Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. (TWHF^α), commonly known as Lei Gong Teng (Thunder God Vine), is a vine used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Triptolide, the major component responsible for the clinical properties of TWHF, is characterized as an abeo-abietane-typed diterpenoid with a unique triepoxide structure and α, β-unsaturated-5-membered lactone. Right after its isolation, triptolide is shown to possess a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities including anticancer, anti-fertility besides its remarkable anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities, which led to extensive studies. Through the modification of different functional groups in triptolide, including the C14-hydroxyl group, C12β, C13β-epoxy group, α, β-unsaturated-5-membered-lactone ring, C7β, C8β-epoxy group, C5, C6-position, and three epoxy ring-opening transformation etc., a series of derivatives are synthesized and their related pharmacological activities are tested. Some preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) characteristics are summarized from the pharmacological test results. With the accumulation and deepening of chemical and biological study of 1, its SAR will be clearer. Low toxicity, high activity, and wide therapeutic window derivatives of 1 will definitely make 1 a broad application prospect in many fields.

Contents
1 The structure modification of C14-hydroxyl group
2 The structure modification of C12β,C13β-epoxy group
3 The structure modification of α,β-unsaturated-5-membered-lactone ring
4 The structure modification of C7β,C8β-epoxy group
5 The structure modification on C5,C6-position
6 Structure modification on other sites, or based on various functional groups
7 Introduction of the structure diversity of TWHF diterpenoid derivatives and their structure-activity relationship(SAR)

As an environmentally friendly pollution management technology, TiO₂ photocatalytic technique has a great potential for application as catalysts in the purification of waste water and exhaust gas, the sterilization and environment protection. However, its large energy band gap limits the practical application in the case of natural solar light. The development of visible light responsive TiO₂ is one of the most important subjects of the research. The domestic and foreign modifications of TiO₂ photocatalysts have improved steadily and diversely. In this paper, the development and mechanism of TiO₂ photocatalysis are reviewed. The methods for promoting the visible light photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ including metal doping, surface deposition of precious metals, semiconductor coupling, nonmetal doping, metal complex and dye sensitizing are discussed, all of which can allow for a UV-light activated photocatalytic reaction under visible light. In addition, some examples are cited, which indicate that the highlight for improving the photocatalytic efficiency is the modification of TiO₂. Finally, the prospects and existing problems of TiO₂ photocatalysis technology are also addressed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Mechanism of TiO₂ photocatalysis
3 Methods for promoting the visible light photocatalytic activity of TiO₂
3.1 Metal doping
3.2 Surface deposition of precious metals
3.3 Semiconductor coupling
3.4 Nonmetal doping
3.5 TiO₂ Photosensitize
4 Prospects

Supercritical microemulsions (reverse micelle) which improves the solvent properties of supercritical fluid greatly is a hot topic in the research of supercritical fluid technology. The solubilization behavior can be manipulated easily by choosing appropriate surfactants and controlling the operating conditions. As a new green solvent, it has large potential applications in many fields, such as chemical reactions, material preparations and extraction separations. This article provides information of the conceptions of supercritical microemulsions (reverse micelle) system and gives an overview of thermodynamics characteristics, selection of surfactants, phase behavior, calculation of hydrodynamic sizes and interdroplets interactions. The applications in these fields are also reviewed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Supercritical microemulsion technology
2.1 Selection of the surfactants for forming scCO₂ microemulsion
2.2 Phase equilibrium behavior of scCO₂ microemulsion
2.3 Calculation of hydrodynamics properties of the microemulsion
2.4 Interdroplet attractive forces in the cluster of scCO₂ microemulsion
3 Applications of scCO₂ microemulsion
3.1 Extraction and separation
3.2 Enzyme catalysis
3.3 Preparation of nanomaterials
4 Conclusion and prospects

Supramolecule chemistry is an advanced research topic in current chemistry, and the selective synthesis of the host compound is an important aspect. Cyclodextrins and crownethers, which have their own special characters and disadvantages, are both widely used in supramolecular chemistry. The cyclodextrin-crownether coupling system which has two or more recognition sites will expand their applications greatly in the area of molecular recognition , enzyme mimic, chromatography, etc. through synergistic effection with fine results. Here, the recent development of cyclodextrin-crownether coupling system is reviewed. Firstly, the synthesis of different kinds of cyclodextrin-crownether coupling systems is introduced, including the synthesis clues, approaches and methods. Then, the application of the system is emphatically described, including in the field of molecule recognition, mimetic enzyme, isolation of isomers and energy transfer of light. At last, the disadvantages in recent study and prospects are pointed out.

