Lithium-sulfur batteries are valued for their high theoretical specific capacity，energy density，and other advantages，but their commercialization is limited by the slow kinetics of sulfur species conversion and the "shuttle effect". In response，researchers have utilized the photocatalytic effect to develop a photo-assisted strategy for lithium-sulfur batteries，an emerging strategy that not only improves the adsorption and catalytic performance of the catalyst，but also enhances the battery performance in terms of both thermodynamics and kinetics，and even achieves the storage and release of solar energy through the photo-charging mechanism. In this paper，based on recently relevant studies，we introduce in detail the photoelectrochemical principles of photo-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries，discuss the design strategies of photocatalysts and photoanode，as well as the selection of optical windows and encapsulation materials，and review the typical configurations of photopositives and the research methodology of photo-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries，with the aim of attracting the extensive attention of our peers and providing references for the in-depth understanding and improvement of photo-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 The working mechanism and design strategy of photo-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries

2.1 The photoelectrochemical principle of photo-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries

2.2 Design strategies of photo-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries

3 Typical configuration and research methods of photo-assisted lithium sulfur batteries

3.1 Typical configuration of photocathodes

3.2 Research methods for photo-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries

4 Conclusion and outlook

Taking into account environmental concerns and the ongoing shift towards clean energy， converting carbon dioxide （CO₂） into ethylene （C₂H₄） through electrochemical CO₂ reduction （ECO₂RR） using renewable electricity is a sustainable and eco-friendly solution for achieving carbon neutrality while also providing economic benefits. Despite significant advancements in the field， issues such as low selectivity， activity and stability continue to persist. This paper presents a review of recent research progress in copper-based catalytic systems for ECO₂RR in the production of ethylene. Firstly， the mechanism of ECO₂RR is briefly summarized. It then highlights various catalyst design strategies for ethylene production， such as tandem catalysis， crystal surface modulation， surface modification， valence influence， size sizing， defect engineering， and morphology design. Finally， the paper discusses future challenges and prospects for the synthesis of ethylene through electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction.

Nowadays stretchable electronic devices have become a hot research topic in the field of information electronics because of their excellent mechanical and electrical properties. As the high-speed electron transmission channel in stretching electronic devices， stretchable conductive materials play a crucial role in realizing the functions of stretching electronic devices. Liquid metal has become a hot research object in the field of stretchable conductive composites in recent years because of its intrinsic flexibility and excellent conductivity. Liquid metal is a room temperature liquid conductive material， which exhibits excellent stretchability and tunability due to its inherent high conductivity， fluidity， and ductility. Liquid metal-based stretchable conductive composites preparation and patterning techniques have been reported and many stretchable devices with excellent combination of mechanical and electrical properties have been prepared. In view of the general structural characteristics of liquid metal-based stretchable composites， the key to the preparation is how to solve the interfacial non-impregnation problem caused by the physical property differences between different materials. Therefore， starting from the common types of composites， this paper firstly briefly introduces the components and physical properties of liquid metals generally used， as well as the stretchable polymer matrix materials usually employed. Then， the composite methods of conductive materials and elastomer materials in liquid metal-based electrodes are reviewed from the two ways of "passive" and "active" to deal with the problem of non-wetting at the interface， as well as the blending and dispersion method and the new modification method. Finally， the latest research progress is introduced， and the current status of liquid metal research is summarized. Future development and potential problems to be faced are also discussed.

