Professor Jiang Xikui, born in 1926, is one of the pioneers in physical organic and organofluorine chemistry in China. This account first introduces Prof. Jiang’ academic background and then describes his achievements in different periods. The researches on the discovery of the electrophilic addition reaction of tetrafluoroethene, the preparation of fluoro-rubber, the discovery of the halophilic substitution reaction, the radical chemistry and the aggregation and self-coiling of organic molecules in aqueous media are emphasized.

Prof. Jin Songshou is a famous chemist for quantum chemistry and chemical kinetics. Although he is almost ninety years old, Prof. Jin keeps on learning and studying to seize the development of chemistry. He has done significant work on the adaptability of group structure for catalysis and the solubility of inorganic compounds. His important achievement is the discovery of the selective forces between molecules, which can be used to explain the unusual properties of chemicals in solubility, adsorption, chromatography as well as the influence of solvents on reaction rates. The similar selective forces are confirmed and developed by the foreign scientists in the studies of supermolecules. He also encourages the application of cybernetic chemistry to explain the complicated chemical phenomena by using simple but effective rules.

Contents
1 Intermolecular force
2 Catalysis and group interaction
3 Boundary between the physical and chemical interactions of molecules
4 Cybernetic chemistry

In this paper, the principle of Intensity Modulate Photocurrent Spectroscopy and Intensity Modulate Photovoltage Spectroscopy (IMPS/IMVS) is introduced. The latest results about the development and applications on IMPS/IMVS are reviewed. Especially the applications on dye-sensitized solar cell and semiconductor electrode are reviewed in detail. The issue and controversy are also discussed. At last, the future development tendency of IMPS/IMVS is prospected.

Contents
1 Basic theory and experimental methods of IMPS/IMVS
1.1 Basic theory of IMPS/IMVS
1.2 Experimental methods of IMPS/IMVS
2 IMPS/IMVS applied to DSC
2.1 Study of electron transfer mechanism and kinetics in DSC
2.2 Study of electron transfer mechanism and kinetics in DSC with different microstructure films
2.3 Study of electron transfer mechanism and kinetics in DSC with different type electrolytes
2.4 Existing problems in electron transfer mechanism and kinetics of DSC
3 IMPS/IMVS applied to semiconductor electrodes
4 IMPS/IMVS applied to other systems
5 Ending words

The mechanisms and kinetics of low-temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) have attracted many researchers’ attention. The mechanisms of low-temperature SCR is reviewed by the reaction pathways and reaction models, focusing on the role of oxygen in the low-temperature SCR, the adsorption of NO over the catalyst, the nature of the active NH₃ species and the governing reaction models (Langmuir-Hinshelwood or Eley-Rideal). Moreover, combining with the mechanisms of low-temperature SCR, the kinetics of low-temperature SCR are critically discussed. Points of convergence and disagreement are underlined. The perspectives in low-temperature SCR are promoted.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Mechanisms of low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO_X with NH₃
2.1 Reaction pathways of low-temperature NH₃- SCR
2.2 Reaction mechanisms of low-temperature NH₃- SCR
3 Kinetics of low-temperature NH3- SCR
4 Conclusion and perspectives

Hydrogen is the most promising energy carrier in future and hydrogen storage technology is the key problem for hydrogen application. With the development of computational materials science, density functional theory(DFT) and first principles quantum mechanical calculations have been effectively utilized to study the performance of existing hydrogen storage materials and explore new light hydrogen storage materials. The theoretical and experimental studies on metal-carbon-based hydrogen storage materials in recent years are reviewed in this paper, including metal-decorated carbon nanotubes，C₆₀ and transition-metal-ethylene complexes, and so on. The future of metal-carbon-based hydrogen storage materials is also anticipated.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Metal decorated carbon-nanotubes and C₆₀ hydrogen storage materials
2.1 Progress on experimental research
2.2 Progress on theoretical research
3 Transition-metal-ethylene complexes hydrogen storage
3.1 Progress on experimental research
3.2 Progress on theoretical research
4 Outlook

