3 pH value

2.4 low-dimensional materials

2.5 Reactions in confined spaces

3 Dimensions of defects and impurities

3.1 0D: Point defects

3.2 1D: Line defects

3.3 2D: grain boundaries

4 Conclusion and outlook

Condensed matter chemistry possesses rich connotations and extensive potential for expansion, offering novel perspectives and insights into the understanding and recognition across multiple domains of chemistry. While its application in solid and liquid systems has been elucidated to some extent, further exploration and strengthening are required in broader chemical research fields and material states. As a substance intermediate between liquid and solid phases, gels exhibit multi-level network structures, diverse physical and chemical properties, and significant application prospects, making them an ideal candidate system for condensed matter chemistry investigations. From the perspective of condensed matter chemistry, this paper systematically expounds on the principles and applications of condensed matter chemistry within gel systems, as well as their mutual validation relationship, by exploring fundamental concepts and research contents in gel systems. Specific topics include: the application of condensed matter chemistry in gel preparation strategies and the resulting structural transformations; the multi-level structure of gels, ranging from microscopic atomic and molecular arrangements to mesoscopic nanoscale structures and macroscopic material configurations, along with their interrelationships; characterization methods and technologies in gel research and their correlation with gel structures; the utilization of condensed matter chemistry to interpret the physical and chemical properties of gels and the pathways and mechanisms of chemical reactions within gel systems; the relationship between gel material structure and performance, as well as interactions among components in complex systems; and typical applications of gel materials in tissue engineering, drug delivery, human-computer interfaces, and environmental science. The systematic elaboration and summary of these contents will enhance the understanding of condensed matter chemistry’s role in gel systems and provide theoretical foundations for the design and optimization of high-performance gel materials.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Preparation strategies of gels and condensed matter chemistry

3 The multi-level networks of gels and the characterization methods and techniques

3.1 The structures of gels and condensed matter chemistry

3.2 Characterization methods and techniques of gel structures

4 The physicochemical properties of gels and chemical reactions in gels

4.1 The physicochemical properties of gels

4.2 Chemical reactions in gels

5 The applications of gels

5.1 The applications of gels in tissue engineering

5.2 The applications of gels in drug delivery

5.3 The applications of gels in human-machine interface

5.4 The applications of gels in water treatment

6 Conclusion and outlook

This review summarizes recent advances in condensed matter chemistry within the field of macromolecular phase separation and self-assembly, with emphasis on polymer structure and morphology regulation, functional mechanisms of biomolecular condensates, and the application of multiscale theoretical simulations. Studies have shown that the hierarchical structures of polymers are highly sensitive to reaction conditions. Polymerization-induced phase separation and self-assembly represent key strategies for controlling structural evolution, while the coupling of kinetic factors plays a pivotal role in pattern formation. In biological systems, liquid-liquid phase separation of intrinsically disordered proteins and the subsequent formation of condensates are critical for cellular function. These condensates not only regulate biochemical reactions within their compartments but also undergo feedback regulation by these reactions, thereby forming complex dynamic networks. These intricately coupled processes call for more advanced methodologies. In this context, multiscale theoretical simulations, particularly hybrid approaches that integrate molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo methods, provide powerful tools to probe the formation and evolution of hierarchical structures under varying reaction conditions. Despite significant progress, several challenges remain. For instance, precise control over the driving forces of polymer phase separation and high-fidelity simulations of biomolecular condensate structure and function continue to be pressing issues. Future studies should focus on elucidating the dynamic effects of condensed-phase reactions on polymer hierarchical structures, systematically dissecting the structural regulation of biomolecular condensates, and further exploring the impact of chemical modifications on their multiscale organization. Such endeavors will not only deepen our understanding of the fundamental principles of condensed matter chemistry but also provide new theoretical support and research directions for the advancement of this field.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Condensed Phase Structures and Morphologies of Polymers

2.1 ……Structures and Morphologies of Polymers

2.2 ……Mechanisms of Polymerization-Induced Phase Separation (PIPS) and Self-Assembly (PISA)

2.3 ……Role of Kinetic Coupling in Pattern Formation

3 Biomolecular Condensates and Functional Phase Separation

3.1 ……Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation (LLPS) of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