Due to its unique layered structure and excellent electrochemical properties， molybdenum disulfide （MoS₂） demonstrates significant potential for applications in the energy storage field， particularly in supercapacitors. It is widely regarded as one of the most representative transition metal dichalcogenides. MoS₂ possesses a high theoretical specific capacitance， abundant edge active sites， and favorable tunability and structural diversity， which provide it with a distinct advantage in the construction of advanced electrode structures. Additionally， the anisotropic characteristics of MoS₂ concerning electron and ion transport offer more dimensions for regulating its electrochemical behavior. This work will systematically review various synthesis strategies for MoS₂ and its recent advancements in energy storage， with a particular focus on the mechanisms by which interlayer spacing modulation affects energy storage behavior in supercapacitor configurations. The discussion will encompass a comprehensive logical framework that spans material structure modifications， electronic configuration evolution， and enhancements in macroscopic device performance. This review aims to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the application of MoS₂ in the next generation of high-performance energy storage devices.

In the era of heightened global environmental consciousness， the principle of sustainable development has become deeply ingrained in public awareness. However， conventional petroleum-based adhesives are plagued by issues of unsustainability， high energy consumption， and significant environmental pollution during their production and application. Consequently， the development of green， sustainable， and high-performance biomass-based adhesives has emerged as a critical research focus. Biomass-based adhesives continue to encounter significant challenges， including suboptimal water resistance， elevated production costs， and the necessity for enhanced environmental performance. Future research should focus on optimizing the modification process of biomass raw materials， reducing production costs， improving the comprehensive properties of adhesives， and promoting their large-scale industrial application. In-depth investigation into the correlation between the structure and properties of biomass is crucial for the development of environmentally friendly and cost-effective adhesives. This paper summarizes the classification， modification methods， and properties of biomass-based raw materials and provides a detailed prospect for their future development.

Organic light emitting diodes （OLEDs） have attracted extensive attention and research interest in advanced display and solid-state lighting due to their self-luminescence， low drive voltage， wide color gamut， surface luminescence， flexibility and rapid response. One of the primary colors of OLED， the development of blue emitter is still lagging far behind. Interestingly， 9，9'-bianthracene as a promising blue-emitter for high-performance fluorescent OLEDs exhibits excellent optoelectronic performance in recent years. Here， we review the progress with the development of 9，9'-anthracene-based blue fluorescent materials and gain insight into their contribution towards enhanced OLED performance. Different approaches to achieve blue emission from molecular design including isomerization， fluorine substitution， asymmetrical structuring， and steric hindrance effects are discussed， with particular focus on device efficiency and stability. Furthermore， an outlook for future challenges and opportunities of OLEDs from the development of new molecular structures， understanding of luminescence mechanisms as well as innovation in flexible and large-scale panels is provided.

Human exhaled air has a close relationship with diseases，among which ammonia becomes a respiratory marker for diseases such as kidney disease. Traditional exhaled gas detection methods are mainly detected by gas chromatography，but the instrument is bulky and complex in operation. Emerging ammonia sensors，however，are garnering significant attention due to their portability，ease of integration，miniaturization，low cost，and simplicity of operation. This review systematically describes the working mechanism of ammonia gas sensors，sensor types，and common ammonia sensing materials. At the same time，it introduces the advantages of sensor array electronic nose technology over a single sensor，and puts forward the application research of ammonia sensors and electronic noses in diseases，aiming at the existing problems and prospects of ammonia gas sensors.

Hydrogen production via water electrolysis powered by renewable energy sources represents a critical approach to addressing the dual challenges of energy and the environment. However， the practical implementationof this technology remains constrained by the sluggish kinetics of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction （OER）. Recent advances in high-entropy materials （HEMs） with unique structural configurations and compositional tunability have demonstrated breakthrough capabilities in OER catalysis. Their near-continuous adsorption energy tunability across multi-dimensional landscapes enables surpassing the perforce ceilings of conventional single-/dual-component electrocatalysts. While substantial progress has been achieved in developing HEMs for OER catalysis， formidable scientific challenges persist regarding the intricate composition-structure-activity relationships in multi-component systems and unresolved mechanistic ambiguities governing catalytic synergies. This review systematically examines the fundamental mechanisms underlying the four-electron transfer process in OER， followed by a critical survey of recent breakthroughs in high-entropy alloys （HEAs）， high-entropy oxides （HEOs）， and high-entropy metal-organic frameworks （HEMOFs） for OER applications. By emphasizing three critical dimensions： atomic coordination environment modulation， electronic structure engineering， and surface adsorption energy optimization， we establish explicit correlations between compositional architecture， structural characteristics， and catalytic performance. This framework profoundly elucidates the synergistic catalytic mechanisms arising from multi-metallic active sites. Furthermore， we propose strategic optimization pathways through material design， defect engineering， and elemental regulation. The review concludes by discussing emerging challenges and future opportunities in this rapidly evolving field. This review can provide inspiration for the accurate design of high-entropy electrocatalysts， the atomic-level analysis of structure-activity relationships， and the regulation and optimization of catalytic performance.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 OER pathway

