Nowadays stretchable electronic devices have become a hot research topic in the field of information electronics because of their excellent mechanical and electrical properties. As the high-speed electron transmission channel in stretching electronic devices， stretchable conductive materials play a crucial role in realizing the functions of stretching electronic devices. Liquid metal has become a hot research object in the field of stretchable conductive composites in recent years because of its intrinsic flexibility and excellent conductivity. Liquid metal is a room temperature liquid conductive material， which exhibits excellent stretchability and tunability due to its inherent high conductivity， fluidity， and ductility. Liquid metal-based stretchable conductive composites preparation and patterning techniques have been reported and many stretchable devices with excellent combination of mechanical and electrical properties have been prepared. In view of the general structural characteristics of liquid metal-based stretchable composites， the key to the preparation is how to solve the interfacial non-impregnation problem caused by the physical property differences between different materials. Therefore， starting from the common types of composites， this paper firstly briefly introduces the components and physical properties of liquid metals generally used， as well as the stretchable polymer matrix materials usually employed. Then， the composite methods of conductive materials and elastomer materials in liquid metal-based electrodes are reviewed from the two ways of "passive" and "active" to deal with the problem of non-wetting at the interface， as well as the blending and dispersion method and the new modification method. Finally， the latest research progress is introduced， and the current status of liquid metal research is summarized. Future development and potential problems to be faced are also discussed.

All-solid-state batteries have the characteristics of high energy density， long cycle lifeand high safety， which is the development direction of the next generation of electrochemical energy storage. Solid-state electrolytes are the core components of all-solid-state batteries， and sulfide electrolytes have attracted extensive attention due to their advantages of high ionic conductivity and good mechanical ductility. As one of the most studied sulfide electrolytes in recent years， lithium-phosphorus-sulfur-chloride sulfide （LPSC） has high ionic conductivity and relatively low cost， but its practical application is limited by shortcomings such as poor stability and poor compatibility of positive and negative electrode materials. The composite solid-state electrolyte has good electrochemical and mechanical properties， and the composite solid-state electrolyte is prepared by modifying the LPSC with polymers， aiming to improve the interfacial compatibility and electrochemical stability of the LPSC. In this paper， the basic composition， recombination mode， modification strategy and ion transport mechanism of LPSC composite solid electrolyte are reviewed， and the future research direction and application prospect of LPSC composite electrolyte are prospected.

As an important family of synthetic polymers， poly（meth）acrylates have a wide range of applications in the fields of coatings， adhesives， biomedines， electronic and electrical materials. However， the （meth）acrylates monomers are mainly derived from petrochemical resources.Transformations of biomass into （meth）acrylate monomers and polymers have attracted growing research interest from the viewpoint of sustainability. The bio-based poly（meth）acrylates not only serve as the supplement for the fossil based product but also provide great chance for the development of value-added high performance materials with designed novel structures. This article highlights the recent progress in the synthesis and polymerization of bio-based （meth）acrylates. The lignin， terpene， plant oil， glucose， isosorbide， and furan derivatives as the biomass feedstock are respectively reviewed in consecutive order. The properties and applications of the corresponding bio-based poly（meth）acrylates are summarized. Moreover， the challenges and opportunities of bio-based poly（meth）acrylates are also discussed.

