With the rapid development of current society and economy, as well as the accelerated process of industrialization and urbanization, the complexity and seriousness of environmental pollution issues are becoming increasingly apparent. Beyond traditional pollutants, the appearance of emerging pollutants on a global scale has brought new challenges to environment and public health. China’s “14th Five-Year Plan” and medium and long-term planning put forward “emerging pollutant control”, report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China also explicitly requested “carry out emerging pollutant control”. In 2022, General Office of the State Council issued “Action Plan for Emerging Pollutant Control”, followed by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment and various provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions, which released corresponding implementation plans, China has transferred to a new phase of environmental protection that balances the control of both traditional and emerging pollutants. However, management of emerging pollutants is a long-term, dynamic and complex systematic project, which urgently needs to strengthen top-level design as well as scientific and technological support. Conducting systematic research on emerging pollutants not only provides effective scientific guidance for their control and improves the level of environmental quality management, but also assists our country in fulfilling international conventions, enhances the discourse power in global environmental governance, ensures our country environmental security, food security, international trade security, etc., and is of great significance for realizing sustainable development. This review aims to comprehensively explore various aspects of emerging pollutants, including their types and characteristics, production, use and emission, identification and detection, environmental occurrence, migration and transformation, ecotoxicological effects, human exposure, health risks, and management strategies. Furthermore, it looks forward to the future research direction, with a view to providing a scientific basis and decision-making support for control of emerging pollutants in China.

The photoelectric properties of organic luminescent materials with large conjugated structures are closely related to molecular structure and intermolecular interaction. As a basic rigid conjugated unit between large π conjugation and C=X, phenyl has the characteristics of high stability, simple structure and direct relationship between structure and properties, and is the best model compound for studying the excited state properties of obtained luminescent materials. However, phenyl is a liquid at room temperature and becomes a solid at generally harsh low temperatures. Therefore, if the phenyl is fixed in a variety of environmentally responsive skeletons containing heteroatoms, and its condensed state structure and excited state properties will be effectively studied in a wide range, it will solve the important scientific problem of how the phenyl emollients can emit light under different aggregation states. In this paper, the recent advances in the modification of phenyl by heterocycles, conjugation extension of phenyl, substitution of peripheral heteroatoms, bridge between phenyl and other combined strategies are reviewed. The applications of modified phenyl in the synthesis of fluorescent materials, metal-organic complexes or clusters phosphorescent materials, thermally-activated delayed fluorescent materials, aggregation-induced luminescent materials and pure organic room temperature phosphorescent materials were reviewed according to different luminescence mechanisms. Finally, the future research focus and development prospect of organic multifunctional luminescent materials based on modified phenyl are also prospected.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Fluorescent material based on phenyl derivatives

3 Metal-organic complexes or clusters phosphorescent materials based on phenyl derivatives

4 Thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials based on phenyl derivatives

5 Aggregation-induced emission materials based on phenyl derivatives

6 Pure organic room temperature phosphorescent materials based on phenyl derivatives

7 Organic multifunctional luminescent materials based on phenyl derivatives

Representing an important class of ubiquitous chemical feedstock, aromatics have been extensively utilized in the nucleophilic aromatic substitution (S_NAr) reactions, nitration reactions, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions, cross-coupling reactions, C-H bond functionalization reactions etc. Dearomatization reaction is another type of transformations of aromatics, in which their aromaticity is destroyed or reduced. Since its first report, dearomatization reaction has served as an efficient platform to create C(sp³)-H-rich spiro, fused and bridged polycyclic structures, widely applied in material and medicinal chemistry. In the past two decades, various dearomatization reactions have been established by using transition-metal catalysis, organocatalysis, enzymatic catalysis, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis. Diverse polycyclic structures have been obtained by the dearomatization of indoles, pyrroles, (benzo)furans, (benzo)thiophenes, quinolines, pyridines, benzenes, naphthalenes, etc. The coupling reagents, including nucleophiles, electrophiles, dipoles, radicals, and carbenes have been developed to assemble different functional groups on dearomative framework. In this review, we briefly summarized the developed dearomatization reactions, which were categorized by the kinds of aromatic compounds. The remaining challenges and perspectives on the future development of dearomatization reactions are also included here.