2.1 AEM

2.2 LOM

2.3 OPM

3 Research progress and bottlenecks of high‑entropy oxygen evolution catalytic materials

3.1 High‑entropy alloys

3.2 High‑entropy oxides

3.3 High‑entropy MOFs

3.4 Other high‑entropy compounds

4 Optimization strategies

4.1 Machine learning‑assisted design

4.2 Defect engineering

4.3 Element regulation

5 Conclusion and outlook

As an important family of synthetic polymers， poly（meth）acrylates have a wide range of applications in the fields of coatings， adhesives， biomedines， electronic and electrical materials. However， the （meth）acrylates monomers are mainly derived from petrochemical resources.Transformations of biomass into （meth）acrylate monomers and polymers have attracted growing research interest from the viewpoint of sustainability. The bio-based poly（meth）acrylates not only serve as the supplement for the fossil based product but also provide great chance for the development of value-added high performance materials with designed novel structures. This article highlights the recent progress in the synthesis and polymerization of bio-based （meth）acrylates. The lignin， terpene， plant oil， glucose， isosorbide， and furan derivatives as the biomass feedstock are respectively reviewed in consecutive order. The properties and applications of the corresponding bio-based poly（meth）acrylates are summarized. Moreover， the challenges and opportunities of bio-based poly（meth）acrylates are also discussed.

Graphene is a two-dimensional nanomaterial with ultra-high thermal conductivity， which is widely used in the field of electric heating. By analyzing the research progress of graphene and its flexible electrothermal （membrane） materials， the preparation methods of graphene of different sizes and the effect of functional modification on the thermal conductivity of graphene are introduced. The applications of graphene flexible electric heating （film） materials in the fields of deicing and anti-fogging， wearable clothing and low-temperature battery thermal management are summarized. In the future， it is still necessary to break through the technical problems of the preparation process of graphene and its flexible heating （film） materials and the integration of heating elements.

All-solid-state batteries have the characteristics of high energy density， long cycle lifeand high safety， which is the development direction of the next generation of electrochemical energy storage. Solid-state electrolytes are the core components of all-solid-state batteries， and sulfide electrolytes have attracted extensive attention due to their advantages of high ionic conductivity and good mechanical ductility. As one of the most studied sulfide electrolytes in recent years， lithium-phosphorus-sulfur-chloride sulfide （LPSC） has high ionic conductivity and relatively low cost， but its practical application is limited by shortcomings such as poor stability and poor compatibility of positive and negative electrode materials. The composite solid-state electrolyte has good electrochemical and mechanical properties， and the composite solid-state electrolyte is prepared by modifying the LPSC with polymers， aiming to improve the interfacial compatibility and electrochemical stability of the LPSC. In this paper， the basic composition， recombination mode， modification strategy and ion transport mechanism of LPSC composite solid electrolyte are reviewed， and the future research direction and application prospect of LPSC composite electrolyte are prospected.

