Researches on the dynamics of microsolvation process is a hot topic. Combining spectroscopy and mass spectrometry with ab initio or density functional theory (DFT) computation methods, we can understand how the solvent molecules affect configurations and conformers of the biomolecules in the gas phase by studying of clusters of biomolecules and solvent molecules. We introduce several advanced experimental technologies and their applications in the field at first., and then list a few theoretical methods for calculation and simulation. The recent research progress on the microsolvation process of the amino acids with the solvent molecules such as water, methanol, and the recent studies on the solvent clusters of the nucleobases, sugars and neurotransmitters are reviewed. Future prospects in this field are provided in the end.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Experimental technologies and theoretical methods
2.1 Experimental technologies
2.2 Theoretical methods
3 Research progresses on the microsolvation process of several biomolecules
3.1 Amino acids
3.2 Nucleobases
3.3 Sugars
3.4 Neurotransmitters
4 Conclusion and prospects

As the important building blocks of lithium ion battery, cathode materials provide all extracting/inserting Lithium ions. Electrochemical performance of lithium ion battery is affected by the different way of Lithium ion migration in crystal structure of cathode materials. In this paper, the relationship of crystal structure, lithium ion migration way and electrochemical performance are reviewed in detail in terms of crystal structure: one-, two- and three-dimension. These cathode materials are mainly olivine-structured LiFePO₄，α-NaFeO₂ layered LiMO₂ (M=Co, Ni, Mn)，monoclinic structured Li_1+xV₃O₈，orthogonal structured Li₂MSiO₄ (M=Fe, Mn)，spinel structured LiMn₂O₄ and nascion structured Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃. Moreover，we discuss the present situation and challenges that remain regarding the lithium ion battery, and highlight ongoing research strategies on cathode materials.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Lithium ion battery cathode materials
3 One-dimension cathode materials
3.1 Olivine-structured phosphates LiFePO₄
3.2 Electrochemical performance ameliorations
4 Two-dimension cathode materials
4.1 α-NaFeO₂ layered LiMO₂ (M=Co, Ni, Mn)
4.2 Monoclinic structured Li_1+xV₃O₈
4.3 Orthogonal structured Li₂MSiO₄ (M=Fe, Mn, Co)
5 Three-dimension cathode materials
5.1 Spinel structured LiMn₂O₄
5.2 NASCION structured Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃
6 Conclusion

The slow kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at cathode electrode of low temperature fuel cells (LTFCs) and the electro-catalysts are main factors impeding the commercialization of LTFCs. In recent years, worldwide researchers have maken much effort to improve the activity and durability of the cathode catalysts, to decrease cost of the catalysts, and to develop non-noble-metal electro-catalysts for LTFCs. In the present paper, research progress of catalyst support, noble-metal and alloyed catalysts, and non-noble-metal catalysts including metal-macrocyclic-compound, M-N/C catalysts and transitional-metal-chalcogenide for the oxygen electrode in LTFCs have been systematically reviewed in addition to a brief introduction of the reaction mechanism of ORR at cathode electrode of LTFCs. The urgent problems and future research focuses for each kind of catalysts have been proposed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Reaction mechanism of oxygen electrode in low temperature fuel cells
3 Research of catalysts for oxygen electrode in low temperature fuel cells
3.1 Catalyst support
3.2 Noble-metal and the alloyed catalysts
3.3 Non-noble-metal catalysts
4 Summary

