This review summarize our research progress in resource chemistry, which related to the reaction of steroidal sapogenin (natural resource compound) and fluoroalkanosulfonyl fluoride (non-natural one) as well as their application in organic synthesis. The strategies and tactics of utilizing steroidal sapogenin in “atom economy” way are introduced in the first paragraph. For solving the environmental pollution and resource waste generated in the industrial utilization of steroidal sapogenin, our group developed new method that using 30% commercial H₂O₂ instead of CrO₃ to oxidize pseudo-sapogenin, which made it is possible to the 100% utilization of the steroidal sapogenin resource. Direct oxidization of steroidal sapogenin with the per-acid generated in situ starting from 30% commercial H₂O₂ and acid to produce pregna-16,20-diol type compound and 4R-methyl δ-valerolactone. Iodine induced abnormal Baeyer-Villiger rearrangement of sapogenin provided steroidal 16-hydroxyl-22-lactone and 3R-methyl γ-butyrolactone. All of their degraded products have been applied in the synthesis of some steroidal medicine, insect hormone, perfume and natural product. The strategy of using intact skeleton of steroidal sapogenin to synthesize target molecule are also described. In second paragraph, the strategies and tactics of utilizing fluoroalkanosulfonyl fluoride are introduced. To make reaction symbiosis is a new ideal in order to enhance the utilization ratio of the resource compound. We explore symbiotic reactions of vicinal diol epoxidation, alkene epoxidation and carbocation rearrangement with fluoroalkanosulfonyl fluoride hydrolysis based on this concept. The synthetic application of such reactions is also presented in this review.

Contents
1 Resource chemistry and resource compound
2 Resource chemistry based on natural resource compound steroidal sapogenin
2.1 Steroidal sapogenin: origination, utilizing way and problems remained
2.2 The clean oxidative degradation of steroidal sapogenin
2.3 The reaction of the degradation products of steroidal sapogenin and their application in organic synthesis
2.4 The synthesis of natural sterols by using the intact skeleton of steroidal sapogenin
3 Resource chemistry based on non-natural resource fluoroalkanosulfonyl fluoride
3.1 The reaction of fluoroalkanosulfonyl fluoride and its application in Epristeride synthesis
3.2 The symbiotic reaction of fluoroalkanosulfonyl fluoride hydrolysis and 1,2-diol epoxidation
3.3 The symbiotic reaction of fluoroalkanosulfonyl fluoride hydrolysis and alkene epoxidation
3.2 The symbiotic reaction of fluoroalkanosulfonyl fluoride hydrolysis and carbocation rearrangement

Cu(I) catalyzed C-X (X=N, O, S, B…) cross coupling reactions have recently attracted much attention for their great importance in organic synthesis, industrial and biology chemistry. Despite the extensive studies and applications on C-X cross coupling reactions, the mechanisms of these reactions are less well studied. In this work, we mainly review the recent progresses in mechanistic studies of the C-X cross coupling reactions, especially the Cu(I) catalyzed C-N, C-O cross coupling reactions and the borylation/diborylation reactions of unsaturated organic substrates which are systematically studied recently. Based on the review of the current status of mechanistic studies, we provid some insights and discussion on existing problems and future prospects at last.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Mechanistic studies on Cu(I) catalyzed C-N cross coupling reactions
3 Mechanistic studies on Cu(I) catalyzed C-O cross coupling reactions
4 mechanistic studies on Cu(I) catalyzed borylation and diborylation (C-B cross coupling) reactions
5 Prospects