With the advancement of technology，flexible pressure sensors have been widely utilized in wearable device fields such as medical monitoring and motion monitoring，primarily due to their thinness，lightness，flexibility，good ductility，as well as their faster response speed and higher sensitivity compared to traditional rigid sensors. When subjected to external forces，the elastic elements within these sensors undergo deformation，converting mechanical signals into electrical signals. Consequently，the choice of elastic elements significantly impacts the overall performance of flexible pressure sensors. Polydimethylsiloxane （PDMS） is extensively used as a flexible substrate in sensors because of its stable chemical properties，good thermal stability，low preparation cost，and excellent biocompatibility. By collecting relevant information，this paper reviews the sensing mechanisms of PDMS-based flexible pressure sensors，introduces preparation techniques to improve the properties of PDMS materials，including the recently popular methods of introducing porous structures and constructing surface architectures，and discusses the applications of PDMS-based flexible pressure sensors in medical monitoring，electronic skin，and other fields. Finally，the challenges faced by PDMS-based flexible sensors and their future opportunities are prospected.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Flexible pressure sensor

3 Fabrication technology of flexible sensor with improved performance

3.1 Pore structure

3.2 Surface micro-nano structures

4 Application of flexible pressure sensor based on PDMS

4.1 Health monitoring

4.2 Electronic skin

5 Conclusion and outlook

Organometallic compounds can undergo intramolecular C—H activation to form cyclometallic species，which can then undergo selective ring-opening to enable a “through space” migration of the metal atom within the molecule. Compared to the widely studied heteroatom-directed C—H activation reactions，this process is more complex and difficult to control. Over the past decade，significant progress has been made in this area，providing powerful new tools for the functionalization of remote C—H bonds. The aryl-to-vinylic 1，4-palladium migration represents one of the most significant research area in this field. Although it faces challenges，including the migration of palladium to the thermodynamically less stable vinyl position and the inherent diverse reactivity of alkenes，it provides a novel strategy for the highly stereoselective synthesis of polysubstituted alkenes. Owing to its considerable academic and practical significance，this method has garnered widespread attention.This review summarizes the key mechanisms of aryl-to-vinylic 1，4-palladium migration，various transformation reactions，and potential synthetic applications. Finally，the challenges encountered in this field and prospects for future development are discussed.

Lithium metal batteries（LMBs）have emerged as a focal point for next-generation battery technology research due to their high energy density. However，the commercialization of lithium-metal batteries is hindered by a series of challenges，including lithium dendrite formation，volumetric expansion，and the rupture of the solid electrolyte interphase（SEI）. Ionic liquids（ILs）are emerging as key candidate materials to address these issues due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Despite the significant potential of ionic liquids in lithium-metal batteries，several pressing issues，such as high costs and high viscosity，need to be addressed. Future research should focus on developing new low-cost，high-performance ionic liquids and further understanding their mechanisms in batteries. Additionally，combining advanced characterization techniques and theoretical calculations to explore the dynamic behavior and interfacial phenomena of ionic liquids in lithium metal batteries will help advance their practical applications. This review summarizes the safety issues involved in the research and development of lithium metal batteries，as well as the research progress of ionic liquids in their application as electrolytes and solid electrolytes in lithium metal batteries.

Zinc-iodine batteries have attracted widespread attention as a novel green，low-cost，and highly safe electrochemical energy storage technology. Its basic principle is to use the electrochemical reaction between zinc and iodine to store and release energy. However，the low electronic conductivity，shuttle effect，and high solubility of iodine limit the practical application of zinc-iodine batteries. This work provides a systematic review of the research progress on carbon materials used in the cathode of zinc-iodine batteries，with a focus on several commonly used carbon materials，such as carbon nanotubes，graphene，activated carbon，biomass-derived carbon，and other porous carbon materials. Owing to their excellent conductivity，high specific surface area，and good chemical stability，these carbon materials can not only effectively adsorb and immobilize iodine molecules，preventing iodine loss and the shuttle effect，but also promote iodine redox reactions by regulating the pore structure and surface chemical properties，thereby improving the specific capacity and cycling stability of the battery. Additionally，we put forward the challenges and issues faced by carbon materials in the practical application of zinc-iodine batteries，including how to further enhance iodine adsorption capability and improve the structural stability of the electrode. Accordingly，several potential future research directions are proposed with a view to further improving the electrochemical performance and reducing the manufacturing cost，thus laying the foundation for advancing the development and application of this emerging battery technology.

