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Progress in Chemistry 2023, Vol. 35 Issue (2): 330-349 DOI: 10.7536/PC220718 Previous Articles   

• Review •

Materials for Hydrogen Peroxide Production via Photocatalysis

Feng Li1,2, Qingyun He2, Fang Li2, Xiaolong Tang1,2, Changlin Yu2()   

  1. 1 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology,Guangzhou 510000, China
    2 School of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology,Maoming 525000, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: *e-mail: yuchanglinjx@163.com
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(22272034); Guangdong Province Universities and Colleges Pearl River Scholar Funded Scheme of China(2019); Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2021A1515010305); Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2022A1515011900); Environment and Energy Green Catalysis Innovation Team of Colleges and Universities of Guangdong Province(2022KCXTD019)
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Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a promising energy carrier and an environmentally friendly oxidant which is widely used in industry and health fields including organic synthesis, drinking water treatment, wastewater treatment and medical hygiene. With the promotion of environmental protection requirements, the demand for H2O2 is expected to increase substantially. H2O2 production by the traditional anthraquinone method (AQ) has a tedious process and pollutes the environment with a large amount of organic matter. In contrast, photocatalytic H2O2 production technology is a green process which uses O2 and H2O as raw materials, solar energy as energy source, and semiconductor as photocatalyst, with some distinct advantages, e. g, mild reaction conditions, simple and controllable operation, and no secondary pollution. Nowadays, the production of H2O2 via photocatalytic route has attracted extensive attention. This review introduces the mechanism of photocatalytic H2O2 production and the reasons for its low efficiency. The typical photocatalyst systems and strategies for enhancing photocatalytic efficiency in H2O2 production are intensively summarized and discussed. Finally, the perspective for the future development of photocatalytic H2O2 production is proposed.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 The mechanism of photocatalytic H2O2 production and the reason for its low selectivity