3.2 ……Formation and Function of Biomolecular Condensates

3.3 ……Feedback Between Biochemical Reactions and Condensate Formation

4 Multiscale Theoretical Modeling Approaches

4.1 ……Coarse-Grained Modeling of Macromolecular Systems

4.2 ……Hybrid Molecular Dynamics/Monte Carlo (MD/MC) Techniques

4.3 ……Simulation of Structure Evolution Under Condensed-Phase Conditions

4.4 ……Modeling Challenges in Reactive and Biological Systems

5 Challenges and Future Perspectives

Catalytic materials offer multidimensional tunability for catalytic reactions, owing to their multi-level structural features in the condensed state, such as defect types, surface and interface configurations, and wettability. Aimed at maximizing reactive interfaces and enhancing catalytic efficiency, modulating hierarchical phase structures has emerged as a pivotal strategy for performance optimization in catalytic systems. The electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction reaction (eCO₂RR) system, as a typical solid-liquid-gas triple-phase interface reaction, inherently exhibits reaction kinetics and catalytic performance governed by the spatial distribution and dynamic characteristics of the triple-phase interface on catalyst surfaces. Therefore, the regulation of the triple-phase interface to maximize the reaction interface is a potent pathway to enhance the catalytic performance of eCO₂RR. This perspective systematically reviews the evolution from traditional liquid-solid biphasic interfaces to advanced solid-liquid-gas triple-phase interfaces delves into the primary challenges of constructing stable triple-phase interfaces on gas diffusion electrodes within the eCO₂RR system and summarizes the latest advancements in regulating the triple-phase interface by enhancing hydrophobicity. Achieving a fine balance between hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity (i.e., optimal wettability) is crucial for constructing an efficient triple-phase interface. On one hand, sufficient hydrophobicity is required to prevent excessive electrolyte infiltration; on the other hand, moderate hydrophilicity must be maintained to ensure the supply of reactants/ions from the electrolyte. Their dynamic equilibrium can significantly optimize the triple-phase interface structure, enhance mass transfer of reactants, and improve the effective utilization of catalytic active sites. These insights provide valuable guidelines for designing high-performance triple-phase interfaces in eCO₂RR and other gas-involving electrochemical processes, thereby promoting the development of sustainable energy technologies.

Contents:

1. Introduction

2. Condensed Matter Chemistry and eCO₂RR

3. Evolution of Solid-Liquid-Gas Interfaces and Their Challenges in Catalysis

4. Condensed-Matter-Based Strategies for Triple-phase Interface Regulation in eCO₂RR
4.1 Triple-phase Interface Construction
4.2 Wettability Regulation
4.3 Micro-Nano Structure Design

5. Conclusion and Outlook

Liquid-like surfaces (LLS), as novel bioinspired interfacial materials, form dynamic molecular brush interfaces through the covalent grafting of flexible polymers or alkyl molecular chains. This approach overcomes the limitations of traditional superhydrophobic surfaces (SHPS) and slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS), which heavily rely on micro/nanostructures or external lubricants. The core advantage of LLS lies in the high mobility of its molecular chains, which significantly reduces contact angle hysteresis (CAH) and sliding angle (SA), enabling droplet self-cleaning at minimal tilt angles or even on horizontal surfaces. This paper first elaborates on the liquid-repellent mechanism of LLS, which involves the use of flexible chains to mask substrate defects and reduce contact line pinning effects, thereby achieving dynamic droplet dewetting. Subsequently, it summarizes the three main types of LLS, including monolayers, polymer layers, and organic-inorganic hybrid layers, and analyzes the relationship between different structures and liquid-repellent performance. Next, the applications of LLS coatings in anti-icing, self-cleaning, graffiti resistance, anti-bioadhesion, directional liquid transport, anti-scaling, and membrane fouling inhibition are reviewed. Finally, the challenges faced by LLS coatings, such as mechanical durability and chemical stability, are discussed, along with future prospects for advancing multifunctional integration.