Compared to lithium-ion batteries，sodium-ion batteries have greater advantages in terms of resources，cost，safety，power performance，low-temperature performance，and so on. However，the energy density of sodium-ion batteries is relatively low. To explore broader application prospects，the development of high-specific energy sodium batteries has become a research hotspot in both academia and industry. The anode is considered the key bottleneck constraining the development of the sodium battery industry due to limitations such as the inability of graphite to serve as sodium anodes and the high cost，low Coulombic efficiency，and poor kinetics of mainstream hard carbon materials. In recent years，anode-free sodium batteries （AFSBs） have garnered widespread attention due to their advantages in energy density，process safety，and overall battery cost. However，AFSBs generally show rapid capacity loss due to the rupture of the solid-electrolyte interphase （SEI） layer，increased chemical side reactions，serious dendrite growth and the formation of dead sodium. As the AFSBs operate，active sodium is continuously consumed without additional metallic sodium to replenish it，leading to poor cycling performance and failure of AFSBs. These issues can be attributed to the following characteristics： the high reactivity of sodium，non-uniform nucleation and huge volume expansion. To elucidate the strategies for promoting dendrite-free growth on the anode side of AFSBs，this review focuses on the current collector-sodium interface and sodium-electrolyte interface，including the design of sodiophilic coatings，porous skeleton structure to regulate the sodium nucleation process，and the construction of robust SEI interface，which further guides the homogeneous sodium deposition and stripping process. This systematic review is expected to draw more attention to anode-free configurations and bring new inspiration to the design of high-specific energy batteries.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Factors affecting sodium deposition on the anode side

2.1 High reactivity of sodium

2.2 Inhomogeneous sodium deposition

2.3 Volumetric deformations

3 Critical differences between sodium and lithium

4 Interface design principles and strategies

4.1 Design principles

4.2 Homogeneous nucleation regulation at the current collector-sodium interface

4.3 Formation of robust SEI at the sodium-electrolyte interface

5 Conclusions and prospects

In recent decades，along with the improvement of peptide synthetic strategies，the development about bicyclic peptides have been accelerated vigorously，and as a result，more and more bicyclic peptide compounds have entered the clinical trial stage. Through high-throughput screening of peptide compound libraries，the efficiency of obtaining target structures has been greatly increased，further promoting the development of the bicyclic peptide field. Compared with linear and monocyclic peptides，bicyclic peptides have much larger structures and greater structural rigidity，which results in higher affinity and selectivity of the binding to their targets. The absence of terminally free amine and carboxyl groups can also increase the stability of bicyclic peptides against proteolytic enzymes significantly. In addition，the facility of bicyclic peptides to cross cell membranes contributes the improved bioavailability. With the sustainable development and wide application of synthetic technologies，more and more potential bicyclic peptides have been developed successively，laying the foundation for the researches of bicyclic peptide drugs. However，in terms of druggability，there are still many limitations in solubility，conformational stability and in vivo activity，which are urgently need to be solved by means of pharmaceutical preparation and chemically structural modification. This review mainly focuses on the chemical preparation strategies of bicyclic peptides and their applications in drug discovery in recent years.

With the improvement of living standard and heightened awareness of environmental protection，renewable and environmentally friendly cellulose materials have attracted much attention in the field of daytime radiative cooling due to their high mid-infrared emissivity and the advantages of tunability of hierarchical structure. In this review，the classification，advantages/disadvantages of radiative cooling materials，the principles of radiative cooling，and the factors influencing their performance are introduced. The classification，state of the art as well as radiative cooling properties of cellulose-based daytime radiative cooling materials are elaborated. The recent progress in the four main application areas including building thermal management，personal thermal management，photovoltaics and low-temperature storage/transportation are summarized. Finally，the existing challenges in the current research are discussed and the future development in this field is also envisaged.