Compared to lithium-ion batteries，sodium-ion batteries have greater advantages in terms of resources，cost，safety，power performance，low-temperature performance，and so on. However，the energy density of sodium-ion batteries is relatively low. To explore broader application prospects，the development of high-specific energy sodium batteries has become a research hotspot in both academia and industry. The anode is considered the key bottleneck constraining the development of the sodium battery industry due to limitations such as the inability of graphite to serve as sodium anodes and the high cost，low Coulombic efficiency，and poor kinetics of mainstream hard carbon materials. In recent years，anode-free sodium batteries （AFSBs） have garnered widespread attention due to their advantages in energy density，process safety，and overall battery cost. However，AFSBs generally show rapid capacity loss due to the rupture of the solid-electrolyte interphase （SEI） layer，increased chemical side reactions，serious dendrite growth and the formation of dead sodium. As the AFSBs operate，active sodium is continuously consumed without additional metallic sodium to replenish it，leading to poor cycling performance and failure of AFSBs. These issues can be attributed to the following characteristics： the high reactivity of sodium，non-uniform nucleation and huge volume expansion. To elucidate the strategies for promoting dendrite-free growth on the anode side of AFSBs，this review focuses on the current collector-sodium interface and sodium-electrolyte interface，including the design of sodiophilic coatings，porous skeleton structure to regulate the sodium nucleation process，and the construction of robust SEI interface，which further guides the homogeneous sodium deposition and stripping process. This systematic review is expected to draw more attention to anode-free configurations and bring new inspiration to the design of high-specific energy batteries.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Factors affecting sodium deposition on the anode side

2.1 High reactivity of sodium

2.2 Inhomogeneous sodium deposition

2.3 Volumetric deformations

3 Critical differences between sodium and lithium

4 Interface design principles and strategies

4.1 Design principles

4.2 Homogeneous nucleation regulation at the current collector-sodium interface

4.3 Formation of robust SEI at the sodium-electrolyte interface

5 Conclusions and prospects

With the advancement of technology，flexible pressure sensors have been widely utilized in wearable device fields such as medical monitoring and motion monitoring，primarily due to their thinness，lightness，flexibility，good ductility，as well as their faster response speed and higher sensitivity compared to traditional rigid sensors. When subjected to external forces，the elastic elements within these sensors undergo deformation，converting mechanical signals into electrical signals. Consequently，the choice of elastic elements significantly impacts the overall performance of flexible pressure sensors. Polydimethylsiloxane （PDMS） is extensively used as a flexible substrate in sensors because of its stable chemical properties，good thermal stability，low preparation cost，and excellent biocompatibility. By collecting relevant information，this paper reviews the sensing mechanisms of PDMS-based flexible pressure sensors，introduces preparation techniques to improve the properties of PDMS materials，including the recently popular methods of introducing porous structures and constructing surface architectures，and discusses the applications of PDMS-based flexible pressure sensors in medical monitoring，electronic skin，and other fields. Finally，the challenges faced by PDMS-based flexible sensors and their future opportunities are prospected.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Flexible pressure sensor

3 Fabrication technology of flexible sensor with improved performance

3.1 Pore structure

3.2 Surface micro-nano structures

4 Application of flexible pressure sensor based on PDMS

4.1 Health monitoring

4.2 Electronic skin

5 Conclusion and outlook

Taking into account environmental concerns and the ongoing shift towards clean energy， converting carbon dioxide （CO₂） into ethylene （C₂H₄） through electrochemical CO₂ reduction （ECO₂RR） using renewable electricity is a sustainable and eco-friendly solution for achieving carbon neutrality while also providing economic benefits. Despite significant advancements in the field， issues such as low selectivity， activity and stability continue to persist. This paper presents a review of recent research progress in copper-based catalytic systems for ECO₂RR in the production of ethylene. Firstly， the mechanism of ECO₂RR is briefly summarized. It then highlights various catalyst design strategies for ethylene production， such as tandem catalysis， crystal surface modulation， surface modification， valence influence， size sizing， defect engineering， and morphology design. Finally， the paper discusses future challenges and prospects for the synthesis of ethylene through electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction.

Zinc-iodine batteries have attracted widespread attention as a novel green，low-cost，and highly safe electrochemical energy storage technology. Its basic principle is to use the electrochemical reaction between zinc and iodine to store and release energy. However，the low electronic conductivity，shuttle effect，and high solubility of iodine limit the practical application of zinc-iodine batteries. This work provides a systematic review of the research progress on carbon materials used in the cathode of zinc-iodine batteries，with a focus on several commonly used carbon materials，such as carbon nanotubes，graphene，activated carbon，biomass-derived carbon，and other porous carbon materials. Owing to their excellent conductivity，high specific surface area，and good chemical stability，these carbon materials can not only effectively adsorb and immobilize iodine molecules，preventing iodine loss and the shuttle effect，but also promote iodine redox reactions by regulating the pore structure and surface chemical properties，thereby improving the specific capacity and cycling stability of the battery. Additionally，we put forward the challenges and issues faced by carbon materials in the practical application of zinc-iodine batteries，including how to further enhance iodine adsorption capability and improve the structural stability of the electrode. Accordingly，several potential future research directions are proposed with a view to further improving the electrochemical performance and reducing the manufacturing cost，thus laying the foundation for advancing the development and application of this emerging battery technology.