This paper has reviewed recent progress in preparation, characterization and application of mesoporous alumina (MA). We introduce the preparation methods of MA contrastively and respectively, and overview the post treatment method of precursors. Subsequently, by contrasting the average pore size, specific surface areas and morphology of MA, we discuss the influence factors on the preparation and thermal stability of MA, which involve preparation method, aluminum sources, template, reactant ratio, pH value, post treatment method of precursors and so on. In addition, analysis and characterization methods utilized in preparation of MA, including transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and selected area electron diffraction(SAED), X-ray powder diffraction(XRD) and low angle X-ray powder diffraction(LAXRD), gas adsorption-desorption method, different thermal and thermo gravimetry analysis(DT-TGA) and 27Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance(27Al MAS NMR), are introduced in detail. Meanwhile, the development trend of preparation and application of MA for the field of catalytic, adsorption, optics and other fields is prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation methods of MA
2.1 Hydrothermal method
2.2 Sol-gel method
2.3 Precipitation method
2.4 Micro-emulsion method
2.5 Ionic liquid method
2.6 Hard template method
2.7 Other methods and some combinatory methods
2.8 Post treatment method
3 Influence factors in preparation of MA and thermal stability of MA
3.1 Influence of different reaction conditions
3.2 Thermal stability of MA
3.3 Control of morphology
4 Analysis and characterization methods
4.1 Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction(SAED)
4.2 X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and low angle X-ray powder diffraction (LAXRD)
4.3 Gas adsorption-desorption method
4.4 Different thermal and thermo gravimetry analysis (DT-TGA)
4.5 27Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (27Al MAS NMR)
5 Application of MA
5.1 Application in catalytic field
5.2 Application in adsorption field
5.3 Application in optical field
5.4 Application in other fields
6 Prospects

La₂Mo₂O₉ is a novel type of oxide-ion conductor with high oxide-ion conductivity. Its conductivity is about 0.06 S/cm at 1073K, which is comparable to that of yttria-stabilized zirconia at 1273K. Consequently, it has potential applications in intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells, oxygen sensors, oxygen permeable membrane, solid-state ionic devices, etc. In this paper, the recent research progresses regarding the structure, properties, doping, diffusion mechanism of oxide-ion in La₂Mo₂O₉ crystal are reviewed. Valuable information is provided, which will be beneficial for the future research on these oxide-ion solid electrolytes.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Crystal structure of La₂Mo₂O₉
2.1 Structure of α-La₂Mo₂O₉ 
2.2 Structure of β-La₂Mo₂O₉ 
3 Phase transformation and properties of La₂Mo₂O₉ 
3.1 Phase transformation
3.2 Electrical properties
3.3 Thermal expansion
3.4 Chemical stability
4 Diffusion mechanism of oxide-ion in La₂Mo₂O₉ 
5 Ion doping in La₂Mo₂O₉
5.1 Influence on phase transition and structure of La₂Mo₂O₉
5.2 Influence on electrical properties of La₂Mo₂O₉
5.3 Influence on availability of sintering of La₂Mo₂O₉ 
5.4 Influence on chemical stability of La₂Mo₂O₉ 
6 Electrode compatibility of LAMOX with other electrode materials
7 Conclusions

Inorganic-organic hybrid polyoxovanadate have various structures, and considerable efforts have been devoted to the research of these compounds due to their wide potential applications to material science as adsorption, redox, electronic, catalytic, luminescent, magnetic, porous, and chiral materials. The research progress of inorganic-organic hybrid polyoxovanadate are reviewed in this paper. The synthesis methods of these complexes are introduced. The structures are summarized according to the mode of organic components and inorganic framework. The potential applications in ion exchange, electrochemistry, magnetism, luminescent material and catalyst are commented. The research of these materials are also prospected.

Contents
1 The synthesis of inorganic-organic hybrid polyoxovanadate
2 The structures of inorganic-organic hybrid polyoxovanadate
2.1 Organic components as charge compensating cations, template agents, or structure directing agents
2.2 Organic components as ligands coordinated to metal centers to decorate/connect the framework
2.3 Phosphonic acids and carboxylic acids as ligands coordinated to metal centers to form hybrid framework
3 Properties of inorganic-organic hybrid polyoxovanadate
4 The outlook of inorganic-organic hybrid polyoxovanadate

The furan rings constitute an important class of heterocycles, which behave not only as key structural subunits in numerous natural products, but also display wide range of bioactivities. They also have applications in medicine, agricultural chemicals and biological chemistry. This review focuses on the recent progress in transition metal-catalyzed synthesis of furan derivatives from acyclic precursors such as allenyl ketones, alkynones, (Z)-2-en-4-yn-1-ols (or -ones), alkynyl epoxides, 2-(1-alkynyl)-2-alken-1-ones. The research trend for the synthesis of furan derivatives is also prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Metal-catalyzed synthesis of furans
2.1 From allenyl ketones
2.2 From alkynones
2.3 From (Z)-2-en-4-yn-1-ols (or -ones)
2.4 From alkynyl epoxides
2.5 From 2-(1-alkynyl)-2-alkene-1-ones
2.6 Other methods
3 Conclusion and prospectives