Cellulose nanocrystals（CNCs）are rod-like nanomaterials with high crystallinity obtained from natural cellulose. CNCs suspensions can form iridescent films with chiral nematic structure through evaporation-induced self-assembly（EISA），showing unique optical properties and presenting specific structural colors，which has great application potential in the fields of anti-counterfeiting，sensing，optoelectronics and so on. Due to the abundant，green and renewable feedstock，CNCs has become the first choice of the new chiral materials. In this paper，the formation mechanism，structure and optical properties of CNCs chiral liquid crystals are introduced，the preparation methods of CNCs chiral liquid crystals which are typical at home and abroad in recent years are reviewed，and the structural colors and regulation methods of CNCs chiral liquid crystals are discussed. The application progress of CNCs chiral liquid crystals in the fields of anti-counterfeiting materials，template materials，other functional materials and biomedicine is also summarized. Finally，the challenges and research prospects of CNCs chiral liquid crystals are addressed.

In recent years，covalent organic frameworks（COFs）have emerged as focal points in the research of membrane materials. Distinguished by their distinctive porous structures and structural versatility，COFs offer a promising avenue for advancement in membrane applications compared to conventional polymeric materials. This article delves into diverse interfacial systems，systematically detailing the methodologies for fabricating high-performance COF membranes via interfacial polymerization. The mechanisms underlying membrane formation across various interfacial systems and the strategies for precisely controlling the membrane structure will be elucidated. Furthermore，the intricate relationship between the membrane structure and application performance will be summarized. The challenges and perspectives in this field will be highlighted in the last part of this review.

In recent years， a series of organic room temperature phosphorescence materials with circular polarization luminescence have been constructed by combining （circularly polarized room temperature phosphorescence， CPRTP）materials with reasonable molecular design. The luminescence principle of CPRTP materials is consistent with the luminescence of organic room-temperature phosphorescence materials， and is accompanied by the property of circularly polarized luminescence. This kind of material not only retains the advantage of low energy loss in circular polarization luminescence， but also greatly expands the application of organic room-temperature phosphorescence materials in the fields of anti-counterfeiting encryption and afterglow display. In this paper based on the luminescence mechanism and molecular strategy of CPRTP materials， the structural design strategy of CPRTP materials is summarized. Finally， the existing problems of CPRTP materials are discussed， and the future development prospects and challenges are prospected.

Two-dimensional （2D） perovskite materials have been receiving considerable attention owing to their high stability. Despite this，there is still significant potential for improving their power conversion efficiency. Designing effective spacer cations is one of the crucial methods to improve the photoelectric performance of 2D perovskite solar cells. Among the various strategies，halogen substitution has emerged as a particularly effective approach，which can fine-tune the stability and optical properties of the perovskite crystal structure，leading to notable improvements in photoelectric conversion efficiency as well as long-term stability. In recent years，there has been significant and notable progress of two-dimensional （2D） perovskites based on various halogen-substituted spacer cations in the preparation of high-performance perovskite solar cells. This paper initially provides a comprehensive overview of the development status of 2D perovskite materials and devices that employ different spacer cations. Following this，the focus shifts to an in-depth review of the advancements made in the fabrication of 2D perovskite solar cells （PSCs） and the surface modification of three-dimensional （3D） perovskites，specifically emphasizing the role of spacer cations that have been singly or multiply substituted with halogens such as fluorine，chlorine，and bromine. Finally，we present a concise discussion on the current challenges faced in this field and offer insights into the potential future directions for further research and development.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 2D perovskite materials and devices with different spacer cations