This review outlines recent development of preparation, characterization and application of microporous material and mesoporous material supported gold catalysts. The selection of the microporous supports or mesoporous supports (unmodified oxides, microporous molecular sieves, mesoporous oxides, mesoporous molecular sieves and mesoporous carbon materials), the latest preparation methods of porous material supported gold catalysts (deposition-precipitation, sol-gel method, in situ/one-step method and chemical vapor deposition) and characterizations, as well as catalytic performance (carbon monoxide low-temperature oxidation, direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide from hydrogen and oxygen, direct propylene epoxidation in the presence of hydrogen and oxygen and selective oxidation of organic compounds) are summarized. Meanwhile, the problem, as well as the research and development direction of porous material supported gold catalysts is presented.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation of porous material supported gold catalysts
2.1 Selection of support
2.2 Preparation methods
3 Catalytic performance and application of supported gold catalysts
3.1 CO low-temperature oxidation
3.2 Direct propylene epoxidation in the presence of H₂/O₂
3.3 Direct synthesis of H₂O₂ from H₂/O₂
3.4 Selective oxidation of organic compounds
4 Conclusion

Metal nanoparticles have received much attention due to their intriguing optical，electrical and chemical properties and their potential applications. In recent years, controlling nanoparticles’size and shapes，improving their stability and monodisperisity，increasing their yield and purity are the central challenges, thus development and improvement of the synthetic methods to metal nanoparticles have become more and more important. In this paper, several chemical synthetic routes, including reduction by chemicals, electrochemistry, and irradiation, etc, of metal nanoparticles have been summarized. Especially the inorganic and organic reducing agents, the capping agents including N-, P-, COOH-, SH-containing molecules and polymers, and the mechanisms involved in the chemical preparation are discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Reducing methods often used in the preparation of metal nanoparticles
2.1 Reducing agents and mechanisms in the reduction by chemicals
2.2 Other reducing methods
3 Capping agents and mechanisms common used in the preparation of metal nanoparticles
3.1 Thiols and their derivatives
3.2 Carboxylic acids and their derivatives
3.3 Amino and amide compounds
3.4 Organic phosphines
3.5 Surfactants
3.6 Polymers
3.7 Cyclodextrin and its derivatives
4 Conclusion

Nanoparticles can be used as the carriers of immobilized enzymes，and the magnetic nanoparticle immobilized enzymes are easy to operate, separate and recover from the reaction system. Moreover, utilizing an external magnetic field the movement manner and direction of the immobilized enzyme can be controlled to improve their catalytic efficiency, compared with the traditional mechanical stirring ways. Among many nano-materials, iron oxide has received considerable attention because of its magnetic, catalytic, and other good characteristics of high-profile. In this paper, a variety of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles immobilized enzymes, especially the preparation and application of immobilized lipase and protease are reviewed. The advantages and shortcomings of the magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles immobilized enzymes and the future developing prospects are also discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles immobilized lipase
2.1 Magnetic polymer microsphere immobilized lipase
2.2 Magnetic nanoparticles directly immobilized lipase
2.3 Magnetic siliceous mesocellular foam immobilized lipase
3 Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles immobilized protease
3.1 Immobilized α-chymotrypsin
3.2 Immobilized papain
3.3 Immobilized trypsin
4 Other magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles immobilized enzymes
5 Conclusion and outlook

Folate receptor (FR) which is highly expressed on many malignant endothelial cancer cells, is a promising target. Folic acid is an important target-specific delivery molecule with high binding affinity for FR. Therefore the development of ^99mTc labeled folate tumor imaging agents has become a hot subject of interest in the radiopharmaceutical field. Different types of ^99mTc labeled folate tumor imaging agents and their applications as well as problems in using are summarized in this review. Design methods and the trend for development of this kind of imaging agents are also been discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 General strategy for the design of folate-receptor-targeted radionuclide imaging agents
3 ^99mTc labeled folate tumor imaging agents
3.1 ^99mTc(CO)₃⁺ core labeled folate imaging agents
3.2 ^99mTcO³⁺ core labeled folate imaging agents
3.3 The other ^99mTc labeled folate tumor imaging agents
4 Conclusion and outlook
4.1 The design methods of radiolabeled folate-linked conjugates
4.2 The combination of the antifolate agent with the folate based imaging agents

Cycloaddition reaction, which can construct several chemical bonds in a single step simultaneously, is one of the most active research fields in organic synthesis. The transition metal-catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction is an effective tool for the synthesis of pyridine derivatives comparing with the traditional methods. Recent progress in the synthesis of pyridines is reviewed in this article, involving the reaction mechanism, synthesis of non-chiral pyridines and chiral pyridines. The metal catalytic systems are including Co, Rh, Ru, Fe, Ni, Ti, etc.