Contents
1 Synthesis of cyclodextrin-crownether coupling system
1.1 Synthesis of simple cyclodextrin-crownether coupling system
1.2 Synthesis of cyclodextrin-crownether coupling system including π-system
1.3 Synthesis of cyclodextrin-crownether coupling system attached to silica gel
1.4 Synthesis of cyclodextrin-crownether-calixarene coupling system
1.5 Synthesis of cyclodextrin-analogue of crownether coupling system
2 Characters and applications of cyclodextrin-crownether coupling system
2.1 Applications of cyclodextrin-crownether coupling system in molecular recognition
2.2 Applications of cyclodextrin-crownether coupling system in enzyme mimics
2.3 Applications of cyclodextrin-crownether coupling system in seperation of isomers
2.4 Applications of cyclodextrin-crownether coupling system in energy transfer of light
3 Prospects

The syntheses and studies of nitroxide radical-metal complexes is one of the hotspots for molecular magnetic materials. The research progress of molecule-based magnets, single-molecular magnets, single-chain magnets and molecular spin-transition complexes in this field is summarized, and the prospects is also discussed in this paper.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Molecule-based magnets
2.1 Monoradicals-metal complexes
2.2 Nitroxide radical cation-metal complexes
2.3 Polyradicals-metal complexes
3 Single-molecular magnets
4 Single-chain magnets
5 Molecular spin-transition complexes
6 Conclusion

α-Zirconium phosphate (α-Zr(HPO₄)₂·H₂O, α-ZrP), γ-zirconium phosphate (Zr(PO₄)(H₂PO₄)·2H₂O, γ-ZrP) and their derivatives have attracted a lot of research attention in recent years due to their potential applications in the areas of ion exchange, proton conductivity, intercalation chemistry, catalysis, photochemistry and material chemistry. The mechanism, thermodynamics and kinetics of ion-exchange reactions between alkali, alkaline-earth and transition metal ions and zirconium phosphate and its derivatives are reviewed, progress in ion-exchange reaction between luminescent metal complex and zirconium phosphate is also discussed.

Contents
1 Ion-exchange reactions between main-group metals and zirconium phosphate and its derivatives
2 Ion-exchange reactions between transition metals and zirconium phosphate and its derivatives
3 Ion-exchange reactions between other metals and zirconium phosphate and its derivatives

Low-temperature solid-state synthesis methods for the mental oxide and sulfide nanomaterials which have exhibited the unique physical chemical properties are reviewed and classified in this paper. The simple solid-state synthesis routes, six different reaction types, the characterization about structure, composition, morphology, optics, stability and other properties of the products, and the possible synthesis mechanism of low-temperature solid-state reactions are emphasized. Some typical examples are also illustrated. Compared with gas or solution synthesis, low-temperature solid-state synthesis has many advantages in synthesizing mental oxides and sulfides nanomaterials, such as simple operation, low cost, little pollution and being able to industrialization.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Introduction and experiment route of low-temperature solid-state synthesis
2.1 Simple introduction
2.2 Experiment route
3 Low-temperature solid-state synthesis types and study contents of metal oxides and sulfides
3.1 Room-temperature direct reaction method
3.2 Addition-assisted room-temperature direct reaction method
3.3 Addition-assisted heat-treating reaction method
3.4 Solution-solid room-temperature synthesis method
3.5 Mixture heat-treating reaction method
3.6 Precursor heat-treating reaction method
4 Characterization and property studies of metal oxides and sulfids synthesized by low-temperature solid-state reaction
4.1 Structure, composition and morphologies
4.2 Optics and stability
4.3 Other properties
5 Low-temperature solid-state synthesis mechanism of metal oxides and sulfides
6 Summary and prospects