Titanium anodes coated with transient metal oxides, so-called dimensionally stable anodes (DSA^®) have been studied extensively due to their excellent electrocatalytic activity for chlorine and oxygen evolutions and electrooxidation degradation of toxic organic compounds. But some fundamental and important questions in close relation with the electrocatalysis phenomenon of DSA have not been completely understood yet. After a short review of the recent progress of electrocatalysis of DSA, some deficiencies in the related studies are raised and discussed. Since the oxide coating plays an esential role in the electrocatalytic activity of DSA, it is emphasized that the solid state physicochemical properties (e.g. the electronic structure, potential distribution, charge transfer mechanisms, conductivity, etc.) of the bulk metal oxide coating in DSA electrode need to be further investigated in future studies. Both for understanding the essentiality of the electrocatalysis phenomena of DSA and for improving the electrocatalytic activity of DSA electrode by changing the chemical composition of its oxide coating more rationally, it is desired to establish more correlations of the electro-catalytic activity of DSA electrode with the solid state physico-chemical properties of the oxide coating bulk.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Recent progress in the field of DSA electro-catalysis studies
2.1 Studying on electro-catalytic activity of DSA electrodes with different chemical compositions
2.2 Developing new methods for preparation of DSA electrodes
2.3 For the pretreatment of the substrate Ti
2.4 For the electro-catalytic degradation of organic pollutants
2.5 Studying on the electro-catalytic mechanisms at the electrode/solution interface
3 Some deficiencies in DSA electro-catalysis studies
4 Some topics needs to be further investigated in future studies
4.1 About the solid physico-chemical and electric properties of the oxide coatings
4.2 About the charge transfer and potential distribution at the Ti/oxide coating/solution interfaces
4.3 About the nano-size effect on the conductivity and charge-transfer mechnism
5 Concluding remarks

The microbial lipopeptides, which is an important kind of biosurfactants, possesses powerful surface activities and peculiar biological properties. The primary structure of the lipopeptides is mainly composed of a hydrophilic peptide moiety and a hydrophobic alkyl chain. Because of its chemical composition and amphiphilic behavior, the lipopeptides can be exploited in many fields such as pharmaceutics, food and cosmetic industries, environmental remediation and oil recovery. The surfactin, primarily renowned for its exceptional surface activities as well as biological properties, is one of the most active microbial lipopeptides. Surface-active and biological properties mainly occur at interfaces and are governed by the conformational state of molecules at hydrophobic/hydrophilic interfaces. This paper reviews the recent progress in molecular behavior of microbial lipopeptides represented by surfactin at the air/water interface.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Molecular behavior of microbial lipopeptide at the air/water interface
2.1 Insoluble monolayer studies
2.2 Mixed monolayer studies
2.3 Adsorbed layer studies at the air/water interface
3 Conclusions and perspectives

In this paper, the basic theory and recent progress of emulsion phase inversion are summarized in detail. The main factors influencing emulsion phase inversion are formulation variables, composition variables and emulsification protocol. The emulsion phase inversion induced by changing formulation variables is called transitional phase inversion and that induced by changing composition variables is called catastrophic phase inversion. An integrative variable (SAD or HLD) can be used to describe the effects of different formulation variables on the physicochemical formulation of emulsions. The phase inversion characteristics of emulsions can be studied by the standard phase inversion line or dynamic phase inversion line in the formulation-composition maps. Compared with the standard phase inversion line, the dynamic phase inversion line shows clear hysteresis phenomenon. The catastrophic dynamic phase inversion is divided into two types: the phase inversion from normal to abnormal emulsions and the phase inversion from abnormal to normal emulsions. The phase inversion of Pickering emulsions showed no hysteresis phenomenon. The phase inversion technique of emulsions has been widely used for the preparation of nanoemulsions and emulsions with high volume fraction or high viscosity of the internal phase. In addition, the phase inversion technique also has important applications in the crude oil/heavy oil recovery and transportation processes.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical fundamentals
2.1 Classification of the emulsion phase inversion
2.2 Factors influencing the emulsion phase inversion
2.3 Formulation-composition bidimensional map
3 Phase inversion characteristics of emulsions
3.1 Dynamic phase inversion of the emulsions
3.2 Phase inversion of Pickering emulsions
4 Applications of the emulsion phase inversion technology in industry
4.1 Preparation of nanoemulsions by the PIT method
4.2 Applications of the transitional phase inversion of emulsions induced by changing formulation variables
4.3 Preparation of the O/W emulsions with high viscosity of the inner phase by the dynamic catastrophic phase inversion
5 Concluding remarks

