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Progress in Chemistry 2023, Vol. 35 Issue (4): 543-559 DOI: 10.7536/PC221122 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Catalytic Mechanism of Oxygen Vacancy Defects in Metal Oxides

Yue Yang1, Ke Xu1, Xuelu Ma1,2()   

  1. 1. School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology,Beijing 100083, China
    2. Fujian Key Laboratory of Functional Marine Sensing Materials,Minjiang University,Fuzhou 350108, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: *e-mail: maxl@cumtb.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Beijing Natural Science Foundation(2232019); National Natural Science Foundation of China(21902182); Open Project Program of Fujian Key Laboratory of Functional Marine Sensing Materials(MJUKF-FMSM202202); Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2023ZKPYHH01); Training Program of Innovation and Entrepreneurship for Undergraduates(202203038)
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Metal oxides have been widely investigated in experimental and industrial catalysis due to their excellent activity, selectivity and stability in many important reactions, especially in some redox reactions, such as CO2 reduction, water-gas shift (WGS) reaction, reduction of nitrogen, oxygen evolution reaction. It has been proved that metal oxides usually contain many defects, which are the active sites in catalytic reactions, and oxygen vacancies (OVs) are one of the most representative species among them. OVs affect crystal structure and electronic structure of the materials, thus affecting the catalytic activity, so they have great significance to be studied. In this review, we firstly introduce the classification and regulation strategies of OVs based on the formation of them in metal oxides. Secondly, the characteristics and mechanisms of OVs in thermocatalysis, electrocatalysis and photocatalysis were discussed. Finally, the potential applications and future challenges were summarized and prospected.

Key words: oxygen vacancy, metal oxides, mechanism, electronic structure, catalyst design
Fig.1 Different types of OVs on CeO2[45].
Fig.2 Statistical chart of the formation methods of OVs in different types of metal oxides
Fig.3 Schematic diagram of catalytic cycle of NH3-SCR reaction on W-doped CeO2 catalysts[35]
Fig.4 Schematic diagram of CO oxidation reaction on OV-rich perovskite La0.8Sr0.2CoO3 (Vo-OM LSCO)[72]
Fig.5 Schematic diagram of benzene oxidation reaction on Ag-doped CeO2-Co3O4 catalysts[75]
Fig.6 Molecular-level mechanism for CO2 hydrogenation into hydrocarbons on In2O3-zeolite[1]. (a) Schematic diagram of CO2 hydrogenation to CH3OH at the oxygen vacancy site on the In2O3 catalyst surface; (b) Schematic diagram of the hydrocarbon-pool mechanism for CH3OH conversion into hydrocarbons inside HZSM-5
Fig.7 Schematic diagram of CLPs on stoichiometric CeO2 (110) and FLPs on reduced CeO2-x (110)[80]
Fig.8 Schematic diagram of defective RuO2 electrocatalyst (UfD-RuO2/CC) and the rate-determining step of OER at Ru0, Ru1 and Ru2 sites[87]
Fig.9 Schematic diagram of OER mechanism on CoP/CeO2 heterojunction[37]
Fig.10 (a) The atomic configurations of OV-Bi4O5I2-OH; (b) the electronic structure by introducing an OV and hydroxyl on Bi4O5I2; (c) the mimicking “π back-donation” process on Bi4O5I2 modified by OV and hydroxyl simultaneously[91]
Fig.11 The optimized structure models of defective Li4Ti5O12-x. The green, blue, red and black balls donate Li, Ti, O atoms and OV, respectively[85]
Fig.12 The crystal structures of BiOS and BiOS-OV[6]
Fig.13 Schematic structure of Cu-doped OV-TiO2 and CO2 adsorption[7]
Fig.14 Schematic diagram of CO2 photothermal reduction to CH3COOH[104]
Fig.15 (a) Schematic diagram of atomic structure and (b) schematic diagram of molecular oxygen-activated species of BiOCl models with different OV concentrations[106]
Fig.16 Schematic illustration of photochemical SO2 oxidation on TiO2-OV surface, site1 stands for surface O, site2 stands for surface OH, site3 stands for surface unsaturated Ti[108]
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