As a global public health event, the emergence of malignant tumors seriously affects human health, longevity and quality of life. The occurrence and development of tumors undergo extremely complex processes, showing high spatial and temporal heterogeneity in multiple bio-information and disease progression. These features affect tumor metastasis and drug resistance. In order to explore tumor heterogeneity, a variety of clinical imaging techniques and spatial omics techniques have been rapidly developed. Tumor characteristics are accurately evaluated by using the conventional clinical imaging technique with a non-invasive advantage. However, it is difficult to obtain accurate tumor staging and more molecular information using clinical imaging techniques. Spatial omics technology can be used to determine a variety of cell types, spatial and temporal distribution, molecular typing, and molecular interaction networks, thereby obtaining the accurate panoramic spectrum in tumor biology. Although spatial omics technique can detect a variety of molecules and their interactions, such as genes, proteins, and metabolites, as well as the interactions between gene-gene, protein-protein, metabolite-metabolite, gene-protein, gene-metabolite, and protein-metabolite, it can’t provide in vivo information. The combination of clinical imaging and spatial omics technology can complement advantages and has great application prospects in clinical and basic scientific research. The novel fusion technique plays an important role in promoting the accurate analysis of the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of tumors, the identification of molecular typing, and the accurate diagnosis and prediction of tumor progression. Herein, we summarize the strategies and characteristics of this novel fusion technique in the accurate diagnose of tumors and also prospect for future development.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Spatial omics

3 Clinical imaging

4 Spatial omics and clinical imaging fusion

5 Perspectives

The synthesis of uranium compounds has become one of the hot fields in organometallic chemistry. Compared with transition metal compounds, the synthesis and isolation of uranium compounds is extremely challenging, especially for the ones bearing uranium-carbon bonds. Carbene has lone pair electrons that easily combine with the empty orbitals of uranium. However, the carbon of benzyl or alkyl groups has no lone pair of electrons, which makes it difficult to combine with uranium. With the understanding of the electronic structure and bonding properties of uranium, some progress has been made in the study of uranium compounds coordinated with saturated carbon. This review systematically summarizes the structures and bonding properties of different valence states uranium compounds.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Trivalent uranium carbon compounds

2.1 Trimethylsilyl based compounds

2.2 Cyclopentadienyl based compounds

2.3 Tripyrazole borate based compounds

3 Tetravalent uranium carbon compounds

3.1 Alkyl based compounds

3.2 Amino and amide based compounds

3.3 Ferrocene based compounds

3.4 Alkoxyl based compounds

4 Pentavalent uranium carbon compounds

5 Hexavalent uranium carbon compounds

6 Theoretical study of U-C bonding nature

7 Conclusion

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is an important chemical that may be used as a clean disinfectant. For scale application, H₂O₂ is produced primarily by the anthraquinone process. The necessary transportation and storage processes bring explosion risks, so it is urgent to develop in-situ preparation methods. Electrochemical and photocatalytic reduction of oxygen to product H₂O₂ have received wide attention, but these reactions are carried out at the gas-liquid-solid interface. This three-phase reaction requires complex equipment and sequentially limits large-scale production. Another equally important pathway for in-situ H₂O₂ production is the oxidation of water which needs only solid-liquid two-phase interface. This paper summarizes the common methods of oxidizing water to prepare H₂O₂, such as electrochemistry and photocatalysis, and focuses on the recent new methods of in-situ H₂O₂ preparation, including thermal catalysis, ultrasonic piezoelectricity, plasma and microdroplet method. These methods provide the references for in-situ H₂O₂ production and in particular its utilization in the field of disinfection.

Contents

1 Industrial process for the production of hydrogen peroxide

2 In-situ production of hydrogen peroxide via oxygen reduction reaction

3 In-situ production of hydrogen peroxide via water oxidation reaction

3.1 Electrochemical and photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide generation from water oxidation

3.2 Thermocatalytic hydrogen peroxide generation

3.3 Ultrasonic piezoelectrical hydrogen peroxide generation

3.4 Electrical discharge plasma hydrogen peroxide generation

3.5 Generation of hydrogen peroxide from aqueous microdroplets

4 Conclusion and outlook

In recent years, organo-metal halide perovskites materials with ABX₃ crystal structure have shown promising application prospects in the field of photoelectric detection due to their optical and electrical properties such as adjustable bandgap engineering, high absorption coefficient and long carrier transmission distance. Especially, the hybrid perovskite prepared by pure Sn or Sn/Pb mixed cations have excellent near-infrared photoelectroresponse in the range of 760~1050 nm, showing many advantages such as high sensitivity, low dark current and high detection rate. To further broaden the near-infrared and infrared response wavelength range of perovskite, the researchers explored combining organic materials, crystalline silicon/germanium, Ⅲ-Ⅴ compounds, Ⅳ-Ⅵ compounds, upconversion fluorescent materials as complementary light absorption layers with perovskite to prepare heterostructures to construct wide-spectrum response near-infrared photodetectors. Based on the above research, this paper summarizes the current effective ways to broaden the spectrum range of perovskite photodetectors. At the same time, the future development prospect of perovskite material near infrared photodetector is prospected.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Basic indicators of photodetectors