Organic light emitting diodes （OLEDs） have attracted extensive attention and research interest in advanced display and solid-state lighting due to their self-luminescence， low drive voltage， wide color gamut， surface luminescence， flexibility and rapid response. One of the primary colors of OLED， the development of blue emitter is still lagging far behind. Interestingly， 9，9'-bianthracene as a promising blue-emitter for high-performance fluorescent OLEDs exhibits excellent optoelectronic performance in recent years. Here， we review the progress with the development of 9，9'-anthracene-based blue fluorescent materials and gain insight into their contribution towards enhanced OLED performance. Different approaches to achieve blue emission from molecular design including isomerization， fluorine substitution， asymmetrical structuring， and steric hindrance effects are discussed， with particular focus on device efficiency and stability. Furthermore， an outlook for future challenges and opportunities of OLEDs from the development of new molecular structures， understanding of luminescence mechanisms as well as innovation in flexible and large-scale panels is provided.

Polyphenolic compounds are a class of naturally occurring bioactive substances widely found in the environment. Their characteristics，such as low toxicity，low cost，and broad availability，make them become to be widely used chelating agents，reducing agents，and capping agents for treating typical pollutants in water. Currently，polyphenols are extensively used in advanced oxidation processes （AOPs） through the coupling of common transition metal ions and peroxides. However，the chemical mechanisms of polyphenolic substances in water pollution remediation still lack systematic conclusions. This study reviews and summarizes the compositions of homogeneous and heterogeneous systems containing polyphenolic compounds，as well as the pro-oxidant，antioxidant，and chelating-reduction effects exhibited by polyphenols within these systems. It explains the main active species generated by polyphenolic substances under different systems from both radical and non-radical perspectives，along with the corresponding mechanisms for the removal of water pollutants. The dual role of polyphenols as natural redox mediators （RMs） in constructing complex catalytic systems is emphasized，and the effects of external energies such as light，heat，electricity，ultrasound，and plasma on the reaction mechanisms and pollutant degradation effectiveness in these systems are described. Finally，the article looks ahead to the future development directions of polyphenolic compounds in the field of water treatment.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 H₂O₂/PS/PAA activation

2.1 ROS of H₂O₂/PS/PAA

2.2 Polyphenols/Fe（Cu） ions/peroxide systems

2.3 Chelation and reduction of polyphenol-metal ions

2.4 Non-radical reactions

3 High-valent metal species

3.1 Fe ions

3.2 Cu ions

3.3 Mn ions

4 Solid catalyst

4.1 Zero-valent metal monomers

4.2 Monometallic compounds

4.3 Polymetallic compounds

4.4 Metal-organic complexes

4.5 Carbon-based materials

4.6 Inorganic salt supported metal catalysts

5 Polyphenol-SQ•^--Quinone

5.1 Periodate and permanganate

5.2 Peroxide

5.3 O₂，H₂O and others

5.4 Redox mediators

6 External energy

7 Conclusion and outlook

In recent years，covalent organic frameworks（COFs）have emerged as focal points in the research of membrane materials. Distinguished by their distinctive porous structures and structural versatility，COFs offer a promising avenue for advancement in membrane applications compared to conventional polymeric materials. This article delves into diverse interfacial systems，systematically detailing the methodologies for fabricating high-performance COF membranes via interfacial polymerization. The mechanisms underlying membrane formation across various interfacial systems and the strategies for precisely controlling the membrane structure will be elucidated. Furthermore，the intricate relationship between the membrane structure and application performance will be summarized. The challenges and perspectives in this field will be highlighted in the last part of this review.