Lithium-sulfur batteries are valued for their high theoretical specific capacity，energy density，and other advantages，but their commercialization is limited by the slow kinetics of sulfur species conversion and the "shuttle effect". In response，researchers have utilized the photocatalytic effect to develop a photo-assisted strategy for lithium-sulfur batteries，an emerging strategy that not only improves the adsorption and catalytic performance of the catalyst，but also enhances the battery performance in terms of both thermodynamics and kinetics，and even achieves the storage and release of solar energy through the photo-charging mechanism. In this paper，based on recently relevant studies，we introduce in detail the photoelectrochemical principles of photo-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries，discuss the design strategies of photocatalysts and photoanode，as well as the selection of optical windows and encapsulation materials，and review the typical configurations of photopositives and the research methodology of photo-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries，with the aim of attracting the extensive attention of our peers and providing references for the in-depth understanding and improvement of photo-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 The working mechanism and design strategy of photo-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries

2.1 The photoelectrochemical principle of photo-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries

2.2 Design strategies of photo-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries

3 Typical configuration and research methods of photo-assisted lithium sulfur batteries

3.1 Typical configuration of photocathodes

3.2 Research methods for photo-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries

4 Conclusion and outlook

Microbubbles and microdroplets, when exposed to a uniform temperature gradient/solute concentration gradient, will undergo thermal capillary migration/solute migration, leading to the emergence of the Marangoni effect at the gas-liquid interface. This effect plays a crucial role in manipulating microbubbles or microdroplets, offering valuable applications in various fields including biology, chemistry, medicine, materials science, and micromanufacturing. In this review, provided are an overview of recent advancements about the Marangoni effect of microbubbles/droplets under different driving modes, and demonstrate the driving principle and characteristics of photothermal Marangoni effect, thermal gradient-driven Marangoni effect and solute Marangoni effect. We focus on the dynamic changes of microdroplets induced by photothermal Marangoni effect, the movement principles of droplets on diverse hydrophobic surfaces, the manipulation processes of bubble movement and bubble separation under laser irradiation, and the typical instances of bubble/droplet separation, droplet evaporation and mixing achieved through thermal gradient-driven Marangoni effect and solute Marangoni effect. Furthermore, recent applications of the Marangoni effect in microbubble/droplet manipulation are highlighted and the promising future prospects for further development and utilization of this phenomenon are discussed.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Driving principle of the Marangoni effect

3 Temperature driven Marangoni effect

3.1 Photothermal Marangoni effect of microdroplets/ bubbles

3.2 Thermal gradient Marangoni effect of microdroplets/ bubbles

4 Microdroplet/bubble solute Marangoni effect

5 Application based on microdroplet/bubble Marangoni effect

5.1 Preparation of surface microstructure

5.2 Bubble-pen lithography

5.3 Multiphase droplet drive

5.4 Droplet motor

5.5 Emulsion energy supply

6 Conclusion and prospect

With the rapid development of consumer intelligent electronic devices and electric vehicles, the development of lithium-ion batteries with high energy density has become a very urgent and important issue. Using high-voltage electrode materials and enhancing the work voltage of batteries is an effective pathway to realize the high energy density of battery. However, the conventional carbonate-based electrolyte will undergo oxidation reactions when the voltage is higher than 4.3 V, which will lead to electrolyte decomposition, and finally resulting in the failure of the battery. Actually, it has become one of the main bottlenecks in the development of high-voltage batteries. In order to solve this problem, researchers have carried out a lot of exploration in the design of high-voltage electrolyte in recent years, and made many important research achievements. This review introduces the failure mechanism of batteries under high voltage, and focuses on the strategies and research progress in suppressing high voltage failure from the perspective of electrolytes in recent years, indicates the challenges still existing in the design of high-voltage electrolyte, and finally prospects the future developments of high voltage lithium-ion battery electrolyte.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Failure mechanism of high-voltage batteries