Much attention has been focused on metal indium and indium salt mediated aqueous reactions due to their high reactivity, nontoxicity, good stability in water and in air. Moreover, many functional groups can not be affected in the indium reagent-mediated organic transformations because of the low heterophilicity of indium, which results that indium reagents are commonly regarded as oriented reagents in organic synthesis. In this paper, the organic transformations mediated by metal indium, indium salt and organoindium reagents in aqueous media in recent years are reviewed. The new types and the advantages of reactions have been introduced. The recent advances of these reactions are summarized and the future orientations of indium reagent mediated reactions in water phase are presented.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Indium-mediated chemical reaction in aqueous media
2.1 Allylation reactions
2.2 Propargylation and allenylation reaction
2.3 Aldol reaction
2.4 Reductive cyclization reactions
2.5 Miscellaneous reactions
3 Indium salt-mediated chemical reactions in aqueous media
3.1 Indium (Ⅲ) halide mediated aqueous phase reactions
3.2 In(OTf)₃ mediated aqueous phase reactions
3.3 In(OAc)₃ mediated aqueous phase reactions
4 Organoindium reagents involved chemical reactions in aqueous media
5 Conclusion

Inspired by protecting-group-free synthesis of ambiguine H, welwitindolinone A and other complex natural products, the review illustrates that protecting-group-free synthesis brings real advantages with regard to the number of operations in a synthetic sequence, and the accompanying decrease in loss of material. To avoid the use of protecting groups, for a natural product target, one can "go back to basic", and devise a biomimetic pathway. However, for non-natural products, efforts should be put more on the discovery of new reactivity and principles for controlling chemoselectivity. In addition, we should follow several guidelines: maximizing the percentage of C-C bond forming or breaking events relative to the total number of steps in a synthesis, introducing sensitive functional group after skeleton building reactions, and relying on highly chemoselective reactions such as transition-metal-catalyzed or free-radical reactions to build skeleton. Through listing further examples of protecting-group-free synthesis, the paper reveals that researchers should exploit innate reactivity of functional groups and make their efforts on the invention of new methodology to reduce the number of protecting groups.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The way of "go back to basic"
3 Strategies of protecting-group-free synthesis
3.1 Reliance on transition-metal-catalyzed reactions
3.2 Introduction sensitive functional group in the end
3.3 Exploitation of innate reactivity of functional groups
4 Conclusion

Sialic acids are a family of acidic 9 carbon sugars, and are often found ?-ketosidically linked to other sugars at the termini of glycoconjugated chains in biological systems which are involved in a wide range of biological processes. Chemical synthesis of α-sialoside is one of the most difficult subjects in the field of carbohydrate chemistry. Recently, a wide spectrum of methodologies for the efficient synthesis of sialosides has been devised, which can be classified into direct O-sialylation methods and indirect O-sialylation methods based on the mode of chemical modification of sialic acid donors. This review surveys recent progress in chemical α-sialylation.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Strategies for sialylation
2.1 Direct sialylation
2.2 Indirect sialylation
3 Conclusion

This paper reviewes the progress of small molecule mimics of α-helix in recent years. It introduces the importance of α-helix for protein interaction and the application of α-helix mimics in medicinal chemistry. This review also summarizes the new progress of small molecule mimics of α-helix based on different skeleton structures, such as phenyl, amide, pyridazine and other heterocyclic compounds. The application of α-helix mimics in the field of protein interaction inhibitors is discussed. At last, we summarize some disadvantages of the small molecule mimics of α-helix which have been reported in recent years and describe the future trend in this field.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Small molecules of α-helix mimics
2.1 Phenyl compounds and their analogues
2.2 Amides
2.3 Heterocyclic compounds
3 Conclusion