Contents
1 Mechanism of the [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction
2 Synthesis of non-chiral pyridine derivatives via [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction
2.1 Cobalt
2.2 Rhodium
2.3 Ruthenium
2.4 Iron
2.5 Zirconium/nickel, zirconium/copper, nickel
2.6 Titanium, tantalum
3 Synthesis of chiral pyridine derivatives via [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction
3.1 Cobalt
3.2 Rhodium
3.3 Titanium
4 Conclusion and outlook

Imidazopyridine derivatives are of great importance for their remarkable biological properties. Their structrues are similar to those of indoles and azaindoles, two important heterocycles involved in many alkaloids. Many of them have been demonstrated as inhibitors of the target enzymes and used as medicines, herbicides and fungicides. The imidazopyridines comprise four important isomers: imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine. This paper reviews the advances in synthesis and application on imidazopyridines such as imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine and imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine derivatives in recent years.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine
2.1 Synthesized by pyridine derivatives
2.2 Synthesized by imidazole derivatives
3 Synthesis of imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine
3.1 Synthesized by pyridine derivatives
3.2 Synthesized by imidazole derivatives
4 Conclusion

Nitro-tetrazole and its high nitrogen-contented compounds are a family of important energetic materials, which exhibits the excellent performance and distinctive structure character. Recently, they have attracted more and more attention in the field of energetic materials due to their widely potential applications in the areas of primary explosives, propellant, burning catalyst, high energy explosives, gas-generating agents and so on. The structure of nitro-tetrazole and its thermal decomposition mechanism are discussed. The process in nitro-tetrazole and its salts as well as coordination complexes are reviewed in this paper, in which the synthesis, characterization and application about them are mainly summarized. Salts of nitro-tetrazole comprise of alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts, transition metal salts, amine salts and high nitrogen-contented azoles salts according to the difference of the cations. In addition, the coordination compounds can be classified to coordination complex cations and coordination complex anions considering the coordinated mode. On this basis, the development trends of the nitro-tetrazole and its high nitrogen-contented compounds are prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Nitro-tetrazole
3 Salts of nitro-tetrazole
3.1 Alkali metal salts
3.2 Alkaline earth metal salts
3.3 Transition metal salts
3.4 Amine salts
3.5 High nitrogen-contented azoles salts
4 Coordination complex of nitro-tetrazole
4.1 Coordination complex cations
4.2 Coordination complex anions
5 Conclusion and prospects

Cyclopeptides, adopting β-sheet-like arrangements, can easily stack to form hollow tubular ensembles through the intermolecular hydrogen-bond network. A wide range of multi-structural and functional cyclopeptide nanotubes can be produced by changing the structures and numbers of peptide subunits employed or modifying with variant functional groups. Firstly, the present paper reviews the application progress of the experimental and theoretical researches of self-assembling cyclopeptide nanotubes mimicking biologic transmembrane channels, focusing on the influences of the structures, polarities and hydrophobic properties on the transportation properties and the progress of molecular dynamic (MD) simulations of cyclopeptide nanotubes as water transportation channels. Secondly, the experimental research advances of cyclopeptide nanotubes using as the templets to produce biosensors by synthesis with functional nanomaterials such as electronic, optical and magnetic ones. The following brings forth the potential application foregrounds of cyclopeptide nanotubes functionating as medicines or drug carriers, especially in developing antibacterial and anti-infectional drugs. Finally, the experimental and theoretical research progress of the applications of cyclopeptide nanotubes functionating as the templets to prepare magnetic and electronic nanomaterials is reviewed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Applications of cyclic peptide nanotubes
2.1 Transmembrane ion channels
2.2 Biosensors
2.3 Antibacterial and drug-delivery agents
2.4 Megnetic and electronic nanomaterials
3 Outlook