This paper reviewes the recent research progress on ternary Zn_1-xCd_xO nanostructures of domestic and abroad. The classification of the ternary Zn_1-xCd_xO nanostructures including Zn_1-xCd_xO films, nanowires, nanorods and bramble-like nanostructures, etc. are introduced.The various synthesis methods of Zn_1-xCd_xO nanostructures are discussed in detail. In particular, the latest research fruits of the electrical and optical properties of Zn_1-xCd_xO are emphatically presented. The major problems in research and development of the ternary Zn_1-xCd_xO nanostrctures are analyzed, meanwhile their application and research prospects are proposed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Classification of Zn_1-xCd_xO nanostructures
2.1 Zn_1-xCd_xO films
2.2 Zn_1-xCd_xO nanowires
2.3 Zn_1-xCd_xO nanorods and nanoneedles
2.4 Zn_1-xCd_xO bramble-like nanostructures
2.5 Other Zn_1-xCd_xO nanostructures
3 Properties of Zn_1-xCd_xO alloy
3.1 Electrical properties
3.2 Optical properties
3.3 Other properties
4 Growth mechanism of Zn_1-xCd_xO structures
5 Outlook

Graphene is the first free-standing two-dimensional atomic crystal which has been found so far. Graphene is the building block for the sp² carbon materials, such as zero-dimensional fullerenes, one-dimensional carbon nanotubes and three-dimensional bulk graphite. Also, it exhibits many remarkable electronic and mechanical properties. So it has become one of the hottest topics in the area of materials science and condensed-matter physics nowadays and also attracted more and more attention from scientists in diverse fields, such as chemistry, materials and so on. In this paper, we briefly introduce the research advances of graphene in recent years, including the preparation, reduction, chemical modification, application, perspectives and so on.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The discovery of graphene
3 The preparation of graphene
3.1 Chemosynthesis - "bottom-up"
3.2 Synthesis from graphite
4 The application of graphene
4.1 Sensor
4.2 Hydrogen storage
4.3 Drug carrier
4.4 Selective ion passage
4.5 Electrode materials
4.6 Others
5 Perspectives

Recently, organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have attracted great attention due to their merits of low-cost, low-temperature processing, compatible with flexible substrates and large-scale applications. Acenes is one of the main materials used in OFETs. Via the time of flight (TOF) test, it indicates that anthracene has the mobility of 3.0 cm2V-1s-1 and can be used as excellent candidate in OFETs. Rapid progress has been achieved both in new anthrecene derivative synthesis and application in OFETs. This review covers the recent progresses.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The models and parameters of field-effect transistor
3 The application of anthracene derivatives in organic field-effect transistors
3.1 n Type organic field-effect materials of anthracene derivatives
3.2 p Type organic field-effect materials of anthracene derivatives
3.3 The antharacene derivatives used as functionalized dielectric materials
4 Conclusion and outlook

The recent progress of indole-containing opto-electronic materials is reviewed, including photochromism, electroluminescence and non-linear optical materials. The affect of the structural characteristcs and the rich electron cloud of indole, which is named as benzopyrrole, on the UV-vis absorption, emission wavelength, fluorescence intensity, quantum yield of the photochromism and electroluminescent materials is summarized. As to the non-linear optical materials containing indole-based chromophores, they all show a combination of large nonlinearity and relatively good transparency among the chromophores, providing a new method for defeating the “nonlinear-transparency tradeoff”, which is one of the main problems that restrict the development of the non-linear optical materials.

Contents
1 Photochromism materials
2 Fluorescent materials
3 Non-linear optic materials
4 Outlook

Ferrocene has many attractive features, such as excellent reversible redox properties, high solubility in organic media, and high modifiability with organic chemical methods, and it remains a promising molecular fragment for molecular devices. Alkynyl has rigidity and linearity. The combination of the two make ferroceneacetylene has delocalized π-bond as a versatile building block. So it has been widely used in the design and synthesis of optoelectronic functional molecule. The review focuses on the structures and applications of molecules containing ferroceneacetylene in molecular wire, molecular switch, molecular rotor, chemosensing, nonlinnear optics, catalyst, photochromism and so on in recent years.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Applications of ferroceneacetylene in optoelectronic functional molecules
2.1 Molecular wire
2.2 Molecular switch
2.3 Molecular sensor
2.4 Molecular rotor
2.5 Nonlinnear optics materials
2.6 Magnetic materials
2.7 Catalyst
2.8 Precursor of nano-materials
2.9 Photochromism
3 Expectation

