Lithium-sulfur battery has been receiving more attention due to its high theoretical energy density of 2 600Wh/kg. However, there are still some serious problems for sulfur cathode in organic electrolyte, including the lower utilization and poor cycle performance of sulfur active material, which becomes a big barrier for the research and development of lithium-sulfur battery. This review introduces the recent research process of sulfur-carbon composite cathode based on various porous carbon to support elemental sulfur. The larger surface area and developed porosity of porous carbon are beneficial for the homogeneous dispersion of elemental sulfur, and the strong adsorbability arising from the micropores or mesopores can successfully restrain the solubility and loss of lithium polysulfides, thus leading to the improved electrochemical performance of the composite cathodes. Accordingly, this article mainly illustrates the electrochemical capacity and cycle stability of the composites arising from the various pore size of porous carbon. By comparing, it is suggested that hierarchical porous carbon with highly developed micropores and mesopores is the most promising carrier to loading elemental sulfur, as it can ensure both the excellent electrochemical cycle stability and larger electrochemical capacity of the sulfur cathode.

Nucleophilic ring opening reactions of unsymmetric oxiranes and their regioselectivity with widely used nucleophiles are reviewed. Strong nucleophiles attack the less substituted carbon atom of unsymmetric oxiranes, whatever alkyl, alkenyl, and aryloxiranes, controlled by the steric hindrance only. They can undergo an S_N2' ring-opening reaction with alkenyloxiranes via the attack on the β-carbon atom of their alkenyl group. Other nucleophiles generally attack the less substituted carbon atom for alkyloxiranes, controlled by the steric hindrance, but attack the arylmethyl and allyl carbon atom for aryl and alkenyloxiranes, controlled by the electronic effect. In the presence of proton acids or strong Lewis acids, although monoalkyloxiranes are attacked on their less substituted carbon atom with nucleophiles (steric hindrance control), aryl, alkenyl, and geminal dialkyloxiranes are attacked on their more substituted carbon atom with weak nucleophiles (electronic effect control). The regioselectivity of intramolecular nucleophilic ring opening reaction of oxiranes is controlled by the ring size of products. The favorable order is five-membered ring > six-membered ring > seven-membered ring. Thus, the regioselectivity is controlled by a balance between the steric hindrance and electronic effect of oxiranes and nucleophiles.

Soft x-ray photon spectroscopy represents a category of instrumental techniques to effectively probe the electronic and chemical structure of molecules, surfaces, and a variety of complexes by core excitations or de-excitations. The basic computational methods, based on the density functional theory, for different absorption and emission processes are reviewed in this paper. Special attention has been paid to the practical implementations and applications of different methods. Details on the simulations of commonly used K-edge x-ray photoelectron, absorption, and emission spectra for a wide range of illustrative examples including molecules, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphenes and DNA, are provided.

Fossil energy crisis and global climate change are two major challenges in the 21st century. Biodiesel, as an environmentally friendly and renewable alternative energy source to petroleum diesel, has drawn worldwide attention. Compared with vegetable oil and animal fats, algal lipid is considered to be one of future biodiesel feedstocks because of the microalgae characterized in its easy cultivation and high lipid content. The genetic engineering has now become a new research hotpoint to enhance the lipid metabolism pathway, thus to improve the lipid content of oil-rich microalgae. In this paper, the advances of lipid biosynthesis pathway in microalgae, and the metabolic regulation strategies for increasing lipid accumulation are reviewed. The importance of Kennedy pathway enhancement in the microalgal TAG biosynthesis is elaborated based on the fact that the enhanced glycerol acyltransferase expression in plants can increase the metabolism of Kennedy pathway intermediates flux, thereby increasing the triacylglycerols (TAG) accumulation. The current genetic transformation methods of microalgae and their key scientific and technical issues, as well as the possibility and prospects of genetic engineering metabolic pathways to regulate the microalgae lipid production are further discussed in detail. Contents
1 Introduction
2 TAG biosynthesis pathways
3 Kennedy pathway strengthened TAG biosynthesis
3.1 Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH)
3.2 Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT)
3.3 Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT)
3.4 Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT)
4 Genetic transformation of oil-rich microalgae
4.1 Genetic transformation methods
4.2 Selection markers and promoters
5 Factors affecting protein expression
5.1 Codon usage
5.2 Gene position and copy number
5.3 Protein stability
6 Conclusions and outlook

The discovery of antimalarial drug qinghaosu and its derivatives is another milestone in the history of antimalarial drug research right after quinine. It is a significant achievement by Chinese researchers under well-organized collaboration among governmental departments and research institutions in different scientific fields. It is also an exemplary case of utilization of Chinese traditional herbal medicine. With its unique molecular structure and outstanding bio-activities, qinghaosu has been proven as a worthy subject for in-depth studies with profound influence, not only for pharmacy, but also for phytochemistry, biogenetic synthesis and organic synthetic chemistry, chemical biology, etc. A great amount of work has been done in the last 30 years, and a lot more issues to be explored. Researchers need to seize the opportunity and make more achievements.