2.1 Electrolyte decomposition

2.2 Transition metal ion leaching

2.3 HF erosion

3 Progress on high-voltage electrolyte

3.1 Improvement of intrinsic stability of electrolyte

3.2 Construction of stable CEI Layer

3.3 Scavenge H₂O and HF

4 Conclusion and outlook

Nowadays stretchable electronic devices have become a hot research topic in the field of information electronics because of their excellent mechanical and electrical properties. As the high-speed electron transmission channel in stretching electronic devices， stretchable conductive materials play a crucial role in realizing the functions of stretching electronic devices. Liquid metal has become a hot research object in the field of stretchable conductive composites in recent years because of its intrinsic flexibility and excellent conductivity. Liquid metal is a room temperature liquid conductive material， which exhibits excellent stretchability and tunability due to its inherent high conductivity， fluidity， and ductility. Liquid metal-based stretchable conductive composites preparation and patterning techniques have been reported and many stretchable devices with excellent combination of mechanical and electrical properties have been prepared. In view of the general structural characteristics of liquid metal-based stretchable composites， the key to the preparation is how to solve the interfacial non-impregnation problem caused by the physical property differences between different materials. Therefore， starting from the common types of composites， this paper firstly briefly introduces the components and physical properties of liquid metals generally used， as well as the stretchable polymer matrix materials usually employed. Then， the composite methods of conductive materials and elastomer materials in liquid metal-based electrodes are reviewed from the two ways of "passive" and "active" to deal with the problem of non-wetting at the interface， as well as the blending and dispersion method and the new modification method. Finally， the latest research progress is introduced， and the current status of liquid metal research is summarized. Future development and potential problems to be faced are also discussed.

Aliphatic polyesters are important biodegradable polymers and bulk materials, and their monomers of cyclic esters can come from biomass. The catalysts are the key for converting cyclic esters into polyesters, in which the new homogenous catalysts not only initiate the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic esters with high activities but also finely tune the molecular weights and structures of the obtained polyesters and thus improve the polymer properties. Currently metal complexes ligated by Schiff-bases have attracted much attention in the ROP of cyclic esters, in contrast,metal complexes containing the phosphorus-nitrogen bond are very limited but display unique catalytic properties and show the potential for industry. The nitrogen and phosphorus possesssimilar electronic structure but with different electronegativity, which helps to adjust the coordination ability of ligand to metal and thus improve thecatalytic performance in the ROP of cyclic esters. The phosphorus-nitrogen bond can be a single bond or a double bond, and the corresponding metal complexes are commonly formed with nitrogen coordination than phosphine coordination, in which by regulating the steric and electronic of phosphine groups the environment around the adjacent coordinatingnitrogen could be adjusted with resulting in good activity but also in controllability to tailor the microstructure of the resultant polyesters. This review collects the recent progress of such multidentate metal complex catalysts containing phosphine nitrogen bond for ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters, and summarizes the relationship between ligand structure, catalytic performance, and the microstructure of the resulting polyester, which favor the exploring the new efficient complex catalysts and guiding the industry to select the practical catalysts to promote the scientific development as well as industrialization of related technologies.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Construction methodology of phosphorus nitrogen double bonds (P=N) and single bonds (P—N) in organic compounds

3 Metal complexes containing P-N single bonds for ring-opening polymerization of lactones

3.1 Alkali(alkaline) metal complexes containing P—N single bonds

3.2 Rare earth metal complexes containing P—N single bonds

4 Metal complexes containing P=N double bonds for ring-opening polymerization of lactones

4.1 N^N bidentate metal complexes containing P=N double bonds for ROP

4.2 N^N^X Tridentate metal complexes containing P=N double bonds for ROP

4.3 Ion pair metal complexes with P=N bond for ROP

4.4 N^N^O^O tetradentate metal complexes containing P=N double bonds for ROP

5 Conclusion and outlook

Taking into account environmental concerns and the ongoing shift towards clean energy， converting carbon dioxide （CO₂） into ethylene （C₂H₄） through electrochemical CO₂ reduction （ECO₂RR） using renewable electricity is a sustainable and eco-friendly solution for achieving carbon neutrality while also providing economic benefits. Despite significant advancements in the field， issues such as low selectivity， activity and stability continue to persist. This paper presents a review of recent research progress in copper-based catalytic systems for ECO₂RR in the production of ethylene. Firstly， the mechanism of ECO₂RR is briefly summarized. It then highlights various catalyst design strategies for ethylene production， such as tandem catalysis， crystal surface modulation， surface modification， valence influence， size sizing， defect engineering， and morphology design. Finally， the paper discusses future challenges and prospects for the synthesis of ethylene through electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction.