The dendrimers with porphyrin core have extensive applications in many fields due to its special physical, chemical and photovoltaic properties, especially their energy/electron transfer properties. Recently, lots of dendrimers with porphyrin core have been synthesized. This paper reviews the recent developments of the dendrimers with porphyrin core. First, we introduce some new compounds which synthesized in recent years, and the synthetic methods and properties of some topic compounds. These compounds can be used in different fields, such as light-harvesting materials, light-emitting materials, photodynamic therapy, catalysts, sensors and so on. Finally, the research trends for the future are presented.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Applications of the dendrimers with porphyrin core
2.1 Light-harvesting materials
2.2 Light-emitting materials
2.3 Photodynamic therapy or other medicinal fields
2.4 Catalysts
2.5 Sensors
2.6 Nano molecular devices
3 Outlook

The boron-containing π-conjugated materials have attracted considerable research interest in recent years due to their unique optoelectronic properties, which stem from the characteristic features of boron element, such as the p-π^* conjugation between the vacant p orbital on the boron atom with π^* orbital of the π-conjugated framework, the high Lewis acidity to coordinate with Lewis bases, as well the steric bulk arising from the aryl substituent on the boron atom to get enough kinetic stability. It has been demonstrated that this kind of materials are applicable in a wide range fields, such as nonlinear optics, two-photon absorption and emission materials, electron-transporting and emissive materials in organic light-emitting devices as well as chemosensors. Research progress in the oganoboron π-conjugated materials are reviewed in this paper, in terms of the molecular structures of the π-conjugated systems, including the linear π-conjugated systems with boryl groups at the terminal positions, the starburst π-conjugated systems containing boron atoms at the center, the polymeric π-conjugated systems containing boron atoms in the main chain, the boron-bridged ring-fused π-conjugated systems, as well as the π-conjugated systems with boryl groups at the side positions. The further development tendency of this field is also prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Research progress in the optoelectronic materials of organoboron π-conjugated systems
2.1 Linear π-conjugated systems with boryl groups at the terminal positions
2.2 The starburst π-conjugated systems containing boron atoms at the center
2.3 The polymeric π-conjugated systems containing boron atoms in the main chain
2.4 The boron-bridged ring-fused π-conjugated systems
2.5 The π-conjugated systems containing boryl groups at the side positions
3 Prospects

N-heterocyclic carbene Pt and N-heterocyclic carbene Rh complexes are used as catalysts in hydrosilylation. It is specially noticed that the complexes showed excellent catalytic properties and stabilized physical and chemical nature. This review summarizes the recent progress in the application of platinum and rhodium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes as catalysts in hydrosilylation of ketones, alkynes, alkenes and other unsaturated compounds.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 N-heterocyclic carbene Pt complexes catalyzed hydrosilylation
2.1 Catalytic properties of N-heterocyclic carbene Pt complexes catalyzed hydrosilylation
2.2 Mechanism of catalytic hydrosilylation by N-heterocyclic carbene Pt complexes
3 N-heterocyclic carbene Rh complexes catalyzed hydrosilylation
3.1 N-heterocyclic carbene Rh complexes catalyzed hydrosilylation of ketone
3.2 N-heterocyclic carbene Rh complexes catalyzed hydrosilylation of alkynes
3.3 Mechanism of catalytic hydrosilylation of alkynes by N-heterocyclic carbene Rh complexes
3.4 N-heterocyclic carbene Rh complexes catalyzed hydrosilylation of other compounts
4 Conclusion and expectation

Porphyrins exhibit excellent photoelectronic properties and thermal stability due to their special π-electronic system and conjugated delocalized structure, which have been widely used in bionics, catalysis, medicine and materials science. With the progress of self-assembly technology, porphyrins as the building blocks for self-assembled ultrathin films reveal the significant superiority. This review focuses on the fabrication methods of self-assembled functional films based on porphyrins. And the recent progress of porphyrin self-assembled films applied in photoelectric conversion is summarized.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation methods of self-assembled films based on porphyrins
2.1 Direct methods
2.2 Indirect methods
3 Porphyrin self-assembled films in photoelectric conversion
4 Outlook

The nitration of aromatics is an important reaction in chemical industry, and the nitration of deactivated aromatics plays a key role in the synthesis of medicines, pesticides, dyes and explosives. In this paper, the latest progress of the nitration of deactivated aromatic compounds is reviewed in the point of view of nitrating agents, including nitrate-sulfuric acid, nitrate ester, nitric acid and nitrogen oxides. Their specific features, merits and demerits are outlined and the perspectives of the nitration are prospected. Among them, nitrate-sulfuric acid system with higher nitrating activity can get high yields at mild condition in the nitration of deactivated aromatic compounds and could be used in the laboratory and industrial applications. And for other nitrating methods, the nitration of high degree deactivated aromatics is, so far, not satisfying for different reasons and more efforts are needed for developing new agents with higher nitrating activity.