The progress of emulsions stabilized by hydrophobically associating polymers is summarized. We discuss solution properties of hydrophobically associating polymers, whose solution shows much better thickening ability than those of low-molecular-weight surfactants due to their large molecular structures and associations of hydrophobic groups on backbone. Researches about emulsions stabilized solely by hydrophobically associating polymers are summarized, the emulsification mechanisms differ from those of the low-molecular-weight surfactants. Meanwhile, we discuss the interactions between hydrophobially associating polymers and surfactants, this kind of polymer has strong interaction with small surfactants by forming complex to stabilize emulsions. The paper summarizes their application in stabilizing emulsions. Then, the stabilization mechanism of emulsions prepared by hydrophobically associating polymer is given.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Emulsions stabilized solely by hydrophobically associating polymers
3 Interactions between hydrophobically associating polymers and surfactants and emulsions stabilized by them
3.1 Interactions between hydrophobically associating polymers and surfactants
3.2 Emulsions stabilized by hydrophobically associating polymers and surfactants
4 Stabilization mechanism of HAP-stabilized emulsion
5 Summary

Supercritical CO₂ (sc-CO₂) is an attractive alternative to conventional solvents. Unfortunately, it is a poor solvent for high molecular weight and hydrophilic substances. One potential way to solve this problem is to solubilize these insoluble substances within microemulsions in sc-CO₂. Hydrocarbon surfactants are very favorable to form microemulsions for industrial applications, as they are far less expensive and less toxic than fluorinated surfactants. A great many works have indicated that common hydrocarbon surfactants generally can not form microemulsions in sc-CO₂, so the structure design of surfactants becomes necessary. In this work, the methods are introduced to study the formation, determination and evaluation of microemulsions in sc-CO₂. The principles of designing hydrocarbon surfactants are reviewed, especially those based on the CO₂-philic characteristic and the surface activity of surfactants. The effects of cosurfactants on the formation of microemulsions in sc-CO₂ are described and the sc-CO₂ microemulsions formed by common hydrocarbon surfactants with cosurfactants are reviewed. Finally, the effects of mixed surfactant, especially the hydrocarbon surfactants, on the formation of microemulsions in sc-CO₂ are introduced.

Contents
1 Formation, determination and evaluation of microemulsions
2 Design and choice of hydrocarbon surfactants
2.1 Choice of commercial hydrocarbon surfactants
2.2 Design of hydrocarbon surfactants
3 Effects of cosurfactants
4 Effects of mixed surfactants
5 Conclusion and prospective

Understanding structure changes of the electrochemically active species from molecular level can directly promote our knowledge of electrochemistry, molecular/nano electronics, electron transfer in life processes. Surface electrochemistry is a classical experimental method, and from these macroscopic results one can know some information about the molecular structure and the microscopic environment of electrochemically active species. Hence, the transfer coefficient, the apparent number of electron transferred and the reorganization energy are surveyed in this review. The transfer coefficient is directly correlated to the interaction between molecules. The apparent number of electron transferred gives insight into the different connection modes of the subunits in the biomacromolecule. In addition, the reorganization energy can provide information about how the microscopic environment around the electro-active group changes. This paper aims at bringing the value of macroscopic experiment method to molecular electrochmeistry.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Transfer coefficient and the potential energy surface
3 Correlation between the apparent number of electron transferred and subunits
4 Changes of the microscopic environment reflected by reorganization energy
5 Conclusions