The transformations of biomass into bio-based polymeric materials have attracted growing interest from chemistry and material engineering. Ring-opening metathesis polymerizations (ROMP) of cyclic olefins have been identified as the powerful toolbox for synthesis of polyolefins containing double bonds in the polymer mainchains. Recently, a series of novel cyclic olefins are designed by using biomass as the feedstock, and high-performance polyolefins are prepared via ROMP of biomass derived monomers. This review summaries the advances in conversions of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, terpenes, vegetable oils, amino acids into norbornene derivatives, oxanorbornene derivatives, cyclooctene derivatives, macrocyclic olefins, etc. Synthesis and properties of bio-based polyolefins via ROMP of biomass derived monomers mentioned above are highlighted. Moreover, the challenges and opportunities are discussed with the aim to promote the development of bio-based polymeric materials.

Hydrogels have become one of the most widely researched materials across disciplines due to their excellent softness, wettability, responsiveness and biocompatibility. However, the mechanical properties of hydrogels are poor and cannot meet the use of some special materials. Nanofibers have been used to prepare nanofiber composite hydrogels with nano-size, porous structure and tunable mechanical properties due to their high aspect ratio, uniform fiber morphology and easy functionalization. Nanofiber composite hydrogels have suitable mechanical properties, ductility, adhesion, and the ability to mimic the microstructure of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the microenvironment of the cell, which makes them widely used in many fields. This paper summarizes the classification of nanofiber composite hydrogels, their preparation methods and their development and application in the fields of multifunctional wound dressings, tissue engineering, sensors, and filter absorption materials future development.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Nanofiber composite hydrogel classification

2.1 Organic nanofiber composite hydrogel l

2.2 Inorganic nanofiber composite hydrogel

2.3 Organic-inorganic hybrid nanofiber composite hydrogels

3 Preparation method of nanofiber composite hydrogel

3.1 Doping method

3.2 lamination method

3.3 Other methods

4 Nanofiber composite hydrogel application

4.1 Multifunctional wound dressing

4.2 Tissue engineering

4.3 Conductive sensors

4.4 Absorbent filter material for dye and metal ion removal

5 Conclusions and outlook

As an emerging pollutant, microplastics (MPs) pollution has become a focal point of global environmental research. MPs are widely detected in various environmental matrices, including the atmosphere, soil, oceans, and inland waters. Once introduced into the environment, MPs undergo a series of transformation and transport processes across different environmental compartments and accumulate in biota, thereby posing significant threats to ecosystems and human health. This review aims to summarize the sampling and detection methods for MPs, followed by an assessment of their pollution levels in different matrices. The inter-compartmental transformation and transport of MPs, along with their ecological effects, are then reviewed and analyzed. Finally, the limitations in understanding the environmental geochemical behaviors and ecological risks of MPs, as well as prospects for future research, are outlined.

The visible-light-driven copper-catalyzed decarboxylative coupling reaction of carboxylic acids and their derivatives is a novel, efficient, and green synthetic method. It allows the construction of various carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds for the synthesis of a wide range of high-value-added chemicals, making it a hot topic in the field of modern synthetic chemistry. In recent years, researchers worldwide have conducted extensive studies in this area, achieving a series of innovative results that have been widely applied in organic synthesis, materials science, and medicinal chemistry. This paper reviews the latest experimental and theoretical advances in the visible-light-driven copper-catalyzed decarboxylative coupling reactions of carboxylic acids and their derivatives, with a focus on several typical cross-coupling reactions that form C—X (X = C, N, O, S) bonds. It also discusses the future development prospects of this catalytic method.

There has been a growing acknowledgment of the substantial importance of lithium as a pivotal mineral on a global scale. Prominent economies have strategically designated lithium as an essential mineral, underscoring its significance. However, despite the ample availability of lithium resources worldwide, their allocation is disparate, and demand is concentrated. Currently, liquid lithium resources serve as one of the primary sources in the mining industry, albeit with considerable challenges in extracting substantial quantities due to the scarcity of high-quality salt lake resources. This article aims to offer a comprehensive review of the present application and distribution status of lithium resources, with a specific focus on four principal techniques for extracting liquid lithium and the formation methods employed for lithium-ion sieve adsorbents. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in diverse methodologies pertaining to the liquid lithium extraction. The principal aim of this review is to elucidate the current state of liquid lithium extraction, scrutinize and predict future developmental patterns, and ultimately furnish technical resources for both domestic and international stakeholders involved in the extraction of liquid lithium resources.