 Contents
1 Introduction
2 Nitrate/sulfuric acid as nitration agent
2.1 Nitrate/sulfuric acid as nitration agent
2.2 Supported nitrate as nitration agent
3 Nitrate ester as nitration agent
3.1 Ethylene glycol dinitrate as nitration agent
3.2 Trifluoroacetyl nitrate as nitration agent
3.3 Nitration with acetyl nitrate catalyzed by ionic liquid
4 Nitric acid as nitration agent
4.1 Catalyzed by solid acid
4.2 Catalyzed by BrÖnsted acid ionic liquid
4.3 Catalyzed by Ln perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid
4.4 Catalyzed by Lewis acid
5 Nitrogen oxides as nitration agent
5.1 NO₂/O₂ as nitration agent
5.2 N₂O₅ as nitration agent
5.3 NO₂/O₃ as nitration agent
5.4 N₂O₄ as nitration agent
6 Conclusion

In this review, based on the different kinds of branched side groups in polymer chains, the properties of three types of the temperature-responsive polymers, including poly-isopropylacylamide, poly-vinyl ether and poly-vinylpyridine, are introduced respectively. Being complexed with the inorganic nanoparticles, the organic-inorganic hybrid materials can also be obtained. The structure characters and temperature-responsive properties of these interesting materials are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the emerging applications of these composites, such as controllable phase-transfer catalysis are reviewed. The future developments of these composite materials are prospected as well.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Brief introduction of nanoparticle-temperature responsive copolymer composite
2.1 Basic knowledge
2.2 Isopropylacylamide type copolymer
2.3 Vinylether type copolymer
2.4 Vinylpyridine type copolymer
3 Catalytic applications
4 Conclusion and outlook

Advances on the catalysts and technologies of preparing branched polyolefins with controllable topology structures are reviewed. Traditionally，branched polyethylenes are obtained by radical polymerization of ethylene, as well as coordination copolymerization of ethylene with α-olefin catalyzed by early transition metal compounds. By combining ethylene oligomerization with in-situ copolymerization of ethylene and the produced α-olefin oligomers, branched polyethylenes with different branch lengh and branching degree are also prepared. In recent years, the newly-developed late transition metal catalysts can be used to synthesize not only the branched, hyperbranched and dendritic polyethylenes by ethylene homopolymerization, but also the end-functional polyolefins with controllable topologies by copolymerization of ethylene with polar monomer.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Traditional methods of preparing branced polyolefins
3 Syntheses of branced polyolefins by in-situ copolymerization
4 Syntheses of branced polyolefins with controlled topologies by late transition metal catalysts
4.1 Syntheses of branched and hyperbranched polyethylenes by ethylene homopolymerization
4.2 Adjusting polyolefin topology by copolymerization with other monomer or coordination polymerization in tandem with other polymerization methods
5 Conclusion

The self-assembly of conjugated rod-coil block copolymers has recently become one of the hot topics in the research of supramolecular chemistry. This article reviews the program on the self-assembly of conjugated rod-coil block copolymers with different rod blocks, including polyfluorene, polydi(styryl)-anthracene, poly(para-phenylene), poly(para-phenyleneethynylene), poly(para-phenylenevinylene), poly(2,5-benzophenone), polythiophene, poly(phenylquinoline), etc. The syntheses and photophysical properties of conjugated rod-coil block copolymers are introduced. The formation and regulation of well-defined one-, two-, or three-dimensional conjugated domains in nanoscale dimensions by the self-assembly of these copolymers in different solvents, temperature and concentration are reviewed emphatically. The potential applications of the self-assembly of conjugated rod-coil block copolymers in many fields, particularly in optoelectronic device, are summarized. Finally, the prospects for the self-assembly of conjugated rod-coil block copolymers are stated.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The system of conjugated rod-coil block copolymers
2.1 Fluorene-based conjugated rod-coil block copolymers
2.2 Di(styryl)-anthracene-based conjugated rod-coil block copolymers
2.3 Poly(para-phenylene) or Oligo(para-phenylene) -based conjugated rod-coil block copolymers
2.4 Poly(para-phenyleneethynylene) or Oligo(para-phenyleneethynylene) -based conjugated rod-coil block copolymers
2.5 Poly(para-phenylenevinylene) or Oligo(para-phenylenevinylene) -based conjugated rod-coil block copolymers
2.6 Poly(2,5-benzophenone) -based conjugated rod-coil block copolymers
2.7 Polythiophene-based conjugated rod-coil block copolymers
2.8 Poly(phenylquinoline) -based conjugated rod-coil block copolymers
2.9 Others
3 Conclusion