Owing to the advantages of its easy preparation, stability and molecular recognition capacity, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been applied in separation, solid-phase extraction, enzyme mimic, chemical sensor, and other fields. In recent years, MIPs based on silicon develop rapidly. Here, the preparation and properties studies of MIPs based on silicon using as matrix and substrate materials are introduced, and the applications of MIPs based on silicon are reviewed. And the prospects for the future development of MIPs based on silicon is also given.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Molecularly imprinted technology
3 Preparation of molecularly imprinted polymers based on silica materials
3.1 Imprinted polymers using silanes as matrix materials
3.2 Using silica gel as substrate materials
4 Applications of imprinted polymers based on silica materials
4.1 Chromatography separation
4.2 Solid-phase extraction
4.3 Mimic enzyme catalysis
4.4 Electrochemical sensor
5 Conclusion

The development progress and the achievements in chemical preparation of polynaphthalene are systematically reviewed and summarized, including oxidative polycondensation of naphthalene monomer by Lewis acid catalysts developed in the last century and Yamamoto and Suzuki methods of naphthalene derivatives developed recently. It is pointed out that naphthalene-based Grignard metathesis is the effective way to obtain polynaphthalene having definite structure with high yield, while plasma deposition can directly form film which accordingly avoids the intractability arising from difficult dissolution and melting of polynaphthalene. Especially through Yamamoto and Suzuki methods, polynaphthalene derivatives with excellent solubility and high PL quantum efficiency up to 0.96 can be obtained. Polynaphthalene with one-dimensional graphite structure can be produced by coupling naphthalene unit at 1,4- and 5,8- simultaneously. The kind of polynaphthalene possesses high densities of both phenanthrene-edge carbon and edge carbon, which could be expected a higher Li doping capacity. Together with the strong blue fluorescence emitting characteristics and high thermal stability, the polymer reveals the promising future in fields of electrode material for Li-ion rechargeable battery, polymer light-emitting diode and high-temperature-resistant materials.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of polynaphthalene
2.1 Oxidative polycondensation of naphthalene by Lewis acid catalysts
2.2 Dehalogenation polycondensation of dihalogenated naphthalene catalysed by sodium
2.3 Grignard metathesis catalysed by Ni(Ⅱ)-complex
2.4 Plasma polymerization
2.5 Yamamoto and Suzuki polymerizations
3 Performance of polynaphthalene
3.1 High thermal stability of polynaphthalene
3.2 Fluorescence of polynaphthalene
4 Application of polynaphthalene
4.1 Polynaphthalene light-emitting diode
4.2 Polynaphthalene Li-ion rechargeable battery
5 Outlook

Ultrathin composite nanofiltration (NF) membranes fabricated by layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly technique, which can precisely control structures and compositions, has received a rapid development. In this paper, a review is presented on LbL assembly methods, types of polyelectrolytes and influencing factors of LbL assembly NF membranes in recent years. Three different approaches for LbL assembly are mainly introduced, including the conventional electrostatic deposition method, the pressure-driven LbL assembly and the electric field enhanced LbL assembly. The types of the self-assembled polyelectrolyte materials, which can be classified into homopolymer, copolymer, and organic-inorganic hybrid polyelectrolytes are carried out. Separation performances of NF membrane influenced by various factors, such as the charge character, the charge density and the ionization degree of the polyelectrolyte are discussed. The applications of LbL assembly NF membrane for water-treatment and substances separation from organic solvent are summarized. At the same time, some propose of speeding up the assembly process, improving the performance and development orientation of NF membranes are presented.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Methods of polyelectrolytes LbL assembly
2.1 Electrostatic deposition LbL assembly
2.2 Pressure-driven LbL assembly
2.3 Electric field enhanced LbL assembly
3 Types of polyelectrolytes for preparing LbL assembly NF membranes
3.1 Homopolymer polyelectrolytes
3.2 Copolymer polyelectrolytes
3.3 Organic-inorganic hybrid polyelectrolytes
4 Applications of LbL assembly NF membranes
4.1 Production and living water softening
4.2 Seawater and brackish water desalination
4.3 Organic compounds separation from water
4.4 Substances separation from organic solvent
5 Conclusion