Contents

1 Introduction

1.1 Application of lithium

1.2 Distribution of lithium resources

2 Extraction technology of liquid lithium resources

2.1 Precipitate

2.2 Solvent extraction

2.3 Adsorption

2.4 Membrane separation process

3 Molding of lithium-ion sieve

3.1 Granulation

3.2 Magnetic material

3.3 Nanofiber and membrane

4 Conclusion and outlook

Nickel-rich-manganese-cobalt oxide (NMC) ternary cathode materials are considered to be one of the most promising cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries due to their high specific capacity and high power. However, most of the current nickel-rich ternary layered materials are polycrystalline particles, and their volumetric energy density and cyclic stability are not satisfactory. Therefore, independent and well-dispersed single-crystal nickel-rich ternary layered materials (SC-NMCs) can be used as the best candidates to replace polycrystalline nickel-rich ternary cathodes. In this paper, we systematically review how to synthesize SC-NMCs and their corresponding relationship with the properties of single-crystal from the perspectives of precursor preparation, material sintering and lithium salt supplementation. Secondly, the performance advantages of SC-NMCs compared with polycrystalline materials are comprehensively summarized, especially the morphology without cracks between particles, which shows good cycling performance. Thirdly, in view of the disadvantages and challenges of the current SC-NMCs, the modification strategies of SC-NMCs, such as element doping, surface modification and double modification, are comprehensively introduced. This review puts forward innovative views on the synthesis and modification of SC-NMCs and provides directional guidance for the application and development of single-crystal nickel-rich ternary layered cathode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 The development process of SC-NMCs

2.1 From low to high nickel

2.2 From PC-NMCs to SC-NMCs

3 Basic properties and advantages of SC-NMCs

3.1 Free of intergranular cracks

3.2 High compacting density

3.3 High-voltage stability

4 The synthesis of SC-NMCs

4.1 Solid-phase reaction high-temperature calcination

4.2 Multi-step calcination

4.3 Molten-salt method

5 The modification of SC-NMCs

5.1 Elemental doping

5.2 Coating

5.3 Double modification

6 Conclusion and outlook

Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) is a kind of bacteria widely existing in the water environment, which plays an important role in the wastewater treatment process. Bacterial competition in the water treatment process is a common microbial behavior, and it is also a method to improve wastewater treatment efficiency. However, the regulation of SRB flora is affected by many factors in its practical application, which makes it difficult to control. In recent years, the introduction of electrochemistry can interfere with the electron transfer process of SRB flora, and can improve sulfate removal efficiency by regulating the competition process of flora. However, there is a lack of summary on the microbial community behavior of SRB in a water environment and the impact of the microbial electrochemical system on the competitive behavior of SRB. To fill these knowledge gaps, the metabolic behavior of SRB and other flora, the utilization of electron donors by SRB and the factors affecting the competition of SRB flora were reviewed in this study. The relationship between electron transfer pathways and the competition of SRB flora in microbial electrochemistry was summarized, and its future development and challenges were comprehensively discussed.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 The microbial community relationship of sulfate reducing bacteria in water environment