Recent progress in gold nanoparticles coated with intelligent polymer is reviewed. Specially, the synthetic methods of gold nanoparticles coated with stimuli responsive polymer including in situ synthesis method, ligand exchange metnod, surface initiating polymerization method and surface grafting polymerization method, are introduced. The kinds of stimuli responsive gold nanoparticles, such as thermosensi-tivity, pH sensitivity, pH/electrolyte dual sensitivity, pH/thermo dual sensitivity and solvent sensitivity, are also presented.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis methods
2.1 in situ synthesis
2.2 ligand exchange
2.3 surface initiating polymerization
2.4 surface grafting polymerization
2.5 surface grafting reaction
3 sensitivity and applications of gold nanoparticles
3.1 temperature sensitivity
3.2 pH sensitivity
3.3 pH and electrolyte dual sensitivity
3.4 pH and thermo dual sensitivity
3.5 solvent sensitivity
4 prospects

The comprising drug releasing components together with functional prosthetic implant provide the new possibility to improve the functionality in prosthetic implant. The layer-by-layer assembly (LBL) method has been regarded as the most attractive method for advanced drug release coating because it possesses extraordinary advantages such as easy operation, fine control over coating’s composition and outstanding capability of constructing wide ranges of biomolecules onto different substrates and so on. This review gives a brief instruction of current research on LBL as a new approach for advanced drug release coatings for biomedical implant. The advantages as well as the challenges of LBL technique for local drug release films are summarized. Future developments in the field are also discussed.

Contents
1 Constructing drug controlled release systems via LBL
1.1 Drugs as a building block in LBL
1.2 Post diffusion
1.3 Pro-drug
1.4 Precursor assembly
2 Release behavior of multilayers
2.1 The effect of multilayer structure
2.2 Stimulus-response release
3 Research of factional multilayers
3.1 Antibacterial multilayers
3.2 Multilayers for revascularization
3.3 Multilayers for gene delivery
4 Prospects

Polymer carriers for drug release have the advantages such as controlled concentration of the released drug, high drug utilization in organism and targeting therapy. However, some polymers have disadvantages such as low mechanical strength, poor chemical stability and undesirable biocompatibility.Silica is porous and non-toxic and possesses advantages such as good biocompatibility, high chemical and mechanical stabilities and easy surface functionalization. But for some silica carriers, it is difficult to load large drug molecules, to have high drug loading or to achieve targeting therapy. Polymer-silica hybrid materials may combine the advantages of polymer and silica carriers in drug delivery and eliminate their disadvantages. Based on the properties of the polymers and the functions of the polymer/silica hybrid materials, controlled drug release systems, including temperature-sensitive polymer/silica, polyelectrolyte/silica, biopolymer/silica, and other polymer/silica hybrid materials are reviewed in this article. The research trends of this field are also briefly discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Temperature-sensitive polymer/silica hybrid materials
3 Polyelectrolyte/silica hybrid materials
4 Biopolymer/silica hybrid materials
5 Other polymer/silica hybrid materials
6 Prospects

Poly(para-dioxanone) (PPDO) is used as a biomaterial for tissue engineering, bone fracture fixation and controlled drug delivery due to its excellent biodegrability, bioabsorbability, biocompatibility and good flexibility. Furthermore, PPDO presents outstanding potential for general medical devices such as films, molded products, laminates, foams, non-woven materials, adhesives, and coatings. However, its polymerization method and structure, etc have hindered development of commercial applications. The recent progress in modifiration of poly(para-dixanone) is reviewed in this paper, which includes blending modification of PPDO, chemical modification of PPDO and filling modification of PPDO. Blending with other polymers is a simple and convenient way of modifying the crystalline and degradation properties of PPDO. Chemical modification is one way of improveing the properties of poly(para-dixanone), such as its solubility, molecular weight, thermal stability and so on. Filling modification of PPDO can implement each other's complement of their advantage, these novel properties will develop its wide application.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Modification methods of PPDO
2.1 Blending Modification of PPDO
2.2 Chemical Modification of PPDO
2.3 Filling Modification of PPDO
3 Conclusions and Outlook