Smart polymer based aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) exhibit fast separation of target molecules with polymers and convenient recycle of polymers by simply changing environmental conditions such as temperature, pH, ionic strength and light or radiation forces. In recent years, the application of smart polymer based aqueous two-phase systems in separation and purification of bio-molecules is developing fast. In this paper, the principle of ATPS is introduced briefly. The applications of smart polymer based aqueous two-phase systems such as temperature-sensitive, pH-sensitive, photo-response, affinity functional, and combination of aqueous two-phase systems with related techniques in bio-molecule separation and purification in more than ten years are reviewed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The principle and the theoretical model of aqueous two-phase extraction
3 Studied of smart polymers based aqueous two-phase systems
3.1 Temperature-sensitive aqueous two-phase systems
3.2 pH-sensitive aqueous two-phase systems
3.3 Photo-response aqueous two-phase systems
3.4 Affinity aqueous two-phase systems
3.5 Combination of aqueous two-phase systems with related techniques
4 Prospects

Magnetic force has become a promising tool for microfluid manipulation besides electrodynamic and hydrodynamic forces in microfluidic devices, because it can work under a non-contact mode without the limitations of the surface property of microchannels and the composition of working solutions, especially for capturing, sorting and manipulation of cells, virus and even single molecules. In this review, the recent developments within the field of magnetic microfluidics are presented including theory, fabrication of microcoils, design of magnetic pumps and valves, manipulation and separation based on magnetic control. The great potential of magnetic microfluidic systems in high throughput clinical diagnosis and point-of-care testing (POCT) is demonstrated and the difficulties for further application are also discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Fabrication of microcoils
3 Fluid control
3.1 Pump and valve
3.2 Mixing
4 Manipulation
4.1 Magnetic beads/cell manipulation
4.2 Micro droplets manipulation
5 Separation
5.1 Beads and cells sorting
5.2 Nucleic acids isolation
6 Bio assay
6.1 Immunoassay
6.2 Virus detection
6.3 Proteomics
6.4 NMR
7 Conclusion and prospects

Over hundreds of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been detected in human exhaled breath. Some of the organic constituents in exhaled breath can indicate a disease state of the individual or a recent exposure to an environmental pollutant. Determination of VOCs in human breath samples shows great potential in clinical diagnosis as a noninvasive method to replace or complement measurements from blood samples. This review focuses on the recent development of various methods for detection of VOCs in human exhaled breath. The advantages and limitations of different methods are highlighted. The analytical methods and concentration data of several important disease biomarkers such as isoprene and acetone are summarized. The future development trends in this field are also briefly discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Indirect analytical methods by gas chromatography
2.1 Sampling and storage
2.2 Preconcentration
2.3 Separation and detection by gas chromatography
3 Direct analytical methods by mass spectrometry
3.1 Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS)
3.2 Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS)
3.3 Ion-molecule reaction mass spectrometry (IMR-MS)
4 Techniques based on spectroscopy, sensors and chemiluminescence
4.1 Spectroscopy
4.2 Electronic noses
4.3 Chemiluminescence
5 Conclusion

Molecule interaction is important to the biological process and chemical reaction. Frontal affinity chromatography is a universal tool enabling to study the direct molecule interaction, to rank ligands and determine Kd. The review summarizeS the frontal affinity chromatography theory, the applications and the difference with other technologies that can study the direct molecule interaction.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Theory and components of FAC
2.1 Theory of FAC
2.2 Measurement of Kd
2.3 Components of FAC
2.4 Modes of FAC
3 Applications of FAC
3.1 Analyzing protein purity
3.2 Characterizing molecular interactions
3.3 Differentiating between multiple binding sites of target molecules
3.4 Screening drugs
4 Comparison of techniques based on direct binding
5 Outlook