The field of molecular electronics was initiated in 1970s, when Aviram and Ratner proposed a concept for a molecular rectifier based on a single organic molecule. The molecular rectification has received great progress in the latest 30 years, both in experimental measurement and theoretical simulation. In this paper, we review the recent investigation on molecular rectification, both of molecular structures and rectification mechanisms. Several rectification mechanisms have been summarized, such as D-σ-A, D-π-A and D-A types, rectification induced by conformation reverse and interface. The negative differential resistance is also addressed, which is induced by charging, conformational flexibility, intermolecular charge transfer, molecular double dot, and the polaron mechanism. Finally, the problems and challenges in the study of molecular rectification are proposed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Experimental measurements
3 Mechanisms of molecular rectification
3.1 D-σ-A type of molecular rectification
3.2 D-π-A type of molecular rectification
3.3 D-A type of molecular rectification
3.4 Molecular rectification induced by conformation reverse
3.5 Molecular Rectification induced by interface
3.6 Negative differential resistance
4 Conclusion and prospective

Surfactants can be self-assembled into organized structures such as micelles, vesicles, liquid-crystals in the solution. These organized structures have found broad applications ranging from catalysis, preparation of novel materials to biopharmaceutics. Controlling and changing the surfactant aggregation plays an important role for their applications. Recently, tuning the physicochemical properties of surfactants through regulating environmental condition represents a new direction in surfactant science. The recent progress of six types of environmentally stimuli-responsive surfactants, i.e., pH-, electrolyte-, organic molecule-, temperature-, photo-, and redox-stimuli responsive surfactants are reviewed, and the relationship between their responsive properties and molecular structures is discussed. The future trends of these surfactants are outlooked in this review.

Contents
1 The classification of stimuli-responsive surfactants
1.1 pH stimuli-responsive surfactants
1.2 Electrolyte stimuli-responsive surfactants
1.3 Organic molecule stimuli-responsive surfactants
1.4 Temperature stimuli-responsive surfactants
1.5 Photo stimuli responsive surfactants
1.6 Redox stimuli responsive surfactants
2 The application perspective of stimuli-responsive surfactants
2.1 Application in modifying solution rheology
2.2 Application in enhanced oil recovery
2.3 Application in chemical separation
2.4 Application in gene transfer
2.5 Application in cosolubilization
3 Conclusions

The recent progress in Sol-Gel preparation of nano WO₃ materials, their gasochromic mechanism and applications are expatiated in this review. The influence of Sol-Gel conditions such as hybrid, templatig agent, solvent and calcination temperature, etc. on the structures and properties of such materials, is comment with emphasis. Finally,the prospect of the research and application of nano WO₃ gasochromic materials is also forseen. We believe that the key point of the future study on nano WO₃ materials prepared by sol-gel process will be how to optimize the design and selection of efficient doping materials and templates, and how to reduce the temperature of gas detection  and find the real gasochromic mechanism.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Nano WO₃ gasochromic materials prepared by sol-gel process
2.1 The impact of doping modification
2.2 Templates selection
2.3 Solvents selection 
2.4 Annealing temperature
2.5 Other post-processing methods
3 Gasochromic mechanism and application of Nano WO₃ Materials
3.1 The Gasochromic mechanism of Nano WO₃ Materials
3.2 The application of gasochromic nano WO₃ materials
4 Prospect of nano WO₃ gasochromic materials