The sustained development of industry has brought enormous economic benefits，but it has also caused great harm to the environment. The excessive CO₂ emissions from fossil fuel combustion are released into the natural environment，posing a threat to the environment and human health. So people are working hard to develop materials that can effectively capture CO₂. At present，CO₂ capture mainly occurs after the combustion of fossil fuels. According to the design standards for CO₂ adsorbents，a variety of CO₂ capture materials have been designed and developed，including solid adsorbents，liquid adsorbents，and multiphase adsorbents. The adsorption mechanisms of various adsorbents are also different，including adsorption，absorption，or a combination of both mechanisms. This review focuses on the capture performance，absorption mechanism，advantages and disadvantages of various common types of current adsorbents，and introduces amine solution absorbents，zeolite-based adsorbents，ionic liquids-based adsorbents，carbon-based adsorbents，metal-organic framework materials，covalent organic framework materials，metal-oxide materials，and biopolymer nanocomposites，respectively，with an outlook of the future development of CO₂ adsorbent materials.

Contents

1 Introduction

1.1 Current status and hazards of CO₂ emissions

1.2 CO₂ capture technology

1.3 Criteria for designing CO₂ capture materials

2 CO₂ capture materials

2.1 Amine solution absorbents

2.2 Zeolites based adsorbents

2.3 Ionic liquids absorbents

2.4 Carbon-based adsorbents

2.5 Metal organic framworks

2.6 Covalent organic frameworks

2.7 Metal oxide sorbents

2.8 Biopolymeric nanocomposites

3 Comparison and Prospect of Capture Materials

4 Conclusion

Hydrogen production via water electrolysis powered by renewable energy sources represents a critical approach to addressing the dual challenges of energy and the environment. However， the practical implementationof this technology remains constrained by the sluggish kinetics of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction （OER）. Recent advances in high-entropy materials （HEMs） with unique structural configurations and compositional tunability have demonstrated breakthrough capabilities in OER catalysis. Their near-continuous adsorption energy tunability across multi-dimensional landscapes enables surpassing the perforce ceilings of conventional single-/dual-component electrocatalysts. While substantial progress has been achieved in developing HEMs for OER catalysis， formidable scientific challenges persist regarding the intricate composition-structure-activity relationships in multi-component systems and unresolved mechanistic ambiguities governing catalytic synergies. This review systematically examines the fundamental mechanisms underlying the four-electron transfer process in OER， followed by a critical survey of recent breakthroughs in high-entropy alloys （HEAs）， high-entropy oxides （HEOs）， and high-entropy metal-organic frameworks （HEMOFs） for OER applications. By emphasizing three critical dimensions： atomic coordination environment modulation， electronic structure engineering， and surface adsorption energy optimization， we establish explicit correlations between compositional architecture， structural characteristics， and catalytic performance. This framework profoundly elucidates the synergistic catalytic mechanisms arising from multi-metallic active sites. Furthermore， we propose strategic optimization pathways through material design， defect engineering， and elemental regulation. The review concludes by discussing emerging challenges and future opportunities in this rapidly evolving field. This review can provide inspiration for the accurate design of high-entropy electrocatalysts， the atomic-level analysis of structure-activity relationships， and the regulation and optimization of catalytic performance.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 OER pathway