Inhibition of kinesin spindle protein(KSP) represents a novel and specific mechanism to target the mitotic spindle that may be devoid of the neuropathy-associated side effects common to the agents that target microtubules. Since the discovery of monastrol, the first selective small molecular inhibitor of KSP, many types of KSP inhibitors have been reported. In this review we describe the development of different types of KSP inhibitors. The structures and functions of KSP and the use of which as a novel target in the research of anticancer agents are introduced. The structure-activity relationship of some KSP inhibitors and the perspective of the study on KSP inhibitors are also discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Structure and functions of KSP
3 KSP Inhibitors
3.1 Adociasulfate 2
3.2 Monastrol and its analogues
3.3 Pyrimidinone or pyrimidinone-like compounds
3.4 Dihydropyrazoles, dihydropyrroles and their analogues
3.5 Tetrahydro-β-carbolines
3.6 Bi-aryls as ATP-competitive inhibitors of KSP
3.7 Other KSP inhibitors
4 Conclusion

In the post-genomic era, metabolomics(or metabonomics), genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics have become important tools in systems biology. In metabolome analysis field, microbial metabolomics has received much attention in recent years mainly because it supports and complements a wide range of microbial research areas from new drug discovery efforts to metabolic engineering. This review is mainly focused on the current methods and advances in microbial metabolomics, trying to direct the reader to the main approaches for microbial metabolome analysis, reviewing the developments of methodologies in microbial metabolomics. These developments range from microorganism cultivation, sample preparation, analytical platform and data analysis to biological interpretation. Apart from the description of the developments, we will try to discuss the potential of microbial metabolomics in metabolic engineering field, research prospect and challenge of microbial metabolomics in the future.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Research methods of microbial metabolomics
2.1 Cell cultivation
2.2 Sample treatment
2.3 Analytical platform of microbial metabolomics
2.4 Data mining
3 Microbial metabolomics and metabolic engineering
4 Prospects

Cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) is a novel kind of carrier-free immobilized enzyme. It has many advantages including simple preparation procedure, high catalytic activity, easy recovery and increased stability. In recent years, a series of new progress has been made in preparation of CLEAs through combining material science, molecular imprinting engineering, medium engineering and reaction engineering with enzyme immobilization. Car-rier-immobilized CLEAs, encapsulated CLEAs, imprinted CLEAs, combi-CLEAs and CLEAs membrane slurry reactor are respectively discussed, and their application in chiral separation and antibiotics production are introduced. Important factors influencing the activity of CLEAs are analyzed and most recent developments of CLEAs are summarized in this paper. In addition, some prospects for this attractive technology are also presented. It will be helpful for relevant researches in bioengineering, enzyme technology, chemical engineering and materials science.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Important factors influencing the activity of CLEAs
3 Progress in CLEAs
3.1 Carrier- immobilized CLEAs
3.2 Encapsulated CLEAs
3.3 Imprinted CLEAs
3.4 Combi-CLEAs
3.5 CLEAs membrane slurry reactor
4 Applications in biocatalysis and biotransformtion
5 Problems and prospects

Guided tissue regeneration membrane (GTRM) is widely applied in repair and regeneration of various hard and soft tissues because of improving the tissue regenaretion ability. GTRM is mainly divided into two kinds: non-absorbable and absorbable GTRM. Compared with non-absorbable GTRM, absorbable GTRM is more widely researched and applied for the more and more merits. In this article, the common materials of absorbable GTRM, i.e. natural biomaterials represented by collagen, synthetic polymeric materials represented by polyester and inorganic materials represented by hydroxyapatite are reviewed. And the applications of absorbable GTRM in bone defects, wound dressing, anti-adhesion areas and so forth are also described. The main methods in preparing absorbable GTRM including electrospinning, solvent-casting and phase inversion and the advantages and disadvantages are described emphatically.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Materials of absorbable GTRM
3 Methods of absorbable GTRM preparation
3.1 Electrospinning
3.2 Solvent-casting
3.3 Phase inversion
3.4 Other methods of absorbable GTRM preparation
4 Application of absorb-able GTRM
5 Conclusion

