Representing an important class of ubiquitous chemical feedstock, aromatics have been extensively utilized in the nucleophilic aromatic substitution (S_NAr) reactions, nitration reactions, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions, cross-coupling reactions, C-H bond functionalization reactions etc. Dearomatization reaction is another type of transformations of aromatics, in which their aromaticity is destroyed or reduced. Since its first report, dearomatization reaction has served as an efficient platform to create C(sp³)-H-rich spiro, fused and bridged polycyclic structures, widely applied in material and medicinal chemistry. In the past two decades, various dearomatization reactions have been established by using transition-metal catalysis, organocatalysis, enzymatic catalysis, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis. Diverse polycyclic structures have been obtained by the dearomatization of indoles, pyrroles, (benzo)furans, (benzo)thiophenes, quinolines, pyridines, benzenes, naphthalenes, etc. The coupling reagents, including nucleophiles, electrophiles, dipoles, radicals, and carbenes have been developed to assemble different functional groups on dearomative framework. In this review, we briefly summarized the developed dearomatization reactions, which were categorized by the kinds of aromatic compounds. The remaining challenges and perspectives on the future development of dearomatization reactions are also included here.

Osteoarthritis is a common degenerative disease in middle-aged and elderly people, and its lesions involve the entire joint, such as cartilage, subchondral bone and synovial membrane. Although there are some launched drugs that can be used to relieve the pain caused by osteoarthritis, the therapeutic effects are insufficient and there are some certain side effects. For now, except for artificial joint replacement for late stage of osteoarthritis, there are no effective drugs for early and middle stage of osteoarthritis to delay its progression. The treatment of osteoarthritis in clinical faces a huge demand for valid drugs, but the development of therapeutic drugs is way behind schedule. This review focuses on the progress of small molecule drugs for the treatment of osteoarthritis, especially the small molecule chemical entities which have entered the clinical trial stage. We hope this article will provide inspiration for the researchers on the drug development of osteoarthritis.

Perchlorate, a persistent inorganic pollutant in water, poses a global environmental challenge due to its high solubility, mobility, and stability, making it difficult to degrade in the environment. Contamination by perchlorate has become a worldwide environmental issue, as residues of perchlorate in surface water and groundwater enter food and drinking water through various pathways, posing potential health risks. Chemical and biological methods have been extensively studied for perchlorate removal, each with its unique advantages and challenges. This paper systematically summarizes the recent research progress in chemical and biological treatment technologies for removing perchlorate from water, elaborating on the mechanisms, influencing factors, and advantages and disadvantages of these technologies. Chemical degradation, catalytic reduction, and electrochemical reduction are effective methods for treating perchlorate pollution. Organic electron donors such as acetate, glycerol, ethanol, and methane, as well as inorganic electron donors such as hydrogen and elemental sulfur, are widely used in the biological degradation process of perchlorate. Chemical methods provide rapid reduction rates and convenient implementation, while biological methods offer environmentally friendly solutions and long-term sustainable potential. However, both methods have limitations. In recent years, researchers have begun to explore combined removal techniques that integrate chemical and biological methods to enhance the remediation efficiency of perchlorate pollution. This paper reviews the research progress of three combined removal techniques: adsorption-biological method, bio-electrochemical method, and chemical reduction-biological method. In addition, future research directions are discussed, including engineering implementation studies, materials and microbiology research, practical application studies, and in-depth exploration of perchlorate degradation mechanisms.

The new ionic thermoelectric material based on biomass has the advantages of high ionic Seebeck coefficient, good flexibility, low cost, green biodegradability, etc., and has broad application prospects in the construction of safe, stable, and efficient flexible wearable thermoelectric devices. In this paper, the preparation methods, thermoelectric principles, and thermoelectric properties of ionic thermoelectric capacitors and ionic thermocells based on biomass materials such as cellulose and gelatin and their latest applications in wearable body heat collection devices, flexible temperature sensors, and self-driven human monitoring systems in the past five years are reviewed. Combined with the current research, we further summarize the difficulties and shortcomings in the research of biomass-based ionic thermoelectric materials, as well as the difficulties and challenges facing the future promotion and application of biomass-based thermoelectric devices. Finally, we propose targeted solution ideas for the existing problems, providing important theoretical guidance and technical references for related research in this field.

Lithium metal is considered to be the most promising anode material owing to its extraordinary theoretical specific capacity and the lowest redox potential. However, lithium anodes suffer from many challenges, such as the uncontrolled growth of lithium dendrites, unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layers, and infinite volume expansion of lithium during cycling, which hinder the further commercial application of lithium metal batteries. Numerous important strategies have been proposed to overcome these challenges. Among them, three-dimensional current collectors can not only reduce the local current density and alleviate dendrite growth, but also mitigate the volume change of Li metal during the stripping/plating process. Based on the above problems, this review summarizes the working mechanisms and the latest research progress about the design of the three-dimensional structure and the lithiophilic modification to stabilize the lithium metal anode.

Oxidative carbonylation reactions are powerful methodologies for producing carbonyl derivatives, which show advantages such as wide source of raw materials and a diverse range of products. In recent years, with the concept of environmental protection deeply rooted, developing efficient and green oxidative carbonylation reactions with carbon monoxide and oxygen as reactants, attracts much interest in this field. The C(sp)-H bonds of terminal alkynes exhibit excellent reactivity in oxidative carbonylation reactions, which could form a series of unsaturated carbonyl compounds. This review introduces the oxidative carbonylation reactions of terminal alkynes and their applications in total synthesis, including oxidative alkoxycarbonylation, oxidative aminocarbonylation, and oxidative carbonylation-cyclization, with the focus on the reaction mechanism of carbonylation and metal oxidation. Finally, the future development trends of this field are prospected.

The transformations of biomass into bio-based polymeric materials have attracted growing interest from chemistry and material engineering. Ring-opening metathesis polymerizations (ROMP) of cyclic olefins have been identified as the powerful toolbox for synthesis of polyolefins containing double bonds in the polymer mainchains. Recently, a series of novel cyclic olefins are designed by using biomass as the feedstock, and high-performance polyolefins are prepared via ROMP of biomass derived monomers. This review summaries the advances in conversions of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, terpenes, vegetable oils, amino acids into norbornene derivatives, oxanorbornene derivatives, cyclooctene derivatives, macrocyclic olefins, etc. Synthesis and properties of bio-based polyolefins via ROMP of biomass derived monomers mentioned above are highlighted. Moreover, the challenges and opportunities are discussed with the aim to promote the development of bio-based polymeric materials.

Tumor small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are membranous vesicles, released by tumor cells, with a particle size less than 200 nm. They carry diverse biomolecular information on their surface and inside, participating in intercellular communication and are recognized as one of the most crucial liquid biopsies for cancer. Because sEVs’ surface contains a variety of proteins that can bind to corresponding antibodies or nucleic acid aptamers, quantitative detection of sEVs can be achieved through optical or electrochemical methods. However, due to the high heterogeneity and complexity of sEVs, relying on a single protein for recognition may lead to false positive or false negative signals. Therefore, accurate detection of tumor-derived sEVs requires simultaneous analysis of multiple biomarkers. Simultaneous analysis of multiple biomarkers can effectively address interference caused by phenotypic heterogeneity in sEVs and provide more accurate guidance for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. This paper focuses on the detection methods of sEVs based on surface proteins using fluorescence, colorimetry, electrochemical methods, and electrochemiluminescence techniques. It emphasizes the importance of achieving high sensitivity and accuracy in detecting sEVs through multi-protein multi-signal proportional output approaches, employing multi-protein logic gates and multi-protein proximity linking reactions.