2.1 Device structure and working principle of photodetectors

2.2 Performance parameters of photodetectors

2.3 Strategy of broadening the spectrum response range of perovskites

3 Pb perovskite for near-infrared photodetectors

3.1 Polycrystalline perovskite materials

3.2 Single crystal perovskite materials

4 Narrow band gap Sn and Sn/Pb Mixed Perovskite- Based near-infrared photodetectors

4.1 Sn-based perovskite near-infrared photodetectors

4.2 Sn/Pb mixed perovskite near-infrared photodetectors

5 Perovskite/inorganic heterojunction near-infrared photodetectors

5.1 Silicon and other classic semiconductors

5.2 Graphene

5.3 Transition metal dichalcogenides

5.4 Ⅲ-Ⅴ compounds semiconductors

5.5 Ⅳ-Ⅳ compounds semiconductors

6 Perovskite/organic heterojunction near-infrared photodetectors

7 Perovskite/upconversion material near-infrared photodetectors

8 Application of near-infrared photodetectors

9 Conclusion and outlook

Organic molecular crystals, bounded together by non-covalent interactions, are three-dimensional long-range ordering and thermodynamic stable, and have low defect density and show rich prospects for applications in organic field effect transistors (OFETs), X-ray imaging, nonlinear optics, optical waveguides, flexible wearable devices, and lasers. However, previous research is mainly based on organic bulk crystals or small-size crystals, and there is less research on large-size organic molecular crystals while practical application scenarios often require large-size organic molecular crystals, such as transistor arrays and circuits requiring inch-level crystal films, X-ray imaging and nonlinear optical frequency conversion require centimeter-level crystals. However, it is difficult to obtain high-quality large-size organic molecular crystals, and there is no summary and review on the growth and optoelectronic properties of large-size organic molecular crystals at home and abroad. In this review, we first introduce the growth mechanism and growth method of molecular crystals, followed by the materials for growing large-size organic molecular crystals. Then we summarize the applications of large-size organic molecular crystals in optoelectronic aspects, such as long-persistent luminescence, nonlinear optics, X-ray imaging, fast neutron detection, field-effect transistors, and photodetectors. Finally, the challenges in this field are discussed and an outlook on future development is provided.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Growth mechanism and method

2.1 Theory of crystal growth

2.2 Growth methods

3 Classical organic molecular materials

3.1 Materials for Bulk single crystals

3.2 Materials for single crystal films

4 Optoelectronic applications

4.1 Long-Persistent Luminescence

4.2 Non-linear optical response

4.3 X-Ray Imaging

4.4 Fast neutron detection

4.5 Ferroelectricity

4.6 Field-Effect Transistors and Circuits

4.7 Photodetectors

5 Conclusion and outlook

Blue perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) restrict the rapid development of full-color display and white lighting technology of perovskite. Quasi-two-dimensional (Q2D) perovskite enables to realize blue light emission via strict control on layer number and use of quantum confinement effect and can significantly improve the stability of perovskite film and PeLEDs by using hydrophobic organic ligands, which has gradually become a research hotspot in the field of perovskites. This review summarizes the research progress on Q2D blue PeLEDs from three aspects of component engineering, film process and device optimization, and analyzes the challenges faced by Q2D blue PeLEDs and the efficiency improvement approaches. At last, this paper envisages the future research direction and feasible solutions.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Overview of quasi-two-dimensional perovskites

3 Research progress of quasi-two-dimensional blue perovskite light-emitting diodes

3.1 Component engineering

3.2 Film process optimization

3.3 Device structure optimization

4 Challenges faced by quasi-two-dimensional blue light-emitting perovskites

4.1 Photoluminescence quantum efficiency

4.2 Spectral stability

4.3 Phase purity

4.4 Charge injection efficiency and interface engineering

5 Conclusion and outlook

Oxide aerogel is a novel nano-porous material with ultra-low thermal conductivity. In particular, it can be used in spaceflight applications and other thermal management fields. Currently, with high infrared transmittance, most of the common pure oxide aerogels, such as silica and alumina, have no advantages in high-temperature insulation because of their intrinsic property. However, electromagnetic radiation in the near-infrared region is the main mode of heat conduction at high temperatures, accordingly, a large amount of electromagnetic radiation will pass through aerogel and lead to the rapid increase of thermal conductivity. Therefore, to meet the requirement of thermal insulation at higher temperature, it is necessary to reduce the radiative heat transfer. Based on the research status, this paper reviewed the main progress of improving high temperature insulation of oxide aerogel by adding opacifier, fiber and adjusting the structure and morphology. Moreover, the future research direction has prospected.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Application of opacifiers in infrared modification of aerogels