Inorganic nanosized rare earth luminescent materials as the important luminescent materials owing to their unique electronic, optical and chemical properties, have been widely exploited for use in high-performance magnets, luminescence devices, displays, biolabeling, optical imaging, phototherapy and so on. The intrinsic properties of rare earth luminescent materials depend strongly on the materials’ size and shape. Recently many methods have been used for the preparation of rare earth luminescent nanostructures with different shapes, such as nanowires, nanorods, nanotubes, nanofibers and nanoplates, etc. In this paper, a comprehensive review is presented on the general preparation methods of inorganic nano rare earth luminescent materials, including hydrothermal and solvothermal method, organic/inorganic precursers thermal decomposition method, sonication-assisted technique, etc. The advantage and disadvantage of these preparation methods is discussed. Moreover, combining with our work on the preparation of inorganic nano rare earth luminescent materials, the development trends of the preparation methods of inorganic nano rare earth luminescent materials are also proposed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation methods of rare earth luminescent materials
2.1 Hydrothermal and solvothermal methods
2.2 Organic/inorganic precursors thermal decomposition method
2.3 Sonication-assisted technique
2.4 Other preparation methods
3 Conclusions and prospects

Spin crossover complex has an ideal molecular bistability in which a single molecule or an assembly of molecules can be used as active elements in novel thermal switches, optical switches or information memory devices. The important progress over the past three years on Fe(II) spin crossover molecule-based materials is reviewed in this paper. These materials include the Fe(II) spin crossover complexes showing a spin transition close to room temperature, the Fe(II) spin crossover compounds with the light-induced excited spin state trapping (LIESST) effect and the multifunctional Fe(II) spin crossover materials with liquid crystalline properties, porous properties or electrical conductivity. The applications and perspectives of the Fe(II) spin crossover molecule-based materials are also discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Fe(II) spin crossover molecule-based materials showing Tc close to room temperature
3 Fe(II) spin crossover molecule-based materials with LIESST effect
4 Multifunctional Fe(II) spin crossover molecule-based materials
4.1 Fe(II) spin crossover materials with liquid crystalline properties
4.2 Porous Fe(II) spin crossover materials
4.3 Fe(II) spin crossover materials with electrical conductivity
5 Conclusions and perspectives

Mononuclear and binuclear vanadium complexes containing acylhydrazone ligands have attracted wide attention since they possess various structures and biological activity. The synthesis, characterization and biological activity of these complexes are of growing interest. The research achievements are worthy of being summarized. This review on vanadium complexes containing acylhydrazone ligands is carried out from the following three aspects: (1) the synthesis of these complexes; (2) coordination environment; (3) various biological activities of some mononuclear and binuclear vanadium complexes containing acylhydrazone ligands , such as anti-amoebic, anti-tumor, and insulin-mimetic, inhibitory action on Na⁺, K⁺—ATPase and interaction with DNA. The present review is emphasized on making a summary on the relationship between the structure and biological activity of these complexes. Finally, the scarcities and the developing trend in this field are also depicted.

Contents
1 Synthetic method of vanadium complexes containing acylhydrazone ligands
1.1 Complexes prepared from acylhydrazone
1.2 Complexes prepared from hydrazide
1.3 Complexes prepared from other vanadium complexes containing acylhydrazone ligands
2 The coordination mode of vanadium complexes containing acylhydrazone ligands
2.1 Mononuclear vanadium complexes
2.2 Binuclear vanadium complexes
3 Biological activities of vanadium complexes containing acylhydrazone ligands
3.1 Anti-amoebic activity
3.2 Anti-tumor activity
3.3 Insulin-mimetic activity
3.4 The activity of inhibitory action on Na⁺, K⁺—ATPase
3.5 Interaction with DNA
4 Conclusions