2.1 AEM

2.2 LOM

2.3 OPM

3 Research progress and bottlenecks of high‑entropy oxygen evolution catalytic materials

3.1 High‑entropy alloys

3.2 High‑entropy oxides

3.3 High‑entropy MOFs

3.4 Other high‑entropy compounds

4 Optimization strategies

4.1 Machine learning‑assisted design

4.2 Defect engineering

4.3 Element regulation

5 Conclusion and outlook

Using catalytic processes to convert CO₂ into low-carbon fuels and fine chemicals is one of the most efficient paths to addressing global energy imbalance and CO₂ excess emissions. The advantages of one-dimensional nanocatalysts in long-range electron transport and controllable internal structure endow them with widely utilization in catalysis. Electrospinning，a top-down method for fabrication of fibers，offers unique advantages in regulating fiber composition and structure. This paper systematically reviews the designing strategies and application advancements of fiber catalysts based on electrospinning，including fully controllable synthesis strategies for multilevel structured fibers，methods for introducing active sites via one-step and post-load techniques，and research case of fiber catalysts in CO₂ conversion. This review provides valuable references for the development of new concepts，methods，processes，and applications of fiber catalysts for CO₂ conversion.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Electrospinning in designing of fiber catalysts

2.1 Electrospinning

2.2 Designing of fiber structures

2.3 Introducing of active sites

3 Applications of fiber catalysts in CO₂ conversion

3.1 Photocatalytic CO₂ conversion

3.2 Electrocatalytic CO₂ conversion

3.3 Thermocatalytic CO₂ conversion

4 Conclusion and outlook

Black carbon （BC） particulate matter has significant light-absorbing capacity and is an important species contributing to haze pollution and global warming. However， quantitative studies of the light absorption capacity of black carbon （BC） have long been unable to reach a consensus affecting the accurate assessment of its environmental and climate effect. The morphological evolution of BC particles is the important factor affecting the light-absorbing capacity. However， the current literature review lacks a comprehensive summary of the characteristics and mechanisms involved in the evolution of BC micromorphology. This review summarizes the relevant studies on BC morphology evolution in recent years including the quantitative parameters of BC morphology， measurement and calculation methods of morphology parameters， the micromorphology evolution characteristics of BC during condensation process， phase separation process， coagulation process and evaporation process， and its evolution mechanism and main influencing factors. The evolution of the microphysical morphology of BC particles during different aging processes is the key to explaining the controversy over the light absorption of BC particles. However， there are still many uncertainties in the morphology evolution of BC core and the quantitative assessment of light absorption of complex-structured BC particles in these processes. Therefore， tracking the actual atmospheric BC morphology evolution， further investigating the effect of morphology evolution mechanism on the BC core collapse， and improving the models of BC light absorption and radiation will be the key research direction in the future.

Two-dimensional nanochannel membrane is a new membrane composed of two-dimensional nanosheets with atomic layer thickness and stacked by self-assembly. Compared with traditional separation membranes，its ion separation behavior has many unique characteristics，and has important potential applications in seawater desalination，energy storage and conversion，rare element extraction and separation，and other fields. These materials have attracted great interest and wide attention from researchers. It has become an important development direction and research hotspot in the field of membrane separation science and technology in recent years. In this paper，the construction strategy，performance evaluation method and mass transfer mechanism of two-dimensional nanochannel membranes were systematically summarized from the perspective of two-dimensional nanochannel membranes used for accurate ion sieving. The latest research progress in the preparation and application of two-dimensional nanochannel membranes in recent years was reviewed，and the development trend was prospected. We hope this review can provide enlightenment for structure design and optimization，performance enhancement，large-scale preparation and engineering applications of two-dimensional nanochannel membranes in the future.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Two-dimensional nanochannel ion sieving membrane and its construction methods