Contents
1 The discovery of qinghaosu – a great achievement of team cooperation
2 The development of a series of relative disciplines boosted by qinghaosu
3 Conclusion – musing on the discovery of qinghaosu

As a special type of resources,salt lakes have important scientific,economic values and environmental effects. Salt lakes are store houses of mineral salts. The productive elements (such as lithium,magnesium,potassium,boron,etc.) among salt lakes,are precious resources with strategic interest for the development of economics and society of China.This paper briefly reviews the characteristics and techniques in comprehensive utilization of Qinghai salt lake resources and proposes some suggestions in scientific, as well as political and strategic level.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Potassium
2.1 The technique of potassium chloride
2.2 The technique of potassium sulfate
3 Lithium
3.1 Calcination method
3.2 Extraction method
3.3 Adsorption method
3.4 Selective membrane method
3.5 Carbonization method
4 Boron
4.1 Acidification-cooling crystallization
4.2 Acidification-direct crystallization
4.3 Solvent extraction
4.4 Other methods
5 Magnesium
5.1 Magnesium hydroxide
5.2 Magnesium oxide
5.3 Magnesium metal and alloys
5.4 Magnesium oxychloride cements
6 Summary and prospects

In recent years, ionic liquids have attracted considerable interest in batteries because of their unusual properties, such as high thermal stability, high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical window, negligible vapor pressure and nonflammability, etc. In this paper, the recent research advances of key technologies on the application of ionic liquids in batteries are reviewed, especially on the results of our research team focus on ionic liquid-based functional electrolytes for lithium secondary battery, supercapacitor and fuel cell. Furthermore, the current problems as well as the corresponding research directions are discussed, and the possible application prospects are also proposed.

Graphene is the first free-standing two-dimensional atomic crystal which has been found so far. Graphene is the building block for the sp² carbon materials, such as zero-dimensional fullerenes, one-dimensional carbon nanotubes and three-dimensional bulk graphite. Also, it exhibits many remarkable electronic and mechanical properties. So it has become one of the hottest topics in the area of materials science and condensed-matter physics nowadays and also attracted more and more attention from scientists in diverse fields, such as chemistry, materials and so on. In this paper, we briefly introduce the research advances of graphene in recent years, including the preparation, reduction, chemical modification, application, perspectives and so on.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The discovery of graphene
3 The preparation of graphene
3.1 Chemosynthesis - "bottom-up"
3.2 Synthesis from graphite
4 The application of graphene
4.1 Sensor
4.2 Hydrogen storage
4.3 Drug carrier
4.4 Selective ion passage
4.5 Electrode materials
4.6 Others
5 Perspectives

This paper reviews the relationship between synthesis, structures and properties of intercalation electrodes with layered LixMO2 and spinel LixM2O4 structures (M = Co、Ni、Mn、V ) as cathodes, and graphite, disordered carbon and metal oxide as anodes in Li ion batteries. Emphasisis focused on the structural properties of intercalation electrode materials which are related to the rechargeable capacity and stability during cycling of Li ions. 118 references are given.

Materials of metallorganic frameworks is a new kind of functional materials being largely researched now.The principles of design,preparation process,the factors effecting on the structure and the development status of synthesis for metallorganic frameworks(MOFs) are discussed. The applications of the new kind of poly2function materials in the aspect of catalyst,gas storage and separation are summarized. In addition,suggestions of the prospective design,synthesis and applications are presented.

The recent progress in the studies on rhodamines is reviewed. The structure, design idea, synthesis, effects and applications of rhodamines are discussed in detail.

Metal nanoparticles have received much attention due to their intriguing optical，electrical and chemical properties and their potential applications. In recent years, controlling nanoparticles’size and shapes，improving their stability and monodisperisity，increasing their yield and purity are the central challenges, thus development and improvement of the synthetic methods to metal nanoparticles have become more and more important. In this paper, several chemical synthetic routes, including reduction by chemicals, electrochemistry, and irradiation, etc, of metal nanoparticles have been summarized. Especially the inorganic and organic reducing agents, the capping agents including N-, P-, COOH-, SH-containing molecules and polymers, and the mechanisms involved in the chemical preparation are discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Reducing methods often used in the preparation of metal nanoparticles
2.1 Reducing agents and mechanisms in the reduction by chemicals
2.2 Other reducing methods
3 Capping agents and mechanisms common used in the preparation of metal nanoparticles
3.1 Thiols and their derivatives
3.2 Carboxylic acids and their derivatives
3.3 Amino and amide compounds
3.4 Organic phosphines
3.5 Surfactants
3.6 Polymers
3.7 Cyclodextrin and its derivatives
4 Conclusion