2.1 Symbiotic relationship

2.2 Competitive relationships

2.3 Competitive objects of sulfate-reducing bacteria in different environments

3 The utilization pathways of electron donors in sulfate reducing bacteria

3.1 Thermodynamically utilizing electron donors in SRB

3.2 The effect of electromediation on SRB microbiota

3.3 SRB energy-saving hydrogen production pathway

4 Regulating and controlling factors of sulfate reducing bacterial community

4.1 The influence of external electric field

4.2 Conducting medium

4.3 The impact of carbon source (type and carbon sulfur ratio) on SRB

4.4 OLR and HRT

4.5 pH

4.6 Temperature

5 Conclusion and outlook

Perchlorate, a persistent inorganic pollutant in water, poses a global environmental challenge due to its high solubility, mobility, and stability, making it difficult to degrade in the environment. Contamination by perchlorate has become a worldwide environmental issue, as residues of perchlorate in surface water and groundwater enter food and drinking water through various pathways, posing potential health risks. Chemical and biological methods have been extensively studied for perchlorate removal, each with its unique advantages and challenges. This paper systematically summarizes the recent research progress in chemical and biological treatment technologies for removing perchlorate from water, elaborating on the mechanisms, influencing factors, and advantages and disadvantages of these technologies. Chemical degradation, catalytic reduction, and electrochemical reduction are effective methods for treating perchlorate pollution. Organic electron donors such as acetate, glycerol, ethanol, and methane, as well as inorganic electron donors such as hydrogen and elemental sulfur, are widely used in the biological degradation process of perchlorate. Chemical methods provide rapid reduction rates and convenient implementation, while biological methods offer environmentally friendly solutions and long-term sustainable potential. However, both methods have limitations. In recent years, researchers have begun to explore combined removal techniques that integrate chemical and biological methods to enhance the remediation efficiency of perchlorate pollution. This paper reviews the research progress of three combined removal techniques: adsorption-biological method, bio-electrochemical method, and chemical reduction-biological method. In addition, future research directions are discussed, including engineering implementation studies, materials and microbiology research, practical application studies, and in-depth exploration of perchlorate degradation mechanisms.

Organic light emitting diodes （OLEDs） have attracted extensive attention and research interest in advanced display and solid-state lighting due to their self-luminescence， low drive voltage， wide color gamut， surface luminescence， flexibility and rapid response. One of the primary colors of OLED， the development of blue emitter is still lagging far behind. Interestingly， 9，9'-bianthracene as a promising blue-emitter for high-performance fluorescent OLEDs exhibits excellent optoelectronic performance in recent years. Here， we review the progress with the development of 9，9'-anthracene-based blue fluorescent materials and gain insight into their contribution towards enhanced OLED performance. Different approaches to achieve blue emission from molecular design including isomerization， fluorine substitution， asymmetrical structuring， and steric hindrance effects are discussed， with particular focus on device efficiency and stability. Furthermore， an outlook for future challenges and opportunities of OLEDs from the development of new molecular structures， understanding of luminescence mechanisms as well as innovation in flexible and large-scale panels is provided.

Graphene is a two-dimensional nanomaterial with ultra-high thermal conductivity， which is widely used in the field of electric heating. By analyzing the research progress of graphene and its flexible electrothermal （membrane） materials， the preparation methods of graphene of different sizes and the effect of functional modification on the thermal conductivity of graphene are introduced. The applications of graphene flexible electric heating （film） materials in the fields of deicing and anti-fogging， wearable clothing and low-temperature battery thermal management are summarized. In the future， it is still necessary to break through the technical problems of the preparation process of graphene and its flexible heating （film） materials and the integration of heating elements.

The exceptional waterproof and oil-repellent properties of fluorides, attributed to their remarkably low surface energy, have rendered them extensively employed in the realm of functional finishing. However, the use of fluorine presents potential hazards to human health and engenders irreversible harm to the environment. Consequently, it is progressively being regulated by nations, and discovering alternatives without fluorine has emerged as an imperative concern that necessitates immediate attention in the fields of waterproofing and anti-fouling. To clarify the definition of the fluorine-free materials with oil-repellent property and explore their potential applications in the field of chemistry, the research background of fluorine-free surfaces with oil-repellent property was described, along with a comprehensive review and evaluation of recent achievements and preparation methods. Furthermore, the mechanism of fluorine-free surfaces with oil-repellent property was analyzed, and the application status of fluorine-free coating with oil-repellent property in textiles, construction, food, liquid treatment and other fields was summarized. Additionally, an analysis of the current challenges in ongoing research process of fluorine-free surfaces with oil-repellent property was provided. Finally, a prospective outlook on the future of green and environmentally-friendly fluorine-free surface technology was prospected.