The development of azo-heterocycle based anion receptors is a very important field for the supramolecular chemistry. These kinds of anion receptors possess a great deal of merits such as various host structures, wide adaptability, high selectivity and sensitivity. This review summarizes the main design principles, anion recognition abilities and recognition mechanism of the azo-heterocycle based receptors which having pyrrole, indole, imidazole and carbazole as recognition groups.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Pyrrole based anion receptors
2.1 Uncyclic pyrrole derivatives based anion receptors
2.2 Cyclic pyrrole derivatives based anion receptors
3 Indole based anion receptors
3.1 Indole based anion receptors
3.2 Indolocarbazole based anion receptors
4 Imidazole based anion receptors
5 Other azo-heterocycle based anion receptors
6 Prospect

Chemical fixation of carbon dioxide is a very attractive subject not only from viewpoint of carbon resource utilization, but also from increasing environmental concerns. The latest progress in the research of organic reactions utilizing carbon dioxide is reviewed, particularly including the reactions with epoxides, amines, unsaturated compounds, alcohols, hydrocarbons, etc. This review summarizes the organic reactions with carbon dioxide including catalyst design and corresponding reaction mechanism. The outlook of the research area is also provided.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Reaction with epoxides
2.1 Synthesis of cyclic carbonates
2.2 Synthesis of polycarbonates
3 Reaction with amines
3.1 Synthesis of chain carbamates
3.2 Synthesis of cyclic carbamates
4 Reaction with unsaturated hydrocarbons
5 Reaction with hydrogen
5.1 Synthesis of methanol
5.2 Synthesis of formic acid
5.3 Synthesis of formic ester
5.4 Synthesis of methylic amide
5.5 Synthesis of alcohols from olefins
6 Reaction with alcohols
6.1 Reaction with unsaturated alcohols
6.2 Reaction with unsaturated alcohols
7 Reaction with hydrocarbons
8 Summary and outlook

Due to the strong electronic donor properties and the versatile structure which can be readily modified, as well as the distinct topography, N-heterocyclic carbene（NHC）is a new class of ligands as an alternative to traditional phosphine ones. Therefore, it is attractive to use NHC as ligand in catalysis. In fact, the catalytic properties of NHC-metal (NHC-M) complexes in homogeneous and asymmetric catalysis has been a focused research field and many successful results have been reported in recent years. In this paper, the syntheses of NHC, NHC-M complexes and their major precursor imidazolium salts are reviewed. The synthetic methods for NHC-M complexes include: (a) reaction of metal complexes with pre-formed NHC ligands; (b) reaction of metal complexes with NHC precursor such as imidazolium salts and a strong base; (c) interaction between metal halide and NHC-Ag complexes. For the synthesis of NHC precursors, there are also several routes: (a) condensation of glyoxal, amines and paraformaldehyde; (b) alkylation of imidazole or monosubstituted imidazole with alkyl halide; (c) annulation of ortho esters and 1,2-diamines; (d) ring closure of hydrazines or amides with acetic anhydride; (e) reduction of thiones with Na/K in THF.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The classification and structure of NHC
3 Synthesis of NHC and their metal complexes
3.1 Synthesis of NHC
3.2 Synthesis of NHC-metal complexes
4 Synthesis of NHC precursors
4.1 Synthesis of imidazolium salts
4.2 Synthesis of imidazolinyllium salts
4.3 Synthesis of triazolium salts
4.4 Synthesis of benzoimidazolium salts
4.5 Synthesis of bis-NHC precursors
5 Epilogue