Design and synthesis of epoxy resins with degradable groups are one of important topics in the field of the recovery of the thermoset resins. The traditional methods used for recovery of thermoset resins are summarized and their drawbacks are stated respectively in this review. The research including the popular synthesis and preparation methods of degradable epoxy resins is introduced in detail. The degradation characteristics and mechanism of three degradable epoxy resins are illustrated. Finally, the drawbacks of the mentioned degradable epoxy resins are stated. The prospects of development for degradable epoxy resins is analyzed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Thermally degradable epoxy resins
2.1 Degradable epoxy resins with ester structure
2.2 Degradable epoxy resins without ester structure
3 Photodegradable epoxy resins
4 Biodegradable epoxy resins
5 Degradation mechanism of degradable epoxy resins
5.1 Thermal degradation mechanism
5.2 Photodegradation mechanism
5.3 Biodegradation mechanism
6 Conclusion and outlook

Recent years, more and more attention is paid to inspection of explosives from the international society, because of their harmfulness to social stability and national security. The development of explosive online monitor technology has attracted considerable interest due to its quick detection. There are many kinds of explosives in our society, and their detection methods are various. In this paper, general methods for explosive detection are reviewed briefly, and novel techniques of explosive detection are also introduced. In addition, the applications of molecular imprinting and fluorescence analysis technique used for explosive detection are introduced emphatically. Moreover, the characteristics of molecularly imprinted polymer and fluorescence conjugated polymer in monitoring explosives are summarized, and their trends in this area are also prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Techniques of explosive detection
2.1 General methods for explosive detection
2.2 Novel techniques of explosive detection
3 Prospects

Volatile organic sulfur compounds, with low odor threshold concentration and deadly toxicity, are important odorants in drinking water in China. Analytical testing techniques for sulfur odorants in water, as the foundation of all the related research, catch great attention of all. This paper reviewes the characteristics of common sulfur odorants, the main difficulties and solutions encountered in analyzing volatile organic sulfur compounds in water. A detailed discuss in selection of detector, chromatographic column, method of preconcentration in gas chromatographic determinations, which is the most practical technique among analysis of sulphur-containing compounds, and prospects of analytical testing techniques for volatile organic sulfur in water are presented in this paper.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Common sulfur odorants in water
3 Difficulties encountered in analyzing micro amount common sulfur odorants in water
4 Analytical methods
4.1 Selection of detection system
4.2 Selection of chromatographic column
5 Preconcentration methods
5.1 Closed-loop stripping analysis
5.2 Open-loop stripping analysis
5.3 Static headspace
5.4 Purge and trap
5.5 Liquid liquid extraction
5.6 Steam distillation extraction
5.7 Solid phase extraction
5.8 Solid phase microextraction
5.9 Stir bar sorptive extraction
6 Conclusion

Biocatalysts for application in the presence of organic solvents for catalysis have various kinds of advantages. Unfortunately, enzymes are generally very labile catalysts and easily lose their activity in the presence of organic solvents. Organic solvent tolerant bacteria are a novel group of extremophilic microorganisms with various adaptations to thrive in the presence of high concentrations of organic solvents, and some enzymes form them with organic solvent tolerant ability as well. With the exploitation and development of the field, the search for high effective biocatalysts from these kinds of bacteria has become a novel research hotspot, and they are more and more using for application in the field of organic phase biocatalysis. In this review, we describe the exploitation and application and development of these kinds of novel organic solvent tolerant biocatalysts, and the facing opportunities and challenges in the field is discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction of OSTB and OSTE
1.1 OSTB discovery
1.2 OSTE discovery
2 Whole-cell biotransformation in non-aqueous system
2.1 Application of OSTB in chemical synthesis
2.2 OSTB in bioremediation and biodegradation
3 OSTE and biocatalysis in organic solvents
3.1 Development of enzymatic catalysis in organic solvents
3.2 Exploitation and application of OSTE
4 Prospects