Graphynes are a kind of low-dimensional carbon material composed of sp- and sp²-hybridized carbon atoms with unique electronic conjugation topologies and tunable chemical properties. Recently, significant progress has been made in the synthesis methods of graphynes. Various derivative structures as well as different morphologies from nanosheets to macroscopic films have been achieved through dry or wet chemical methods, which provide important theoretical and experimental supports for designing new carbon materials. Due to the high specific surface areas, abundant chemically active sites, and adjustable bandgap structures, graphyne derivatives exhibit high nonlinear optical coefficients and ultra-fast carrier migration rates, revealing great application potential in nonlinear optics. In this paper, the structural classification, synthesis strategies, and third-order nonlinear optical properties of graphynes are systematically reviewed, aiming to provide references for practical applications of graphynes in optical and optoelectronic fields.

Copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) have gained prominence due to their remarkable color-tunable light emission and cost-effective, versatile solution-based synthesis. The use of various functional ligands in the synthesis of CuNCs enables the modulation of their emission wavelengths and enhances their environmental stability. These nanoclusters have found applications across diverse fields, including catalysis, sensing, bioimaging, and optoelectronics. This review offers a focused and up-to-date perspective by covering literature from the past decade (2015-2025) with an explicit emphasis on practical environmental matrices, including heavy metal ions, organic pollutants, pharmaceuticals, and other environmental contaminants. It systematically compares sensing mechanisms (e.g., fluorescence quenching, turn-on responses, ratiometric and inner-filter effects) and provides tabulated limits of detection for key heavy metals, organic pollutants, and pharmaceuticals to facilitate direct benchmarking. Finally, the review highlights translational gaps for in-field deployment, such as matrix interferences, long-term stability of ligand-stabilized CuNCs, sample pre-treatment needs, and the absence of standardized validation protocols and proposes targeted research directions to bridge laboratory advances with real-world environmental monitoring.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging proton-conducting materials widely used in the modification of proton exchange membranes (PEM). Among them, the UiO-66 series MOFs (UiO-MOFs) exhibit high thermal and chemical stability, and are easy to synthesize and modify, making them ideal for PEM modification. This paper primarily reviews related research on UiO-MOFs used for PEM modification over the past five years from the perspective of filler design and preparation. Section II introduces the materials and proton conduction mechanisms of UiO-MOFs. Section III summarizes the design of ligands and metal clusters in UiO-MOFs, such as acid/base group modifications and metal cluster replacements. Section IV consolidates the methods for post-synthetic modifications of UiO-MOFs, such as grafting acid/base groups using active functional groups from external crystal structures. Section V presents various composite schemes involving UiO-MOFs and other materials to construct composite fillers with different dimensionalities. Finally, the summary highlights unresolved issues regarding the use of UiO-MOFs in PEMs and proposes future research directions.

The complexity of sodium-storage mechanisms has become a key bottleneck limiting the deployment of high-performance carbon-based anodes in commercial sodium-ion batteries. In hard-carbon anodes, Na-storage involves multiscale, coupled processes that are challenging to characterize. Machine learning (ML) can bridge the experiment-characterization-simulation divide, rapidly uncover nonlinear multivariate relationships and key structure-property descriptors, complement theoretical calculations by mitigating limitations in time/length scales and data scarcity, and enable predictions of capacity plateaus, diffusion kinetics, and cycling stability. Building on a critical synthesis of Na-storage mechanisms in hard carbon, this review distills core ML strategies and representative applications to support interpretable, data-driven design of high-capacity, long-life carbon anodes, highlighting ML-centered approaches for probing alkali-ion behavior. The aim is to provide theoretical guidance and practical design rules for the future design and optimization of carbon-based anode materials.

All-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries (ASSLSBs) are regarded as one of the most promising next-generation energy storage systems due to their ultrahigh theoretical energy density (2600 Wh/kg) and enhanced safety. Current bottleneck issues primarily stem from the sluggish redox kinetics and mechanical degradation of sulfur-based cathodes in solid-state systems. Therefore, developing advanced characterization techniques to elucidate the behavior of sulfur cathodes in solid-state configurations is crucial for optimizing battery design and enhancing performance. This review summarizes recent research progress in advanced characterization technologies for cathode development in all-solid-state Li-S batteries. Through representative case studies, it comprehensively explores how X-ray, electron, optical, and other emerging techniques reveal the sluggish kinetics and degradation mechanisms of sulfur-based cathodes, providing guidance for high-performance cathode design. Finally, the article prospects future development directions of characterization technologies in solid-state Li-S battery cathodes and summarizes current challenges, offering valuable insights and references for future research endeavors.