Magnetic resonance imaging is commonly used as clinical non-invasive means in early diagnosis of tumor. It often requires contrast agent to improve the effectiveness of diagnosis. MRI contrast agent can shorten proton relaxation time and change the signal intensity of proton indirectly. It also can change the relaxation rate of the water proton in the sub-regional organizations of the body and improve the imaging contrast between normal and abnormal tissues. In this paper, the research progress of contrast agent was systematically reviewed. The development of paramagnetic contrast agents was discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The research about MRI contrast agent for cancer detection
2.1 Small molecule paramagnetic contrast agent
2.2 Macromolecular paramagnetic contrast agent
2.3 SPIO particles and ferromagnetic particles
2.4 Nano-structure contrast agent
3 Prospects

Noble metal nanoparticles exhibit excellent properties compared to the conventional bulk elements, and the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) has become one of the research hot points. The shape and position of LSPR are mainly dependent on the composition, size, shape, dielectric properties, as well as the local dielectric environment of the metal nanoparticles. Based on this property, noble metal nanoparticles have been widely applied in optical biosensors, optical filters, and surface enhanced spectroscopies. In this paper, the preparation of various noble metal nanostructures and their applications in optical biosensors are reviewed. The future development prospects of LSPR nanosensors are also present.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Localized surface plasmon resonance of metal nanoparticles
3 The basic principles of LSPR nanosensors
4 The common LSPR sensors substrates
4.1 Metal colloides
4.2 Metal nanorods
4.3 Core/shell composite nanoparticles
4.4 Cap-shaped composite nanoparticles
4.5 Ordered metal nanostructure arrays
5 Prospects

Metal complexes, which possess unique photophysical and photochemical properties, have played important roles in many fields of life sciences and medical diagnostics. The rapidly expanding family of metal complexes, with large Stokes-shifts, multi-color tunability and stability against photobleaching, represents an attractive resource to chemists and life scientists seeking novel bio-labeling and bio-imaging methodologies. In this mini-review, we describe several well established bioanalytical and in vitro diagnostic systems that utilize ruthenium and rare earth metal complexes as the luminescent labeling molecules, gadolinium complexes as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging and novel iridium complexes as cell staining or protein staining agents. In addition, the construction of nano-architecture and combination with nanotechnology for biomedical application of potential metal complexes are also briefly introduced.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Metal complexes used in commercial technologies
2.1 Ru(bpy)₃²⁺ and other ruthenium complexes containing N^N bidentate ligands
2.2 Luminescent rare earth metal complexes
2.3 Contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging
3 Iridium complexes and their potential applications
3.1 Cellular imaging
3.2 Bio-labeling
3.3 Protein assay
4 Metal complex nano-architectures for bioassay
5 Summary and prospects

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are typical materials of anthropogenic perfluorinated compounds. Recently, more and more environmental analysis data show that they ubiquitously exit in all kinds of environmental media and even in the body of organism and human beings. They exhibit a trend of global distribution and have been extensively concerned as a new kind of emerging environmental pollutants for their environmentally persistent and bioaccumulable nature and imposing the potential hazards on human health. This paper focuses mainly on their environmental sources and transport mode, three important exposure pathways for human, pollution level in food, drinking water and air/dust and related pollution control technology. Finally, the potential developing and future research trends in this field are prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Environmental source and transmission
3 Human exposure pathways and pollution level
4 Control technologies
4.1 Separation
4.2 Chemical degradation
5 Conclusion

3-Nitrobenzanthrone is a widespread environmental pollutant and suspected to be carcinogenic for human beings. It is detectable in different environmental media, for example, surface soil, rainwater, airborne particulate matter, etc. Because its concentration is the highest in diesel exhaust, the dominant sources of 3-nitrobenzanthrone are probably unidentified combustion process. The mutagenicity and genotoxicity of 3-nitrobenzanthrone by biological assays both in vivo and in vitro are very high, comparable to 1,8-dinitropyrene, which is the direct mutagen of strongest activity so far reported in the literature. Therefore, 3-nitrobenzanthrone has become one of the highlights in the fields of environmental chemistry and toxicology. This paper summaries the present studies on 3-nitrobenzanthrone, including the sources, analytical techniques, mutation mechanisms, environmental effects, and so on. The future research directions have also been prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The sources of 3-nitrobenzanthrone
3 Analytical methods of 3-nitrobenzanthrone
4 The mechanism of 3-nitrobenzanthrone induced mutagenesis
5 Prospective