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, or EIS, is one of the most powerful tools to analyze electrochemical processes occurring at electrode/electrolyte interfaces, and has been widely applied to the analysis of the insertion/desertion process of lithium ion in the intercalation electrode for lithium ion battery. In this paper, the ascription of each time constant of the EIS spectra is discussed, based on the analysis of the common EIS features of intercalation electrode. The kinetic parameters in the lithium ion insertion/desertion，dependent on temperature and electrode polarization, such as the charge transfer resistance, the electronic resistance of activated material, the resistance of SEI film that lithium ion transferring through, are also discussed based on the theoretical analysis.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The common EIS features of intercalation electrode
3 The analysis of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
3.1 The analysis of high-frequency arc
3.2 The analysis of medium to high-frequency arc
3.3 The analysis of medium -frequency arc
3.4 The analysis of low-frequency straight line
3.5 The analysis of the lowest-frequency domain
4 Conclusion

The research progress of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film in lithium ion balleries is reviewed. Based on the mechanism and models of SEI, the possible effect factors on the SEI film and its modification methods are given. The applications of different analysis technology, especially the in. situ analysis technology are discussed. The SEI film formed on cathode surface and the interaction between electrodes based on aqueous binding materials and electrolyte solu-tion would be the hotspot in the future.

This paper makes a review on current research and development in contaminated soil remediation technologies at home and abroad, and also discusses demand for development in soil remediation technologies in China. This review indicates that systematic remediation technologies for contaminated soil have been developed, which included bioremediation, physical/chemical remediation and integrated remediation. Six research and development trends in soil remediation are summarized as follows: green and environmentally-friendly bioremediation, combined and hybride remediation, in situ remediation, environmentally functional material based remediation, equipment based site remediation, remediation decision supporting system and post-remediation assessment. It needs in China to develop wide-use, safe, cost-effective in situ bioremediation and physical/chemical stabilization technologies for agricultural farmland soil, to develop safe, land reusable, site-specific physical/chemical and engineering remediation technologies for heavily polluted industrial site, and to develop phytostabilization and eco-engineering remediation technologhies for controlling soil erosion and pollutants transport in mined area. Besides, it also needs to develop national guidelines, standards and management policies for contaminated soil remediation.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Current researches in contaminated soil remediation technologies
2.1 Bioremediation technologies for contaminated soil
2.2 Physical remediation technologies for contaminated soil
2.3 Chemical or physico-chemical remediation technologies for contaminated soil
2.4 Combined remediation technologies for contaminated soil
3 Trends in development of contaminated soil remediation technologies
3.1 Green and environmentally-friendly bioremediation technologies
3.2 Combined and hybride remediation technologies
3.3 In situ remediation technologies
3.4 Environmentally functional materials based remediation technologies
3.5 Equipment based site remediation technologies
3.6 Remediation decision supporting system and post-remediation assessment technologies
4 Opinions on R&D of contaminated soil remediation technologies in China
4.1 Soil contamination situation in China
4.2 Demands in R&D of contaminated soil remediation technologies
5 Conclusion

This review focuses on the recent studies of polylactides, including the homopolymers, copolymers and crosslinked systems. The applications of those biodegradable materials and the prospects of polylactides are also discussed.

TiO₂-based heterogeneous photocatalysis has the potential to degrade environmental pollutants by solar energy. The contaminants can be mineralized to CO₂,H₂O and other small molecules. The paper deals with the principle and mechanism of photocatalysis on TiO₂, the ways for enhancing photocatalytic efficiency, and the methods and problems of TiO₂photocatalysis for degradations of several typical contaminants. The recent developments in TiO₂ photocatalysis and its application prospects for the treatment of waste water are introduced.

The cathode (positive electrode) is the single (or major) donor of lithium ions in current lithium ion batteries. It is becoming the bottleneck to the increase of energy density and the decrease of cost of lithium ion batteries. This review presents the research progress in our laboratory in surface modification and structural designing of cathode materials after a brief introduction to the structures, the performance features and the main problems of some typical cathode materials.

The study of biological macromolecules has been one of the popular and difficult research area in liie science in recent years. The study of protein denaturation is conductive to reveal the mechanism of living phenomenon. Using the methods of spectroscopy and thermodynamics, one can study the problems of protein denaturation from the microscopic and macroscopic aspects respectively. The thermodynamic parameters which manifest the protein denaturation can be obtained in the study. All the studies are significant to understand more deeply and precisely the folding and unfolding, the stability and denaturation of proteins and the metabolism in living systems. In recent years, much hard work has been done by scholars from all over the world. These work has mainly involved the denaturation mechanism of proteins in water, in the solution with denaturant and in the solution with other matters. The thermodynamic parameters, which be used to manifest the protein denaluration, are heat capacity, Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy. The recent progress in study of protein denaturation is reviewed.