2.1 Two-dimensional nanochannel ion screening membrane

2.2 Construction method of 2D nanochannel ion sieving membrane

2.3 Characterization of structure and evaluation of properties of two-dimensional nanochannel ion sieving membranes

3 Mass transfer mechanism in two-dimensional nanochannels

3.1 Mass transfer mechanism of solvent in two-dimensional channels

3.2 Mass transfer mechanism of ions in two-dimensional channels

4 Application of two-dimensional nanochannel ion sieving membrane

4.1 Desalination of seawater

4.2 Energy conversion and storage

4.3 Extraction and separation of elements

5 Conclusion and outlook

ONOO^-，produced by the diffusion-controlled reaction of nitric oxide and superoxide radicals，is a strong oxidizing and nitrating agent that causes damage to DNA，proteins，and other biomolecules in cells. Since ONOO^- is characterized by its short lifetime，high reactivity，and low concentration under physiological conditions，and the pathophysiological roles it plays in biological systems are not yet fully understood，it is of great significance to develop highly sensitive and selective detection technologies to achieve real-time dynamic monitoring of ONOO^-. In this paper，we review the research progress of ONOO^- fluorescent probes in disease-related processes in the recent 5 years，revealing the potential role of ONOO^- in various diseases，such as inflammation，tumors，liver injury，and brain diseases. Finally，the bottlenecks in the development of ONOO^- probes and future trends are discussed，which will promote the application of ONOO^- probes in chemistry，biology，and pharmacology.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Design strategies of ONOO^- fluorescent probe

3 Detection and imaging of ONOO^- by fluorescent probes in disease-related processes

3.1 Detection and imaging of ONOO^- in inflammation

3.2 Detection and imaging of ONOO^- in tumors

3.3 Detection and imaging of ONOO^- in liver injuries

3.4 Detection and imaging of ONOO^- in brain diseases

3.5 Detection and imaging of ONOO^- in other disease models

4 Conclusion and outlook

In recent years， a series of organic room temperature phosphorescence materials with circular polarization luminescence have been constructed by combining （circularly polarized room temperature phosphorescence， CPRTP）materials with reasonable molecular design. The luminescence principle of CPRTP materials is consistent with the luminescence of organic room-temperature phosphorescence materials， and is accompanied by the property of circularly polarized luminescence. This kind of material not only retains the advantage of low energy loss in circular polarization luminescence， but also greatly expands the application of organic room-temperature phosphorescence materials in the fields of anti-counterfeiting encryption and afterglow display. In this paper based on the luminescence mechanism and molecular strategy of CPRTP materials， the structural design strategy of CPRTP materials is summarized. Finally， the existing problems of CPRTP materials are discussed， and the future development prospects and challenges are prospected.

Due to its unique layered structure and excellent electrochemical properties， molybdenum disulfide （MoS₂） demonstrates significant potential for applications in the energy storage field， particularly in supercapacitors. It is widely regarded as one of the most representative transition metal dichalcogenides. MoS₂ possesses a high theoretical specific capacitance， abundant edge active sites， and favorable tunability and structural diversity， which provide it with a distinct advantage in the construction of advanced electrode structures. Additionally， the anisotropic characteristics of MoS₂ concerning electron and ion transport offer more dimensions for regulating its electrochemical behavior. This work will systematically review various synthesis strategies for MoS₂ and its recent advancements in energy storage， with a particular focus on the mechanisms by which interlayer spacing modulation affects energy storage behavior in supercapacitor configurations. The discussion will encompass a comprehensive logical framework that spans material structure modifications， electronic configuration evolution， and enhancements in macroscopic device performance. This review aims to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the application of MoS₂ in the next generation of high-performance energy storage devices.

In recent decades，along with the improvement of peptide synthetic strategies，the development about bicyclic peptides have been accelerated vigorously，and as a result，more and more bicyclic peptide compounds have entered the clinical trial stage. Through high-throughput screening of peptide compound libraries，the efficiency of obtaining target structures has been greatly increased，further promoting the development of the bicyclic peptide field. Compared with linear and monocyclic peptides，bicyclic peptides have much larger structures and greater structural rigidity，which results in higher affinity and selectivity of the binding to their targets. The absence of terminally free amine and carboxyl groups can also increase the stability of bicyclic peptides against proteolytic enzymes significantly. In addition，the facility of bicyclic peptides to cross cell membranes contributes the improved bioavailability. With the sustainable development and wide application of synthetic technologies，more and more potential bicyclic peptides have been developed successively，laying the foundation for the researches of bicyclic peptide drugs. However，in terms of druggability，there are still many limitations in solubility，conformational stability and in vivo activity，which are urgently need to be solved by means of pharmaceutical preparation and chemically structural modification. This review mainly focuses on the chemical preparation strategies of bicyclic peptides and their applications in drug discovery in recent years.