Hemicellulose is the second largest component of lignocellulosic biomass. The conversion of hemicellulose with high efficiency and low costs is a key technology to industrial lignocellulosic biomass conversion process. Dilute acid hydrolysis technology is widely used in biomass hemicellulose hydrolysis. It has the advantages of high efficiency for hemicellulosic sugar conversion, and the obtained sugar can be used to produce fuel ethanol further. Hemicellulose can be also hydrolyzed directly to produce functional food such as oligosaccharides and chemical products such as furfural. In this paper, the progress of hemicellulose hydrolysis reaction with dilute acid is reviewed. The basic structure characterization of hemicellulose is introduced. The mechanism of the dilute acid catalytic hydrolysis reaction and reaction networks are discussed. The influences of different catalysts and reaction conditions on the target products are remarked. The hemicellulose hydrolysis kinetic models are summarized. The paper also indicates the future research trend of hemicellulose dilute acid hydrolysis reaction and utilization for its hydrolysates.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Structure and characterization of hemicellulose
3 Dilute acid hydrolysis mechanism and reaction network of hemicellulose
4 Factors influencing hemicellulose hydrolysis reaction with dilute acid
5 Dilute acid hydrolysis kinetic models of hemicellulose
6 Conclusion and prospects

Recent progress in atom transfer radical polymerization(ATRP) in miniemulsion is reviewed in terms of different initiator systems such as normal ATRP, reverse　ATRP, simultaneous reverse and normal initiation(SN&NI)　ATRP　and activator generated by electron transfer(AGET) ATRP. The system of normal ATRP in miniemulsion is unstable. Reverse initiation system is fit for polymerization in miniemulsion, but large amount of surfactant is used. Though small amount of catalyst is used in　SN&NI system, polymerization still keeps well controlled. Electronic transfer reaction is used in AGET ATRP to reduce oxide state of transition metal, in which no initiator is needed unlike the SN＆NI system.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Normal atom transfer radical polymerization
3 Reverse atom transfer radical polymerization
4 Simultaneous reverse and normal initiation(SN&NI) ATRP
5 Activator generated by electron transfer(AGET) ATRP
6 Conclusion

Both of cyclodextrins (CDs) and highly branched polymers including hyperbranched and dendrimers possess molecule cavities in their architectures. Therefore, if the combination of two types of molecular cavities can be obtained in a common polymer structure, it will not only possess some interesting characters in the research of relationship between properties and structure, but also may endow some important applications in various fields, such as inclusion technologies, drug delivery system and gene delivery. In this paper, the investigations and applications on the combination of CDs and highly branched polymers are summarized according to the different combination types. The main content includes five aspects as follow: (1) highly branched polymers with a cyclodextrin core; (2) highly branched polymers carrying cyclodextrins as the pendent groups; (3) inclusion complexation between the interior core, terminal Group or monomer of highly branched polymers and cyclodextrins; (4) highly branched polymers from the self-assembly of cyclodextrins; (5) hyperbranched polymers based on the functional cyclodextrin monomers. In addition, new research trends are expected based on the progress of this kind of polymer.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Highly branched polymers with a cyclodextrin core
3 Highly branched polymers carrying cyclodextrins as the pendent groups
4 Inclusion complexation between the interior core, terminal group or monomer of highly branched polymers and cyclodextrins
5 Highly branched polymers from the self-assembly of cyclodextrins
6 Hyperbranched polymers based on the functional cyclodextrin monomers
7 Conclusion and outlook