Organometallic compounds can undergo intramolecular C—H activation to form cyclometallic species，which can then undergo selective ring-opening to enable a “through space” migration of the metal atom within the molecule. Compared to the widely studied heteroatom-directed C—H activation reactions，this process is more complex and difficult to control. Over the past decade，significant progress has been made in this area，providing powerful new tools for the functionalization of remote C—H bonds. The aryl-to-vinylic 1，4-palladium migration represents one of the most significant research area in this field. Although it faces challenges，including the migration of palladium to the thermodynamically less stable vinyl position and the inherent diverse reactivity of alkenes，it provides a novel strategy for the highly stereoselective synthesis of polysubstituted alkenes. Owing to its considerable academic and practical significance，this method has garnered widespread attention.This review summarizes the key mechanisms of aryl-to-vinylic 1，4-palladium migration，various transformation reactions，and potential synthetic applications. Finally，the challenges encountered in this field and prospects for future development are discussed.

Human exhaled air has a close relationship with diseases，among which ammonia becomes a respiratory marker for diseases such as kidney disease. Traditional exhaled gas detection methods are mainly detected by gas chromatography，but the instrument is bulky and complex in operation. Emerging ammonia sensors，however，are garnering significant attention due to their portability，ease of integration，miniaturization，low cost，and simplicity of operation. This review systematically describes the working mechanism of ammonia gas sensors，sensor types，and common ammonia sensing materials. At the same time，it introduces the advantages of sensor array electronic nose technology over a single sensor，and puts forward the application research of ammonia sensors and electronic noses in diseases，aiming at the existing problems and prospects of ammonia gas sensors.

Plastic products represented by polyethylene terephthalate (PET) have become an important part of modern life and global economy. In order to solve the resource waste and environmental problems caused by PET waste and to realize high-value recycling of materials, there is an urgent need to explore low-cost green and efficient conversion and recycling methods. Chemical depolymerization can deal with low-value, mixed, and contaminated plastics, recover polymer monomers through different chemical reactions or chemically upgrade and recycle to produce new high value-added products, realizing the closed-loop recycling of plastic waste and high value-added applications, which is a key way to establish a circular polymer economy. This paper reviews the latest research progress of chemical depolymerization process of PET waste, analyzes the problems of chemical depolymerization technology of PET waste, and looks forward to the future development trend of chemical depolymerization process of PET waste.

The global concern over white pollution and microplastic contamination caused by traditional non-degradable plastic waste has garnered widespread attention. Promoting biodegradable plastics (BPs) as alternatives to non-degradable plastics is a strategic approach to mitigating these forms of plastic pollution. However, under real-world environmental conditions, BPs often face challenges in achieving rapid degradation and may release significant quantities of biodegradable microplastics (BMPs) during the degradation process, posing potential environmental and health risks. In this review, we critically examine the environmental risks associated with traditional non-degradable plastic waste and the use of BPs. We systematically evaluate current pre-treatment techniques, analytical methods, and occurrence patterns of BMPs in environmental and biological samples. Furthermore, we highlight recent advancements in understanding the potential impacts of BMPs on organisms across various trophic levels, including human health. Finally, we address the challenges in applying BPs, particularly in identifying, analyzing, assessing health impacts, and developing future regulatory standards and measures for BMPs. This review provides theoretical foundations and technical guidance for advancing environmentally friendly and safe BPs.

Oxide aerogel is one type of three-dimensional nano porous material, which has the advantages of high porosity, high specific surface area, low thermal conductivity, high melting point and so on. Moreover, oxide aerogel always shows excellent high-temperature resistance and thermal insulation performance. Thus, in this paper,the research progress of heat-resistant oxide aerogels including silica, alumina, zirconia aerogels, binary and multi-component and their composite counterparts are reviewed. The preparation method and performance of oxide aerogels are summarized, the existing problems are pointed out, and the application of oxide aerogels in the field of high temperature thermal insulation is prospected.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Preparation of oxide aerogel

