The rapid advancement of large-scale energy storage devices has spurred the need for research focused on achieving higher energy density in lithium-ion batteries. Within this context, anode materials, which are crucial components of lithium-ion batteries, play a critical role in attaining enhanced energy density. Unfortunately, commercially available graphite anodes suffer from limitations such as low theoretical capacity, poor rate capability, and a low voltage plateau. Consequently, there is an urgent requirement to develop alternative anode materials that can meet these demands. Electrospinning has emerged as a popular method for fabricating electrode materials due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and ability to produce flexible nanofibers. This technique offers several advantages, including the ability to tailor nanomaterials with diverse morphologies by adjusting key parameters. Furthermore, electrospinning enables the creation of nanomaterials with large specific surface areas, high mechanical strength, flexibility, and self-supporting properties. Consequently, it has garnered significant interest in the field of anode material preparation for lithium-ion batteries. This paper aims to provide an overview of the research progress in utilizing electrospinning for the preparation of anode materials in lithium-ion batteries. It covers various categories of anode materials, including carbon-based, titanium-based, silicon-based, tin-based, and other metallic compound materials. Additionally, the paper outlines the future directions and potential advancements in the development of electrospun anode materials. By exploring the applications of electrospinning in anode material preparation, this paper contributes to the understanding and advancement of lithium-ion battery technology, offering insights into the potential of electrospinning as a versatile and effective technique for enhancing anode performance.