Cyclotides are a family of plant-derived macrocyclic peptides, which are formed by 28-37 amino acid residues and contain three disulfide bonds and the unique protein structural motif termed cyclic cystine knot. For their unique structures and various bioactivities, such as uterotonic, hemolytic, cytotoxic and anti-bacterial activities, and stability to resist thermal, acidic and proteolytic degradation, cyclotides can be used as a peptide-based combinational template and carrier for drug design, and attract more attentions from scientists. Now over 100 cyclotides have been isolated from about 30 species of Violaceae, Rubiaceae and Cucurbitaceae. Most contributions on cyclotides have been achieved by the groups in Australia, Sweden and USA. Our lab is also investigating on cyclotides. This paper introduces cyclotides’ research history, methods for extraction, isolation and detection, structural determination and classification, homological analysis of sequences, synthesis and biosynthesis, bioactivity and so on.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Methods of extraction, isolation, detection and structural determination of cyclotides
3 Structure and property of cyclotides
4 Homology and classification of cyclotides
5 Synthesis and biosynthesis of cyclotides
6 Bioactivities of cyclotides
6.1 Uterotonic activity
6.2 Hemolytic activity
6.3 Anti-HIV activity
6.4 Antimicrobial activity
6.5 Cytotoxic activity
6.6 Neurotensin antagonistic activity
6.7 Trypsin inhibitory activity
6.8 Insecticidal and molluscicidal activity
7 Application of cyclotides

Research on functionalization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with polymers has been attracted an increasing interest due to their potential applications in polymer-based functional nanomaterials. Therefore, most recent progress in the chosen field is summarized according to the grafting-to and grafting-from techniques. The grafting-to technique involves direct attachment of as-prepared polymers to CNTs by derivation reaction of the CNT-bound carboxylic groups (i.e., acylation-esterification, and acylation-amidation and direct condensation reaction), addition reaction (i.e., macromolecular radical coupling, azido-cycloaddition and thiol-coupling reaction. The grafting-from approach can be grouped into five types: (i) common free radical polymerization; (ii) controlled/living free radical polymerization (CLRP); (iii) ionic polymerization; (iv) ring-opening polymerization; and (v) polycondensation. The CLRP techniques further include surface-initiated atom transfer free radical polymerization (ATRP), nitroxide-mediated free radical polymerization (NMRP) and reversible addition fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization (RAFT) in the presence of the CNT-supported macroinitiators. Moreover, polymerization of CNTs themselves by condensation reaction between the surface functional groups is briefly reported, both the current challenge and the future development towards the field of polymers-modified CNTs are also discussed in this article.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Grafting-to techniques
2.1 Derivation reaction of carboxyl groups
2.2 Addition reaction
2.3 Thiol-coupling reaction
3 Grafting-from techniques
3.1 Common free radical polymerization
3.2 Controlled/living free radical polymerization
3.3 Ionic polymerization
3.4 Ring-opening polymerization (ROP)
3.5 Polycondensation reaction
3.6 Other surface-mediated polymerization techniques
4 Polymerization of CNTs themselves
5 Conclusion and outlook

Polymer light-emitting diode (PLED) materials have attracted great attention and research interests due to their great scientific and economic potentials for flat panel display, lighting, etc. The in-depth research and the development of new materials make the practical applications of PLED appealing. The molecular design of desired polymeric electroluminescent materials is the key in the PLED development. In this review, we systematically summarize the basic methods and theories of molecular design of PLED materials, from the single molecule to the aggregated states, primarily based on our previous studies. In the single molecule design, various methods and theories are introduced and discussed in detail. While in the aggregated state design, brief discussions are presented due to the complexity and rapid development of this aspect. Finally, a general method for the molecular design of PLED materials is suggested on the expectation of their future developments.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Basic considerations of PLED material molecular design
3 Single molecular design of PLED materials
3.1 Main chain designing
3.2 Sub chain designing
3.3 End-group designing
3.4 Chain topology designing
4 Aggregated state design of PLED materials
4.1 Dye doping (blending)
4.2 Nanostructure forming
4.3 Liquid crystal forming
4.4 Aromatic packing (supramolecular light-emitting)
5 Conclusion and outlook

Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) is the most commonly applied high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique separating molecules based on the size for the measurement of the molecular-weight averages and the molecular-weight distribution (MWD) for polymers. Interactive HPLC, which is based on molecular interactions between the polymer molecules and the mobile and stationary phases in the column, can be used to separate polymers based on chemical composition or functionality (functional groups or end-groups). Interactive LC is superior when compared to SEC, with respect to selectivity and peak capacity. In this review, the different HPLC modes are introduced for separation and characterization of polymers. The progress on SEC, interactive HPLC, critical liquid chromatography and comprehensive two dimensional LC of polymers is summarized. The limitations and prospective applications of the technique for separation and characterization of polymers are also discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Separation modes in liquid chromatography of polymers
3 Size-exclusion chromatography of polymers
4 Interactive liquid chromatography of polymers
5 Critical liquid chromatography of polymers
6 Comprehensive two dimensional liquid chromatography of polymers
7 Outlook

In eukaryotic cells, chromosomal DNA is packaged into a compact structure, chromatin, with the help of four core histones. The fundamental repeating unit of chromatin is the nucleosome, which contains an octamer of core histones, around 147 base pairs of DNA are wrapped. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) in histones are generally considered to be a major group of epigenetic marks. Accordingly because PTMs alter the properties of histones, hence, affect histone structure and function and regulate the gene expression. Therefore, identification of histones PTMs is the key to discover histone codes. At present mass spectrometry has become a powerful analysis tool. Here, we introduced the novel development of the strategies based on mass spectrometry ("bottom up" and "top down") in mapping histone PTMs, fragment dissociation technologies such as CID, ECD and ETD. We also reported the application of mass spectrometry in addressing histone PTMs sites, identifying histone variants and quantifying differential expression of these PTMs in cells.

Contents
1 The strategies and methods of identification for post-translational modifications in histones by mass spectrometry
1.1 The strategy for histone analysis based mass spectrometry
1.2 MS fragmentation
2 The application of mass spectrometry in post-translational modifications in histones
2.1 Identification and characterization of post-translation modifications in histones
2.2 Identification and characterization of histone variants
2.3 Quantification based mass spectrometry for post-translational modifications in histones

Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are one new kind of extremely complex persistent organic pollutants and have attracted extensive concerns worldwide. The research on SCCPs is at infant stage, although China is the largest producer of chlorinated paraffins in the world. The accurate quantification of SCCPs is a challenge and has become the bottleneck for the further studies on the environmental behavior and toxicology. This paper reviews the current analytical tools available for the determination of SCCPs, focusing on the sample extraction, cleanup and quality assurance, especially on the instrumental analysis. The analytical methods described for the SCCPs can also be applied for the middle chain chlorinated paraffins.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Sample preparation
2.1 Extraction
2.2 Cleanup
3 Instrumental analysis
3.1 Separation using gas chromatography
3.2 Separation using liquid chromatography
3.3 Detectors
4 Quality assurance
5 Conclusion and outlook

The main physical-chemical processes of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) formation from volatile and semi-volatile compounds can be summarized as photooxidation mechanism, nucleation process, condensation, gas/particle partition and heterogeneous reaction mechanism according to the research about SOA formation mechanism of the last twenty years. These physical-chemical processes and their influence factors are discussed in detail in this paper. Isoprene and toluene and its homologs are focused to illustrate the photooxidation of alkene and aromatic compounds. Two important theories of gas/particle partition, absorption mechanism and adsorption mechanism are analyzed. Heterogeneous reaction is proposed for its substantial effect for SOA formation. At last, some prospects for the study direction of the formation mechanism of SOA are given.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Main physical and chemical processes of SOA formation
3 Photooxidation mechanism
3.1 Photooxidation mechanism of alkenes
3.2 Photooxidation mechanism of aromatic compounds 
4 Nucleation process, condensation, gas/particle partition 
5 Heterogeneous reaction mechanism 
6 Prospects