2.1 TiO₂ opacifier

2.2 SiC opacifier

2.3 Carbon materials opacifier

2.4 Other opacifier

3 Application of fiber in infrared modification of aerogels

3.1 Glass fiber

3.2 ZrO₂ fiber

3.3 Mullite fiber

3.4 Modified fiber

4 Application of structure/morphology change in infrared modification of aerogels

4.1 Multiple-layer aerogel insulation materials

4.2 Lamellar aerogels

4.3 Nanofiber aerogels

5 Conclusion and outlook

Water electrolysis for hydrogen harvesting has become a research hotspot in both academia and industry due to its low carbon emissions, high energy efficiency, and high purity, which offer significant advantages over the majority of hydrogen production technologies. Thereinto, the electrocatalytic hydrogen reaction （HER） is at the core, which aways involves a multi-step hydrogen transfer process and multiple active sites working together. However, catalytic correlations between those active sites and potential hydrogen spillover effects involved are often overlooked. In this paper, we first review the hydrogen evolving properties and reaction mechanisms in electrocatalytic systems such as transition metal oxides, phosphides, and sulfides. By combining traditional theories of thermal catalysis, active sites involved in hydrogen spillover are then conceptually summarized into both the primary and secondary active sites, elucidating their catalytic relevance and functional differences. This paper will not only provide a design concept for the creation of efficient and inexpensive electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution, but also serve as a useful reference for further studies of hydrogen transfer behaviors in other hydrogen-involved electrocatalytic reactions.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Electrocatalyst for hydrogen spillover

2.1 Metal oxide

2.2 Metal phosphide

2.3 Metal sulfides

3 Conclusion and outlook

1,3-propanediol is one of the most important monomers in the polyester industry. Catalytic conversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol has important application value. In this article, we reviewed the research progress of bimetallic catalysts for the hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol, especially emphasizing Pt-W catalytic systems with high catalytic efficiency and great industrial application prospects. By reviewing the interaction between W species, with different microstructures and chemical environments, and Pt metal, as well as the structure-performance relationship between Pt-W dual sites and glycerol hydrogenolysis, the influence of in-situ generated Brønsted acid active species on catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability was summarized, the source of in-situ generated Brønsted acid and catalytic mechanism was discussed, and finally, the development of bimetallic catalysts for selective hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol was prospected.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Catalyst system for selective hydrogenation of glycerol to 1,3-Propandiol

2.1 Tungsten-based catalyst

2.2 Rhenium-based catalyst

2.3 Other catalysts

3 Mechanism of selective hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1, 3-propanediol

3.1 Dehydration-hydrogenation mechanism

3.2 Etherification-hydrogenation mechanism

3.3 Dehydrogenation-dehydration-hydrogenation mechanism

3.4 Chelation-hydrogenation mechanism

3.5 Mechanism of direct hydrogenolysis

4 Conclusion and outlook

The research and development of bone filling and bone substitute biomaterials is one of the important research directions in the field of bone repair. Mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) will play an important role in bone repair and regeneration because of its good bioactivity, adjustable pore size and ordered mesoporous structure. MBG with fiber, scaffold, hollow structure or nano-particle structure can be obtained by different preparation and processing methods. Many studies have shown that the incorporation of a small amount of therapeutic inorganic ions into MBG can endow them with more biological properties, including osteogenic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic or anti-cancer properties. Moreover, MBG doped with inorganic ions still has excellent bioactivity after being processed as scaffolds or nanoparticles. In addition, the performance of MBG can be further improved by loading bioactive molecules, therapeutic drugs and stem cells into the mesoporous structure. In this paper, the synthesis of MBG, the antibacterial properties of metal ion-doped MBG and the application of MBG in other fields are reviewed.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 MBG synthesis

2.1 Preparation of MBG nanoparticles

2.2 Preparation of MBG fiber (MBGF)

2.3 Preparation of MBG microspheres

2.4 Preparation of MBG scaffold

3 MBG used as antimicrobial carrier

3.1 MBG as an antibiotic carrier

3.2 MBG used as antibacterial ion carrier

3.3 MBG doped with other antiseptic

4 MBG in other applications

4.1 MBG used in hemostasis

4.2 MBG used in anti-inflammation

4.3 MBG used in anti-cancer

4.4 MBG as coating material

5 Conclusion and prospect