Gas sensors have been extensively developed in biology, chemistry, aeronautics, military affairs. WO₃-based gas sensors have been characterized as one of the most promising neotype oxide gas sensors for the detection of H₂S, NO_x, O₃, NH₃ and so on. An overview clarified by different sensing gases of the progress in WO3-based gas sensors has been presented systematically. EEffects of preparation methods and noble metal dopants on gas sensing properties mentioned above have been discussed in detail. Gas sensing mechanism of WO₃ gas sensor has been discussed in this paper. Finally, the problems existed during the research process of WO₃-based gas sensors have been pointed out.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Research progress
2.1 H₂S gas sensors based on WO₃
2.2 NO_x gas sensors based on WO₃
2.3 NH₃ gas sensors based on WO₃
2.4 H₂ and CO gas sensors based on WO₃
2.5 O₃ gas sensors based on WO₃
2.6 Other gas sensors based on WO₃
2.7 Study of WO₃ gas sensors on various gases simultaneously
3 Gas sensing mechanism of WO₃ gas sensor
4 Conclusion

As important new energy materials, many kinds of Li-ion battery electrode materials have aroused unprecedented wide concern. The negative electrode material—spinel Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ has been paid more and more attentions by researchers due to its many excellent properties such as “zero-strain”. In the meantime, some of these properties also meet the requirements of electrode materials used in electric automobile’s energy storage cell, and hence they are also used in the research of Asymmetric Hybrid Super Capacitors. This paper reviews the structure and properties of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, explores researches at home and broad from the aspects of preparation method(sol-gel, solid-state reaction. etc), modification by doping and composing with other materials and so on. The application research progress of this material in all kinds of storage cells is also introduced.

Contents
1 The structure and Li⁺ insertion mechanism of LTO
2 Preparation methods of LTO
2.1 Sol-gel method
2.2 Process optimization of solid-state synthesis for LTO
2.3 The other preparation methods 3 Various LTO with different morphologies
3.1 LTO with typical morphology
3.2 LTO with porous structure
3.3 LTO nanotube/nanowire and flower-like spinel LTO
4 The reseaches on improving the electronic conductivity of LTO
4.1 Composing with some other materials
4.2 Modification by dopping
5 Application of LTO in various kinds of storage cells
5.1 Li-ion battery with LTO anode
5.2 Application of LTO in asymmetric hybrid energy cell
6 Prospects

The advantages and major technical problems of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) are briefly introduced. The research progress of non-platinum cathode catalysts of PEMFC is reviewed. In particular, the catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), chemical or electrochemical stability and methanol-tolerant of the non-platinum catalysts (transition metal chalcogenides, transition metal alloys, transition metal nitrides, transition metal oxides, transition metal macrocyclic complexes, etc.) are focused upon. The existing problems and the development trends of the non-platinum catalysts are proposed. The ruthenium-based chalcogenides, palladium-based alloys and transition metal macrocyclic complexes catalysts displayed good performances and are expected to become the substitutes for the PEMFC cathode platinum-based catalysts.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Transition metal chalcogenides
2.1 Binary compounds
2.2 Ternary compounds
3 Transition metal alloys
4 Transition metal nitrides
5 Transition metal oxides
6 Transition metal macrocyclic complexes
7 Epilogue

The hydrogen storage technology based on liquid organic hydrides, which employs the recyclable aromatic-cycloalkanes pairs as the media for hydrogen storage, is definitely a promising potential candidate for hydrogen storage and supply method with high storage capacity and low cost, especially for the long distance transportation of hydrogen and long term seasonal hydrogen storage. This paper reviews the latest research progress in liquid organic hydrides hydrogen storage technology. The basic principles and advantages of the technology as well as several major cycloalkanes used for hydrogen storage are introduced. Various catalysts for dehydrogenation of cycloalkanes are summarized from the following respects: catalyst composition, addition of second metals, particle dispersion, porous structure and surface properties, catalyst deactivation and stability, resistance to sulphur poisoning. Development of new catalytic-reactor configurations such as nonsteady spray-pulsed system, superheated liquid film system and membrane separation reaction system to overcome heat mass transfer limitations are described. And the proposal for future research is also outlined.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Hydrogen storage using liquid organic hydrides
2.1 Basic principles and features
2.2 Key problems to solve
2.3 Cycloalkanes for hydrogen storage
2.4 Catalysts for dehydrogenation of cycloalkanes
2.5 Catalytic-reactor configurations for effective dehydrogenation
3 Conclusion