3 Characteristics of halogen-substituted spacer cation-based 2D perovskites and their applications in photovoltaic devices

3.1 Research on halogen-substituted spacer cation-based 2D perovskites and photovoltaic devices

3.2 Research on halogen-substituted 2D perovskite surface modification of 3D perovskites

4 Conclusion and future perspectives on halogen-substituted 2D perovskites

Hypochlorous acid/hypochlorite （HOCl/ClO^-） are important participants in various physiological and pathological processes in the organisms. Both contribute immune defense throughinflammatory responses， but their overproduction and generation at inappropriate sites will result in oxidative damage of cell membranes， DNA， and proteins. Therefore， in view of the important physiopathological significance of HOCl/ClO^-， its specific identification and detection have been an important research topic for researchers. Fluorescence and fluorescent probe methods stand out among many traditional detection methods due to their many advantages. In this paper， some representative research works on HOCl/ClO^- specific fluorescent probes for organic small molecules are reviewed from the first case to the present day， categorized according to the recognition mechanisms between fluorescent probes and HOCl/ClO^-. The recognition mechanisms and biological applications of HOCl/ClO^- specific fluorescent probes are highlighted， and the prospects for the chemical and biological development of HOCl/ClO^- specific fluorescent probes are discussed.

The rapid development of biodegradable plastics manufactured by chemical and biological processes，including the use of enzymes and microorganisms，makes it possible to reduce "white pollution" in specific areas by substituting biodegradable plastics with non-biodegradable ones. One type of one-dimensional material is fiber material，which is created by processing regular material in a particular way. The use of biodegradable materials in textiles，bio-medicine，and fiber-reinforced composites is extremely important. This paper reviews the biodegradable mechanism of materials，methods of manufacturing for biodegradable synthetic fiber，research status，and composite materials made of biodegradable synthetic fiber. It also describes the spinning molding techniques of materials and explains the relationship that some biodegradable plastics have with conventional fiber molding techniques. The challenges and prospects in the development of biodegradable synthetic fiber materials are also pointed out.

The plasmon resonance LSPR colorimetric sensing based on noble metal nanoparticles has been widely used in many fields such as environment， food safety， and biomedicine due to its advantages of simple operation and low cost. It plays an important role in the detection of important substances such as organic molecules， inorganic ions， DNA， and proteins. In this paper， the principles and applications of two sensing modes based on typical noble metal nanoparticles such as gold nanoparticles， silver nanoparticles， gold nanorods， triangular silver， and gold@silver are summarized： one is LSPR colorimetric sensing based on aggregation； the second is based on the "non aggregation" LSPR sensing caused by etching and growth. At the same time， the response characteristics of noble metal nanoparticles with different chemical composition， size， morphology and surface properties to different analytes were summarized. Aiming at the selectivity problem in colorimetric sensing applications， the construction and use of colorimetric analysis sensor array are briefly introduced. Finally， the problems faced by LSPR colorimetric sensing of nanoparticles are briefly summarized and the research prospects are prospected. In the future， the potential applications of plasma sensors based on noble metal nanoparticles will be further broadened， which will also contribute to the development of simple， sensitive and real-time colorimetric sensing systems.

Because of the advantages of aluminum including high volumetric/gravimetric capacity， high safety， and low cost， aluminum batteries have become one of the most attractive new electrochemical energy storage devices. High-performance battery materials are the bottleneck issues impeding the development of aluminum batteries. Compared with various cathode materials， the design of aluminum anode is a common key technology for aluminum batteries. However， the current aluminum anodes still suffer from diverse problems such as surface passivation， local corrosion， and dendrite growth， which greatly influence the electrochemical performance of aluminum batteries. In this review paper， targeting on these problems， we first analyze the key factors governing the electrochemical performance of anode from the viewpoint of reaction mechanisms. Then， we summarize recent important progress about the aluminum anode design， analyze the critical strategies for optimizing aluminum anodes， and discuss their optimization effect and mechanism. Finally， perspectives on the crucial challenges and development trends of aluminum anodes are presented， with a hope to shed light on the design of high-performance aluminum batteries.