Efficient recovery and recycling of phosphorus are of dual strategic significance to alleviate global phosphorus shortage and eutrophication. As a green, economical and multifunctional porous carbon material, biochar is an ideal carrier for phosphorus recovery and slow-release utilization. This paper discusses the influence of biomass feedstock and pyrolysis process on phosphorus adsorption capacity, and puts forward the principles of feedstock screening and preparation process optimization. Secondly, the metal modification-based enhancement strategy is analyzed in detail, and the mechanism and advantages of metal doping in enhancing phosphorus adsorption performance are clarified. Next, the synergistic effects involving electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, ligand exchange and surface precipitation during biochar phosphorus adsorption are systematically revealed, and functional groups and Lewis acid-base interactions contribute to the selectivity of phosphorus adsorption. The application of slow-release kinetic models to evaluate the phosphorus release mechanism is discussed, and a phosphorus fertilizer efficiency evaluation system is established by integrating slow-release characteristics and agronomic effect assessment. Finally, the future problems and directions are outlined to provide theoretical references for advancing this field.

As a clean and efficient secondary energy source, hydrogen energy represents a strategic pillar for future energy transition, capable of replacing fossil fuels to achieve deep decarbonization in industries, transportation, and other sectors. In recent years, seawater electrolysis has emerged as a promising route for green hydrogen production, owing to its potential to utilize seawater as a feedstock and address offshore wind power utilization challenges in remote marine areas. However, current research on seawater electrolysis predominantly focuses on catalyst development at the material level, with insufficient attention to synergistic optimization at the system and process levels. To bridge this gap, this review systematically summarizes the state-of-the-art technologies and future trends in seawater electrolysis systems and processes. The system is decomposed into four key components: electrolyzer, power supply system, gas-liquid separation system, and gas purification system, with a comprehensive analysis of their current research progress. Additionally, this paper highlights innovations in non-catalyst aspects, including technological and methodological advancements. Finally, future directions and application prospects for seawater electrolysis systems are discussed, emphasizing the importance of integrated system design, scalability, and cost-effectiveness to accelerate industrial deployment. This work aims to provide insights into the holistic development of seawater electrolysis technology for sustainable hydrogen production.

Inspired by the stimulation of biological systems, cyclic dipeptides self-assemble through the synergistic driving of various non-covalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking, to form functional materials with long-range ordered nanostructures, whose excellent physicochemical properties, such as unique photo-responsive properties and biocompatibility, have a wide range of applications in the fields of bio-photovoltaics and energy harvesting. In this paper, we focus on the structure-mechanism-function linkage of cyclic dipeptide self-assembly, and systematically illustrate its transition from basic research of molecular design to application. At the level of self-assembly mechanism, the entropy-driven crystallization dynamics is revealed, and the intermolecular forces and stacking arrangement are confirmed by crystallographic characterization techniques; at the level of functionality, the multi-dimensional applications of cyclic dipeptides as low-loss organic optical waveguide materials, piezoelectric sensors, and anti-bacterial and anticancer materials are analyzed. Through the establishment of non-covalent interaction network-microstructure-macroscopic performance constitutive model, we will point out the technical route for the development of biodegradable bioelectronic devices and intelligent drug delivery systems, and promote the cyclic dipeptide materials from basic research to the leapfrog development of precision medicine and flexible electronics industry.

With the increasing proportion of renewable energy in the energy structure, the development of efficient and safe secondary battery energy storage technologies is crucial for addressing the challenges of integrating intermittent energy sources such as wind and solar power into the grid. Due to its unique structure and physicochemical properties, graphite anode material has been widely used in lithium-ion batteries. Inspired by the lithium storage behavior of graphite, its application in other metal-ion batteries has also been extensively studied, demonstrating significant potential. However, the application of graphite anode materials in various metal-ion secondary batteries still lacks a comprehensive understanding. This review analyzes the electrochemical behavior of graphite in different metal-ion secondary battery systems, identifies the challenges faced by graphite materials, and highlights the primary strategies and current research progress in addressing these issues. The aim is to provide a reference for the development of high-performance and sustainable graphite-based energy storage batteries.