NDMA(N-nitrosodimethylamine) is an extremely potent carcinogen detected recently in surface water and drinking water disinfected by chlorine and chloramines, and its removal research would exert important impact on protecting the public health and promoting the safety of water industry. The progress of the removal technologies of NDMA, which included volatilization, air stripping, adsorption, reverse osmosis, biodegradation, metal-catalyzed reduction, UV treatment, photolysis, TiO₂-mediated photocatalytic degradation, was summarized in this paper. It concluded current bottleneck in the research fields and showed a bright prospect of these techniques, thus providing new ideas for further development of highly-efficient and practical approaches to resolve the contamination problems caused by N-nitrosamines in surface and drinking water.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The present situation of degradation methods of NDMA
2.1 Volatilization and air stripping
2.2 Adsorption
2.3 Reverse osmosis
2.4 Biodegradation
2.5 Metal-catalyzed reduction
2.6 UV treatment
2.7 Photolysis
2.8 TiO₂-mediated photocatalytic degradation
3 Conclusion and outlook

The Caco-2 cell monolayer, isolated from human colon carcinoma, has been wildly used in toxicology study and used as a tool to study the intestinal uptake and transport processes of xenobiotic. We introduces the culture conditions, the basic characteristics and functional parameters of Caco-2 cell monolayer model in brief. The paper also discussed the application of Caco-2 cell monolayer model in studying the mechanism of intestinal transportation and absorption for environmental toxic substances and toxic effects of these substances on their intestinal transportation; absorption in detail. In addition, the application of Caco-2 cells in human health risk assessment for environmental toxic substances is prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Caco-2 cell monolayer model
3 Transportation and absorption of environmental toxic substances
3.1 Transportation and absorption of heavy metals
3.2 Transportation and absorption of organic pollutants
4 Perspectives

Microbial electrolysis cells (MEC) invented on the basis of Microbial fuel cells (MFC) provide a novel method for biohydrogen production. This paper reviews the research progress of MEC ever since its invention in 2005. The principle of MEC and the evaluating parameters of system are briefly introduced. Hydrogen production performance of MEC at different system architectures and electrode materials are compared. The existing problems and limiting factors of MEC for its practical utilization are discussed and the future research trends, as well as research approaches of MEC are proposed. Finally, the prospective applications of MEC in hydrogen production from biomass and energy recovery from organic wastewater are also stated.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Principle of MEC
3 Evaluating parameters of MEC
3.1 Hydrogen yield
3.2 Hydrogen recovery
3.3 Energy recovery
4 The architecture of MEC
5 The electrode materials of MEC
5.1 Anodic materials
5.2 Cathodic materials
6 Conclusion and outlook

The conversion of ethanol to light olefins has been attracted more attentions since the bioethanol got much developed in recent years. This paper reviewed the advancement of HZSM-5 catalyst for the reaction. The HZSM-5 catalysts modified with metal ion or phosphorus improved the catalytic performance compared to the unmodified catalysts. The loaded components on HZSM-5 decreased the amount of B acid and changed the intensity, the activity of catalysts and selectivity of light olefins were remarkably enhanced by the modification, and the service life was also prolonged. The factors for the reaction and the possible reaction mechanism, were also discussed in the paper. It was pointed out that the production of olefins via ethanol is an alternative route for cracking naphtha.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 ZSM-5 catalysts for convention ethanol to light olefins
2.1 Metal modified catalysts
2.2 Phosphorus modified catalysts
2.3 Other catalysts
3 Factors for reaction of ethanol to light olefins
4 Reaction mechanisms of ethanol to light olefins
5 Outlook

In this paper, the research progress on anticoagulant materials is reviewed. The mechanism of blood clotting and thrombus formation, techniques to improve anticoagulant behavior of biomaterials, characterization methods for anticoagulant biomaterials are discussed. In addition, problems in this field are analyzed and a perspective regarding the molecular design of novel anticoagulant biomaterials is made.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The formation mechanism and pathways of coagulation
3 The preparation of modified anticoagulant materials
3.1 Physical and chemical modification of material surfaces
3.2 Biological modification of material surfaces to form pseudointima
3.3 Addition of bioactive materials
3.4 Comparison of anticoagulant materials
4 The characterization of anticoagulant materials
4.1 Infrared spectroscopy
4.2 Atomic force microscopy
4.3 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
4.4 Scanning electron microscopy
4.5 Surface plasmon resonance
4.6 Quartz crystal microbalance
4.7 Evaluation of characterization techniques
5 Conclusion and prospects