The sustained development of industry has brought enormous economic benefits，but it has also caused great harm to the environment. The excessive CO₂ emissions from fossil fuel combustion are released into the natural environment，posing a threat to the environment and human health. So people are working hard to develop materials that can effectively capture CO₂. At present，CO₂ capture mainly occurs after the combustion of fossil fuels. According to the design standards for CO₂ adsorbents，a variety of CO₂ capture materials have been designed and developed，including solid adsorbents，liquid adsorbents，and multiphase adsorbents. The adsorption mechanisms of various adsorbents are also different，including adsorption，absorption，or a combination of both mechanisms. This review focuses on the capture performance，absorption mechanism，advantages and disadvantages of various common types of current adsorbents，and introduces amine solution absorbents，zeolite-based adsorbents，ionic liquids-based adsorbents，carbon-based adsorbents，metal-organic framework materials，covalent organic framework materials，metal-oxide materials，and biopolymer nanocomposites，respectively，with an outlook of the future development of CO₂ adsorbent materials.

Contents

1 Introduction

1.1 Current status and hazards of CO₂ emissions

1.2 CO₂ capture technology

1.3 Criteria for designing CO₂ capture materials

2 CO₂ capture materials

2.1 Amine solution absorbents

2.2 Zeolites based adsorbents

2.3 Ionic liquids absorbents

2.4 Carbon-based adsorbents

2.5 Metal organic framworks

2.6 Covalent organic frameworks

2.7 Metal oxide sorbents

2.8 Biopolymeric nanocomposites

3 Comparison and Prospect of Capture Materials

4 Conclusion

Li-S batteries have great application prospects because of their extremely high capacity and energy density. However，the instability and insulation of polysulfides（LiPSs）seriously hinder their further application. In order to solve the problem of slow reaction kinetics in Li-S batteries，it is urgent to explore efficient catalysts to accelerate the sulfur redox. In the case，transition metals with unique and excellent catalytic properties are considered as potential catalysts for Li-S battery. However，differences in the structure and properties of transition metals will lead to different catalytic mechanisms. Therefore，this work divides five types of transition metals（ferrous metals，conventional non-ferrous metals，precious metals，rare refractory metals，and rare earth metals）based on metal characteristics. Then，the catalytic mechanisms of transition metal catalysts were analyzed，including adsorption，accelerating electron transfer，reducing activation energy and co-catalysis. Besides，the research progress of various metals used in Li-S batteries was reviewed，and the catalytic mechanisms of different types of metals were clarified. Four optimization strategies were proposed： nanostructured design，doping-modification，alloying and external cladding，in order to provide certain references for the design of Li-S battery catalysts.

With excellent multiplication performance， stable high and low-temperature performance， abundant sodium resources and low cost， sodium-ion batteries have good application prospects in the field of large-scale energy storage and low-speed electric vehicles. The cathode material determines the working voltage and cycling performance of sodium-ion batteries， and is the core component that directly affects the overall performance of sodium-ion batteries. Among them， Na₃V₂（PO₄）₂F₃ （NVPF） has excellent structural stability and high working potential， but slow ion diffusion and low electronic conductivity， which need to be further improved by elemental doping and other modification means. This paper has introduced the background， crystal structure and preparation method of NVPF. Has summarized in detail the modification progress of doping at different doping sites， such as sodium， vanadium， and anionic sites in NVPF materials. The mechanisms of doping in NVPF materials were analyzed， which can optimize the particle size， enhance the lattice stability， change the lattice spacing to enhance the diffusion rate of sodium ions， and increase the electronic conductivity. Based on the above， this paper summarized the preparation， doping sites and effects of NVPF materials from the perspective of subsequent research， and have also looked ahead to the future prospects of doping modification.