In recent years, visible-light-promoted palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions and C-H functionalization have witnessed remarkable advances in the field of organic synthesis. By utilizing photoexcited palladium complexes to mediate single-electron transfer (SET) processes, researchers have effectively addressed challenges associated with the activation of inert bonds in conventional thermal catalytic systems. This strategy has notably expanded the scope of applicable substrates and improved compatibility with diverse functional groups. This review highlights recent developments in visible-light-induced palladium-catalyzed Negishi coupling, Suzuki-Miyaura coupling, Heck reaction, three-component coupling, as well as C-H functionalization. Particular emphasis is placed on the distinct advantages of photoexcited palladium catalysis in enabling inert bond activation, regioselective control, and stereoselective transformations. This Pd/photoredox dual catalytic strategy significantly enhances reaction regioselectivity and stereocontrol, substantially broadening the substrate scope and functional group tolerance. It demonstrates particular utility in the construction of fluorinated molecules, strained rings, and heterocyclic architectures, offering a novel and efficient green pathway for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, functional materials, and natural products, thereby revealing considerable application potential.

Since the widespread acceptance between 1960s and 1970s, the condensed matter physics has undergone rapid development. Condensed matter physics primarily investigates the geometric and electronic structures of solid and liquid substances, as well as the resulting microscopic and macroscopic physical phenomena such as sound, light, electricity, magnetism, heat, etc. Meanwhile, the field of chemistry has also evolved significantly, especially in the last two decades, with advancements in theoretical chemistry and chemical characterization techniques. Researchers have gradually come to realize that chemical reactions are not merely straightforward transformations from reactants to products. The structural hierarchy of the reaction system plays a crucial role in the progression of chemical reactions. There has been a growing emphasis on the in-situ characterization of chemical reactions, and efforts have been made to explore the dynamic changes in the material structures at different levels within the system under reaction conditions. These developments can be considered as the nascent stages of condensed matter chemistry research. Physics and chemistry have always been intertwined and mutually reinforcing natural sciences. Currently, new phenomena and theories in condensed matter physics continue to emerge. Introducing these new physical phenomena and theories into chemical research is a highly worthwhile exploration area. The present review will briefly introduce some relatively recent concepts in condensed matter physics (e.g., surface plasmon polariton, topological insulators, quasicrystals, local micro-electric/magnetic fields, light-matter interactions, alternating magnets, etc.) and their applications in chemistry. The aim is to illustrate the application potentials of cutting-edge condensed matter physics research in chemistry, provide insights into advancing traditional chemical research to the realm of condensed matter chemistry, and contribute to the development of condensed matter chemistry.

Contents

1 Introduction: From solid-state physics to condensed matter physics

2 Condensed matter in chemical reaction systems

2.1 Dynamic interface configurations in reactions

2.1.1 Reactions on solid-gas interfaces

2.1.2 Reactions on solid-liquid interfaces

2.1.3 Reactions on solid-Solid interfaces

2.2 External electric field

2.3 Other external fields

2.4 Microenvironments

3 New chemical methods from the new concepts of condensed matter physics

3.1 Quantum confinement effects

3.2 Surface plasmon polariton

3.3 Topological insulator

4 Conclusion and outlook

Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reactions (CO₂RR) have become an important means of building sustainable energy systems due to their potential to convert carbon dioxide into high-value chemicals under mild conditions, as global carbon dioxide emissions become increasingly serious. This review provides a systematic overview of the research progress in the construction of CO₂RR electrodes, with a focus on the structural design principles of the electrodes. It highlights typical construction strategies for metal-based, carbon-based, and emerging electrode structures, analyzing the effects of conductivity, pore structure, and three-phase interface stability on electron transport, carbon dioxide mass transfer, and product desorption behavior.