3 Photocatalytic H2O2 production materials

3.1 g-C3N4

3.2 Metal oxide

3.3 Transition metal sulfide

3.4 Organic framework

4 Modification strategies for photocatalyst materials

4.1 Morphology optimization

4.2 Defective engineering

4.3 Heterojunction engineering

4.4 Metal nanoparticles loading

4.5 Element doping

4.6 Introduction of quantum dot modification

4.7 Introduction of organic molecule or group

4.8 Construction of three phase reaction system

5 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: Photocatalytic, Hydrogen peroxide, Materials, Performance enhancements, Strategies
Fig.1 Mechanism diagram of photocatalytic H2O2 production
Fig.2 Three ways of photocatalytic H2O2 production:(a) Mechanism diagram of Au-Ag/TiO2 photocatalytic generation of H2O2 by one-step two-electron ORR[14], (b) Mechanism diagram of a-C3N4 photocatalytic H2O2 production by two-step single-electron ORR[17],(c) Mechanism diagram of CN1.8/ICT/CDs photocatalytic H2O2 production by two channel way[20]
Fig.3 (a) Potential diagram of the reaction involved in photocatalytic production of H2O2, (b) Potential diagram of CB bottom and VB top of photocatalysts, (c) Free energy diagram for the four- and two-electron oxygen reduction in blue and red, respectively, on Au(111)[35]
Table 1 Summary of the photocatalytic production of H2O2 with g-C3N4-based photocatalysts
Photocatalyst Reaction conditions H2O2 generation rate (1). AQE/%
(2). AQY/%
(3). SCC/%		 ref
ZIF-8/C3N4 λ ≥420 nm, O2
Pure water		 2641 μmol·h-1·g-1 (1). 19.57(420 nm) 22
K-CN-2 λ ≥420 nm, O2
H2O∶IPA(4∶1)		 133 μmol(1 h) (3). 0.01 24
CNS-500 λ>400 nm, O2
Pure water		 498 μmol·L-1
(0.5 h)		 (2). 4.41
(λ = 420 ± 10 nm)		 26
Cu(2)-SCN λ(400~800 nm),O2
Pure water		 4800 μmol·L-1(6 h) — 27
Sb-SAPC λ≥420 nm, O2
Pure water		 12.4 mg·L-1(2 h) (1). 17.6(420 nm)
(3). 0.61		 37
CN-HP λ>420 nm, O2 H2O∶IPA(9∶1) 4080 μmol(40 min) (1). 2.41 64
g-C3N4
-NH-CH2-OH		 λ>420 nm, O2
Pure water		 213 μmol·L-1(7 h) — 69
Au/C3N4-3 λ≥420 nm, O2
Pure water		 990 μmol·L-1·h-1 — 78
O-CNC4 300 W Xe lamp, O2
H2O∶IPA(9∶1)		 2008.4 μmol·h-1·g-1 — 81
Nv—C ≡N—CN λ≥420 nm, O2 H2O∶IPA(9∶1) 3093 μmol·g-1·h-1 (1). 36.2(400 nm)
(3). 0.23		 86
αFe2O3/CQD@
g-C3N4		 λ>400 nm, O2
Pure water		 1.16 μmol·min-1 (1). 17.80(420 nm) 96
ZnO/g-C3N4 λ>350 nm, O2
EtOH/H2O		 1544 μmol·L-1·h-1 — 99
B-CNT 300 W Xe lamp, O2
IPA/H2O		 42.31 μmol·min-1 — 114
BNQDs/UPCN IPA, O2
λ>420 nm		 72.30 μmol·L-1(1h) — 103
PEI/C3N4 100 mW/cm2, O2
Pure water		 208.1 μmol·g-1·h-1 (2). 2.12(420 nm) 123
Table 2 Summary of the photocatalytic production of H2O2 with metallic oxide-based photocatalysts
Photocatalyst Reaction conditions H2O2 generation rate (1). AQE/%
(2). AQY/%
(3). SCC/%		 ref
Au0.1Ag0.4/TiO2 λ>280 nm,O2
EtOH∶H2O(4∶96)		 3.4 mmol(12 h) — 13
10%-TC/TO EtOH, O2
λ=365nm		 179.7 μmol·L-1·h-1 — 16
Pd/APTMS/TiO2 AM=1.5 G, O2
Pure water		 150 μmol·h-1 (2). 0.13
(All optical spectrum)		 25
ZnO/g-C3N4 320<λ<800 nm,O2
EtOH/O2		 5312.45 μmol·L-1(8 h) — 65
(1T-2H)-MoSe2/TiO2 EtOH, O2
λ=254 nm		 57 μmol·h-1 — 67
CoOx/Mo∶BiVO4/Pd λ>420 nm, O2
Pure water		 1425 μmol·L-1·h-1 (2). 5.8
(420 nm)		 74
Au/F-TiO2 EtOH, O2
300 W Xe lamp		 6.62 mmol(12 h) — 77
Au/ZnO Ultraviolet light, O2
Pure water		 1.5 mmol·L-1·h-1 — 108
400-Au0.5/WO3 λ>420 nm, O2
MeOH∶H2O(4∶96)		 576 μmol(5 h) — 109
Au NIs/TiO2 λ=365 nm,O2
EtOH∶H2O(5∶95)		 1.9 mmol·g-1(20 min) — 111
SN-GQD/TiO2 API, O2
λ ≥ 300 nm		 451 μmol·L-1·h-1 — 120
ZnIn2S4/TiO2 400≤λ≤760 nm,O2
Pure water		 1530.59 μmol·h-1·g-1 (1). 10.39
(400 nm)		 124
0.1wt%Pd/BiVO4 MeOH, O2
λ>300 nm		 600 μmol (2h) — 128
Pd/A/BiVO4 λ>420 nm, O2
Pure water		 805.9 μmol·g-1·h-1 (3). 0.25 129
PF2FBT/TiO2 λ>420 nm, O2
Pure water		 110.4 μmol — 132
Au0.2/BiVO4 λ>420 nm, O2
Pure water		 40.2 μmol (10h) — 137
MnIn2S4/WO3
(Yb,Tm)		 300 W Xe lamp,O2