2.1 Preparation method

2.2 Drying method

3 SiO₂ aerogel

3.1 Precursor of SiO₂ aerogel

3.2 Pretreatment of SiO₂ aerogel

3.3 SiO₂ composite aerogel

4 Al₂O₃ aerogel

4.1 Precursor of Al₂O₃ aerogel

4.2 Structural control of Al₂O₃ aerogels

4.3 Al₂O₃ composite aerogel

5 ZrO₂ aerogel

5.1 Precursor of ZrO₂ aerogel

5.2 Structural control ZrO₂ aerogels

5.3 ZrO₂ composite aerogel

6 Two component and multi-component oxide aerogel

6.1 Two component oxide aerogel

6.2 Multi-component oxide aerogel

7 Conclusion and outlook

Lithium metal is considered to be the most promising anode material owing to its extraordinary theoretical specific capacity and the lowest redox potential. However, lithium anodes suffer from many challenges, such as the uncontrolled growth of lithium dendrites, unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layers, and infinite volume expansion of lithium during cycling, which hinder the further commercial application of lithium metal batteries. Numerous important strategies have been proposed to overcome these challenges. Among them, three-dimensional current collectors can not only reduce the local current density and alleviate dendrite growth, but also mitigate the volume change of Li metal during the stripping/plating process. Based on the above problems, this review summarizes the working mechanisms and the latest research progress about the design of the three-dimensional structure and the lithiophilic modification to stabilize the lithium metal anode.

As an important family of synthetic polymers， poly（meth）acrylates have a wide range of applications in the fields of coatings， adhesives， biomedines， electronic and electrical materials. However， the （meth）acrylates monomers are mainly derived from petrochemical resources.Transformations of biomass into （meth）acrylate monomers and polymers have attracted growing research interest from the viewpoint of sustainability. The bio-based poly（meth）acrylates not only serve as the supplement for the fossil based product but also provide great chance for the development of value-added high performance materials with designed novel structures. This article highlights the recent progress in the synthesis and polymerization of bio-based （meth）acrylates. The lignin， terpene， plant oil， glucose， isosorbide， and furan derivatives as the biomass feedstock are respectively reviewed in consecutive order. The properties and applications of the corresponding bio-based poly（meth）acrylates are summarized. Moreover， the challenges and opportunities of bio-based poly（meth）acrylates are also discussed.

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), as an important chemical raw material in the fields of environment, chemical, and energy, has become an emerging candidate in promoting energy transformation and green development of the chemical industry due to its characteristics of green environmental protection and strong sustainability. At present, over 95% of H₂O₂ worldwide is synthesized through the anthraquinone oxidation (AO process), which mainly involves the hydrogenation and oxidation process of anthraquinone molecules in Ni or Pd catalysts and organic solvents. However, the AO process also brings in additional costs and poses risks such as flammability and explosion during transportation, high energy consumption, and waste generation. Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) towards H₂O₂ synthesis provides an economical, efficient, and harmless alternative process for the in-situ synthesis of green reagents under mild conditions. However, ORR towards H₂O₂ synthesis mainly faces two major challenges: low reaction selectivity and slow reaction kinetics, which lead to generally low H₂O₂ yield and Faraday efficiency, hindering further industrial applications. As the core of electrocatalytic reactions, the surface physicochemical properties of electrocatalysts are usually closely related to the catalytic process, directly affecting the adsorption and desorption of reaction species, thereby further affecting the overall reaction thermodynamics and kinetics. Therefore, developing electrocatalysts with high activity, high selectivity, and good stability, is the key to further improving the catalytic activity and energy conversion efficiency. Based on this, this review systematically summarizes the advanced design strategies of high-performance electrocatalysts in the H₂O₂ synthesis through ORR in recent years. The synthesis strategies and control mechanisms of advanced electrocatalysts are summarized and sorted out from four aspects: electronic structure control, geometric structure control, surface morphology control, and atomization active site design. Prospects and suggestions are also proposed for the design direction and application prospects of ORR electrocatalysts, which are beneficial for achieving precise control of intermediate adsorption and desorption behavior in reaction rate-determining steps, and constructing interface conditions for efficient energy and mass transfer of reaction species.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Oxygen reduction reaction fundamental mechanism

3 Electronic structure regulation strategies

3.1 Chemical doping engineering

3.2 Defect construction engineering

4 Geometric structure regulation strategies

4.1 Size regulation

4.2 Pore/interlayer structure regulation

4.3 Surface morphology regulation

5 Surface modification and functionalization strategies

6 Atomic level active site design strategies

6.1 Metal active centers regulation

6.2 Local coordination domain regulation

7 Conclusion and outlook