It particularly emphasizes the crucial role of surface and interface engineering in enhancing catalytic selectivity and long-term stability, and summarizes cutting-edge construction methods such as 3D printing, bio-inspired modification of electrodes, and the use of derivative materials. Although existing research has made significant progress under laboratory conditions, challenges such as structural stability, construction costs, and large-scale manufacturability remain to be addressed in practical applications. Therefore, this review proposes that future research should be conducted in a coordinated manner in the areas of interface microenvironment control, structural modeling, and manufacturing process simplification to achieve efficient, stable, and scalable CO₂RR electrode systems.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 CO₂RR mechanism

3 CO₂RR Electrode Construction

3.1 Transition metal-based

3.2 Carbon-based

3.3 Emerging Structures and 3D Printed Electrodes

4 Surface and Interface Engineering

5 Conclusion and outlook

Recent advances in machine learning (ML) have demonstrated remarkable potential in revolutionizing the design, property prediction, and synthesis optimization of nanomaterials, facilitating a paradigm shift from traditional empirical approaches to data-driven methodologies in nanoscience. This review systematically examines the research frameworks and cutting-edge developments in ML-assisted nanomaterial design and fabrication, with a focus on representative material systems, including zero-dimensional quantum dots, one-dimensional nanotubes, two-dimensional materials, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Key technical aspects such as data acquisition and feature engineering, supervised and unsupervised modeling, generative algorithms, and automated experimental platforms are critically discussed. Furthermore, we highlight emerging challenges and future directions, emphasizing the need for standardized databases, physics-informed ML models, and closed-loop experimental systems to enable intelligent and efficient nanomaterial development. This work provides a comprehensive methodological reference for the integration of ML in next-generation nanomaterial research.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Machine Learning Application Framework

2.1 Acquisition and Standardized Preprocessing of High-Quality Data

2.2 Representation Methods and Feature Engineering for Material Structures

2.3 Model Construction and Training

2.4 Validation and Generalization Assessment

2.5 Performance Prediction and Material Screening

2.6 Inverse Design and Generative Structural Optimization

3 Representative Research Progress

3.1 Zero-Dimensional Nanomaterials

3.2 One-Dimensional Nanomaterials

3.3 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials

3.4 Metal-Organic Frameworks

4 Conclusion and Outlook

The electrocatalytic urea oxidation reaction (UOR) has emerged as an energy-efficient alternative to the traditional oxygen evolution reaction for hydrogen production, with mechanistic understanding being critical for the rational design of catalysts. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in in situ characterization techniques for elucidating the dynamic reaction mechanisms of UOR. Studies reveal that phase transitions, valence state migration, and electronic structure evolution of catalysts under operational conditions are key factors governing activity and stability. Techniques such as in situ X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy enable real-time monitoring of catalyst reconstruction, intermediate evolution, and interfacial adsorption behavior, overcoming the environmental deviations inherent in conventional ex situ characterization. When combined with theoretical calculations, these methods provide direct evidence for identifying active-site configurations, reaction pathways, and rate-determining steps. In addition, special emphasis is placed on multimodal in situ strategies for deciphering synergistic effects in nickel-based catalysts, while current challenges including non-alkaline systems, real wastewater environments, and multi-metal cooperation mechanisms are critically discussed. Future research should focus on developing novel in situ approaches for complex systems and establishing a mutually reinforcing framework integrating theoretical prediction and experimental validation, thereby advancing UOR catalyst design from empirical exploration to mechanism-guided optimization.

Cell heterogeneity is key to understanding life processes such as embryonic development and disease evolution, while traditional bulk cell RNA sequencing cannot resolve gene expression differences at the single-cell level. Although single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology can construct transcriptomic maps at single-cell resolution, it faces challenges such as low efficiency in single-cell isolation and capture, and large deviations in trace RNA manipulation. Microfluidic chip technology, through a microscale fluid manipulation system, integrates processes such as single-cell isolation, lysis, reverse transcription, amplification, and sequencing library construction, achieving high-throughput, low sample loss, and automated operations, which significantly improves the efficiency and data reliability of scRNA-seq. This paper outlines the sequencing process of scRNA-seq, including steps such as single-cell isolation and capture, RNA extraction, reverse transcription and amplification, and single-cell sequencing. It analyzes the core advantages of microfluidic chips in adapting to single cells, precisely controlling reaction volumes, and realizing process automation, and briefly describes the technical principles and characteristics of representative platforms such as Fluidigm C1, 10X Genomics Chromium, and BD Rhapsody. Microfluidic chip technology provides an efficient and precise technical platform for scRNA-seq. In the future, with the continuous optimization of chip design and the improvement of multi-omics integrated analysis capabilities, we expect it to play a more profound role in resolving complex biological systems, revealing disease mechanisms, and even promoting precision medicine.