A review of recent progress in the reactor for reaction-diffusion pattern is presented. Up to the 1980s, chemical waves for the closed systems were studied mainly in Petri dish; And in recent two decades, various novel spatially extended open reactors (CFUR) are designed for investigating the asymptotic behaviors and the characteristics of phase transition, such as one side fed reactor (OSFR), two side fed reactor, disc gel reactor, annular gel reactor and Couette reactor, etc. The reaction media are mainly gels, membranes, ion exchange resins and mesoporous glasses. As a result, the advances of reactor design have greatly promoted the development of pattern formation. Furthermore, the difficulties encountered, such as gas-bubble and three-dimension effect for two dimension reaction-diffusion patterns, are discussed. The future directions of reactor design and pattern formation are proposed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Batch reactors
3 Open reactors
3.1 One-side fed gel open reactor
3.2 Two-side fed gel open reactor
3.3 Couette open reactor
4 Other reactors
4.1 Water-in-oil reactor
4.2 Spatially particle-coupled reactor
5 Conclusion

The recent progress of research and development on Mg-based transition-metal complex hydrides Mg₂NiH₄, Mg₂CoH₅ and Mg₂FeH₆ with 18-electrons structure and high hydrogen storage capacities is reviewed. In particular, the composition, synthesis technology, thermodynamic and kinetic properties of Mg₂NiH₄, Mg₂CoH₅ and Mg₂FeH₆ have been addressed. The pending problems on Mg₂NiH₄, Mg₂CoH₅ and Mg₂FeH₆ for practical applications are stated in the aspects of the high-temperature absorption/desorption for hydrogen, the slow reaction kinetics, the difficult preparation of Mg₂CoH₅ and Mg₂FeH₆, and the poor reversibility. Finally, the development trend on Mg-based transition-metal complex hydrides Mg₂NiH₄, Mg₂CoH₅ and Mg₂FeH₆ in the future is prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The Mg-Ni-H system
3 The Mg-Co-H system
4 The Mg-Fe-H system
5 Conclusion and prospects

Complex hydrides have been extensively studied because of their higher gravimetric hydrogen density than that of conventional metal hydrides. It has been found that an improved hydrogen storage property is obtained by loading complex hydrides into porous materials which have attracted much attention owing to their high specific surface area, uniform and controllable pore diameter and good thermostability. This paper begins with a brief introduction to the structural characteristics and physical and chemical properties of porous materials, and then the advances in the study of complex hydrides incorporated into porous materials, including preparation methods, catalytic effect and mechanism on the dehydrogenation/rehydrogenation performance, are outlined. The key issues needed to be solved are discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Structural characteristics and physical and chemical properties of porous materials
3 Complex hydrides loaded into porous materials
3.1 Methods to load complex hydrides into porous materials
3.2 Dehydrogenation/rehydrogenation performance of complex hydrides loaded into porous materials
3.3 Catalytic mechanisms of complex hydrides loaded into porous materials
4 Summary and outlook

Microporous zeolites as media for hydrogen storage have been paid more and more attention in recent years. However, the reports on hydrogen adsorption mechanism, hydrogen storage capacity of the materials and its relevant factors are quite controversial. In this review, the results of adsorption experiments as well as theoretical modeling for hydrogen storage of various structure-type zeolites are briefly reviewed. The influence of many factors on hydrogen storage capacity is emphatically analyzed, such as the zeolitic structures, Si/Al ratio, type of cations in zeolites and the difference of adsorption experimental conditions, etc. And the progress of supercritical adsorption theory models also is discussed. Finally, the possibility and the research trend of zeolites for hydrogen storage are discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Zeolite structures
3 Supercritical adsorption of hydrogen on zeolites
3.1 Progress of experimental study
3.2 Progress of theoretical modeling
4 Encapsulation of hydrogen in zeolites
5 Conclusion