Circulating water		 1180 μmol·h-1·g-1 — 135
Table 3 Summary of the photocatalytic production of H2O2 with metal sulfide-based photocatalysts
Photocatalyst Reaction conditions H2O2 generation rate (1). AQE/%
(2). AQY/%
(3). SCC/%		 ref
NH2-MIL-125@ZnS λ>420 nm, O2
BA, ACN		 120 mmol·g-1·h-1 55
Cd0.5Zn0.5S Air, Pure Water 151.6 μmol·g-1·h-1 56
NiS@g-C3N4-30 λ>420 nm, O2
H2O∶EtOH(9∶1)		 400 μmol(1 h) 57
CdS@ZnIn2S4 λ>420 nm
Pure Water		 604.8 μmol·g-1·h-1 (1). 1.63
(400 nm)		 58
Bi2S3@CdS@RGO λ>420 nm, O2
H2O∶IPA(9∶1)		 212.82 μmol·L-1
(3 h)		 59
Lu3NbO7: Yb, Ho/CQDs/AgInS2/In2S3 λ>420 nm, O2
H2O∶EtOH(9∶1)		 902.9 μmol
(5 h)		 72
ZrS1-yS2-x(15/100) NBs AM=1.5 G, O2
Pure water		 78.1±1.5 μmol·h-1 (2). 11.4
(400 nm)		 87
In2S3@Ov/In2O3 λ>420 nm, O2
Pure water		 4.59 μmol·g-1·min-1 (2). 28.9
(420 nm)		 88
SnS2/MoO3 Simulated sunlight, O2
Pure water		 1000 μmol·L-1
(100 min)		 — 97
Table 4 Summary of the photocatalytic production of H2O2 with organic framework-based photocatalysts
Photocatalyst Reaction conditions H2O2 generation rate (1). AQE/%
(2). AQY/%
(3). SCC/%		 ref
CTFs-NS-5BT λ≥420 nm, O2
H2O∶BA (9∶1)		 1630 μmol·h-1·g-1 (1). 6.6(420 nm) 25
COF-TfpBpy λ≥420 nm, air
Pure water		 1042 μmol·h-1 (2). 8(420~550 nm)
(3). 1.08(420 nm)		 62
OPA/Zr92.5Ti7.5-MOFs λ>420 nm,O2
H2O∶BA (9∶1)		 9700 μmol·L-1·h-1 — 85
MIL-125-NH2 λ>420 nm,O2
Pure water		 917 μmol·g-1·h-1 — 98
Ni-CAT-CN60 λ≥420 nm, O2
Pure water		 1801 μmol·h-1·g-1 (1). 0.96±0.07
(420 nm)		 102
MIL-125-PDI λ>420 nm,O2
Pure water		 4800 μmol·g-1·h-1 — 104
MOFs-CdS-10h λ>420 nm,O2
H2O∶IPA (4∶1)		 17.1 mmol(24 h) — 117
UiO-66-B AM-1.5,O2
H2O∶IPA (9∶1)		 1002 μmol·h-1g-1 — 126
MIL-125-0.14L2 λ>400 nm,O2
CH3CN∶TEOA (5∶1)		 1654 μmol·L-1·h-1 — 127
TPB-DMTP-COFs λ≥420 nm, O2
Pure water		 2882 μmol·h-1·g-1 (1). 18.4(420 nm)
(3). 0.76(420 nm)		 131
MIL-125-NH2-R7 λ>420 nm,O2
H2O∶BA (2∶5)		 2348 μmol(3 h) — 133
Fig.4 Molecular model diagram of g-C3N4 with C/N-vacancy[79]
Fig.5 Synthesis of nitrogen vacancy g-C3N4 nanosheets[26]
Fig.6 (a) Schematic illustration of the preparation process of Nv—C≡N—CN[86], (b) Defect structure changes in g-C3N4 heptazine units during synthesis[86](The blue, gray, and white spheres represent N, C and H atoms, respectively), (c) The changes in the microscopic morphology of g-C3N4 during synthesis[86]
Fig.7 (a) Schematic diagram of Z-type heterojunction, (b) Schematic diagram of S-type heterojunction
Fig.8 Photocurrents (a) and electrochemical impedance spectra(b) of as-synthesized samples[72], (c) The synthetic process of Lu3NbO7:Yb,Ho/CQDs/AgInS2/In2S3 heterostructure[72]
Fig.9 (a) Photocatalytic H2O2 production over the prepared samples under UV-vis light irradiation[99], (b) Light-driven H2O2 decomposition on the prepared samples[99], (c)O2-TPD of g-C3N4, Cu2(OH)PO4, and CN/CuPO(20 wt%)[19], (d) UV-vis DRS spectra of g-C3N4, CQD@g-C3N4, α-Fe2O3/CQD@g-C3N4, and α-Fe2O3[96]
Fig.10 (a) Schematic deposition processes of CoOx and Pd on Mo:BiVO4 and the corresponding SEM images of (b) Mo:BiVO4, (c)CoOx/Mo:BiVO4, and (d) CoOx/Mo:BiVO4/Pd. (e,f) Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) elemental mapping and line profile along with the white arrow of CoOx/Mo:BiVO4/Pd[74]
Fig.11 Schematic illustration for the fabrication of B-CNT, P-CNT, and S-CNT[114]
Fig.12 Steady-state photoluminescence spectra (a) and time-resolved photoluminescence decay spectra of the as-prepared samples (b)[119]
Fig.13 Schematic illustration of different reaction pathways toward H2O2 production using different CTFs[125]
Fig.14 (a) Schematic diagram for the preparation of UiO-66, UiO-66-B and UiO-66-B-X (X is the molar percentage of CPBA in the MOF). Simulated electron density distribution after O2 adsorption onto (b) UiO-66 and (c) UiO-66-B[126]
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