The research field of conducting polymers has been developed since 1970s, and has attracted much attention due to their promising applications. In this paper, the discovery and developments of conducting polymers were introduced. The structures, doping characteristics, preparation methods, conductivity and electrochemical properties of conducting polymers, as well as the photoelectronic properties of conjugated polymers, were reviewed. In addition, possible applications and present hot topics of conducting polymers were discussed.

In recent years, chemists have paid much attention to multiscale phenomena, more generally multiscale science investigating coupled cross-scales problems. The multiscale phenomena of all kinds of fields, including chemistry is analyzed. A research framework for multiscale studies is proposed and possible frontiers for multiscale science are pre-dicted . We emphasize that multiscale phenomena are the most challenging and multiscale science should be treated as a promising independent subject.

The models of charge carrier mobility in organic semiconductors are briefly described. The measurement principles of various experiment techniques for charge carrier mobility in organic semiconductors are especially illustrated. Which include the constant wave current-voltage (CW I-V), time of flight (TOF) , transient electroluminescence, dark injection space charge limited current (DI SCLC), field-effect transistor (FET), flash-photolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity technique (FR TRMC), voltage-modulated millimeter-wave spectroscopy (VMS), photoinduced transient Stark spectroscopy, impedance(admittance) spectroscopy. The advantages, disadvantages and recent progress, the critical technical issues and the different applying fields are reviewed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The models of charge carriers’ mobility in the organic semiconductor
3 Measurement methods of charge carrier mobility in organic semiconductors
3.1 Constant wave current-voltage (CW I-V)
3.2 Time of flight (TOF)
3.3 Transient electroluminescence
3.4 Dark injection space charge limited current (DI SCLC)
3.5 Field effect transistor (FET)
3.6 Flash-photolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity technique (FR TRMC)
3.7 Voltage-modulated millimeter-wave spectroscopy (VMS)
3.8 Photoinduced transient Stark spectroscopy
3.9 Impedance（admittance） spectroscopy
4 Conclusion

In recent years, due to an attractive application prospect of intelligent hydrogel in drug controlled release, gene transfer, tissue engineering and other fields, the research about intelligent hydrogel is very active. The synthetic hydrogels are mainly prepared by acrylic acid and its derivatives, acrylamide and its derivatives. Synthetic hydrogel has good stability, but its biodegradability and biocompatibility are poor. The raw materials of natural hydrogel include chitosan, sodium alginate, cellulose, starch, etc. These polysaccharides have good biocompatibility and biodegradability, and at the same time, they are cheaper and easier to manufacture. As a result, the natural hydrogels are superior to synthetic hydrogels for drug controlled release. Sodium alginate is an anionic linear polysaccharide composed of (1→4)-β-D -mannuronic acid (M) and (1→4)-α-L -guluronic acid (G). Each uronic acid unit contains a carboxyl group, under neutral or basic conditions, sodium alginate shows the properties of the polyanion electrolyte. In this review, the preparation methods of sodium alginate hydrogel are introduced in detail, including physical crosslinking, chemical crosslinking, enzymatic crosslinking, interpenetrating polymer network. The application of sodium alginate hydrogel in drug release is also introduced, including oral administration, subcutaneous administration, mucosal administration, pulmonary administration, transdermal administration. Finally, the problems in research and prospect of sodium alginate hydrogels are discussed. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation of sodium alginate hydrogels
2.1 Physical crosslinking
2.2 Chemical crosslinking
2.3 Enzymatic crosslinking
2.4 Interpenetrating polymer network
3 The application of sodium alginate hydrogel in drug release
3.1 Oral administration
3.2 Subcutaneous administration
3.3 Mucosal administration
3.4 Pulmonary administration
3.5 Transdermal administration
4 Problems and outlook

There is a history of more than 90 years about Maillard reaction. Many papers indicated that the products of Maillard reaction is closely related to food , diabetes , cataract , Alzheimer’s disease etc. Recently , the research of Maillard reaction is more and more focused on the following aspects : protein crosslinking , melanoidins , kinetic , acrylamide etc. The review is limited on the progress of Maillard reaction in the four aspects.

Silica modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilanes (APTS) has been widely used in the fields of biochemistry, analytical chemistry, catalyst technology and electronics, etc. In this review we summarize the recent progress on chemical modification of silica with APTS. The typical strategies for APTS modification and the characterization methods for the APTS layers on silica surface are introduced, and the controllability of the different methods for surface APTS modification of silica, the structure and stability of the surface APTS layers are discussed.