Carbohydrate widely exists in nature, which is treated as one of the three substantial units as well as protein and nucleic acid. Due to its high affinity for diols, boronic acid group is frequently used for recognizing carbohydrate and marking cell since the carbohydrate contains polyhydroxy. A fluorescent receptor sensing for saccharide can be constructed while a boronic acid group is linked to a fluorophore. This review, which follows the classification of the fluorophore structure such as naphthene-based boronic acid receptors including 4-(dimethylamino)-naphthalene-2-boronic acid analogs, N-substituted aminonaphthal- boronic acids analogs and 1,8-naphthalimide-based monoboronic acids analogs, heterocycle-containing boronic acid receptors including nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen heterocyclic boronic acids derivatives, anthracene-containing boronic acid derivatives, pyrene-containing boronic acid receptors, viologen boronic acid receptors and other boronic acid receptors, summarizes the latest development of fluorescent receptor containing boronic acid used in the research of monosaccharide recognition since 2002.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Naphthalene-based boronic acid receptors
2.1 4-(Dimethylamino)-naphthalene-2-boronic acid analogs
2.2 N-substituted aminonaphthalboronic acid derivatives
2.3 1,8-Naphthalimide-based monoboronic acid derivatives
3 Heterocycle-containing boronic acid receptors
3.1 Nitrogen heterocyclic boronic acid derivatives
3.2 Sulfur heterocyclic boronic acid derivatives
3.3 Oxygen heterocyclic boronic acid derivatives
4 Anthracene-containing boronic acid receptors
5 Pyrene-containing boronic acid receptors
6 Viologen boronic acid receptors
7 Other boronic acid receptors
8 Conclusion

The development of biotechnology and bioscience has produced various polymeric nanoparticles, which are of both significance in basic researches and practical applications. Particularly, in the field of nanomedicine and bioanalysis, the nanoparticles can be used as carriers for drugs and bioactive molecules such as cell growth factors and functional genes as well fluorescent markers. Endocytosis is one of the fundamental processes for the cellular events, in which the cells import selected extracellular molecules, viruses, microorganisms and nano particles into their interiors. In this article the recent progress on endocytosis of the polymeric nanoparticles into cells is reviewed. It starts with the introduction of polymeric nanoparticles which are most frequently used in the cellular uptake study and their functionalization by incorporating fluorescent probes and surface modification. Then the basic cellular uptake process of the polymeric nanoparticles such as the driving forces, intracellular transportation and distribution, and cytotoxicity is described. Furthermore, the factors controlling the cellular uptake such as the concentration and properties (shape, size, charge and PEGylation) of the polymeric nanoparticles, coculture time and conditions, and cell type are summarized. Finally, the receptor-mediated cellular uptake of the polymeric nanoparticles is specifically introduced, and the perspectives of the cellular uptake study of the polymeric nanoparticles are suggested.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Polymeric nanoparticles and their functionalization
2.1 Combination with fluorescent probes
2.2 Surface modification
3 Interaction between polymeric nanoparticles and cells
3.1 Uptake forces of polymeric nanoparticles into cells
3.2 Process of cellular uptake of polymeric nanoparticles
3.3 Intracellular distribution of polymeric nanoparticles
3.4 Cell toxicity of polymeric nanoparticles
4 Factors controlling cellular uptake
4.1 Influence of concentration of nanoparticles
4.2 Influence of coculture time of nanoparticles and cells
4.3 Influence of properties of nanoparticles
4.4 Influence of cell types
4.5 Influence of culture environments
5 Polymeric nanoparticles for ligand-mediated cellular uptake
6 Conclusion and perspectives

Electrochromic materials based on organic thiophene derivatives, which is one kind of acknowledged prospective intelligent materials, haved attracted considerable attention because of their potential applications in the construction of mirrors, smart windows, display, etc. Thiophene derivatives include oligothiophene derivatives and polythiophene derivatives. In this paper, the development of electrochromic materials is reviewed based on the viewpoint of aiming to design and synthesis thiophene derivatives, and exploring their application as electrochromic materials. Their application and developing direction are also presented.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Electrochromic materials based on polythiophene and derivatives
3 Electrochromic materials based on oligothiophene derivatives
4 Prospect

Phosphorescent electroluminescent materials have attracted considerable attention due to their ability to efficiently utilize both singlet and triplet excitons and potentially high electroluminescent efficiency. In this paper, the recent progress of the synthesis of electrophosphorescent light-emitting polymers by covalently incorporating phosphorescent dyes into polymer molecular chain is summarized. The relationship of polymer structures and electroluminescent properties of copolymers is also reviewed, which mainly address the aspects by covalently introducing phosphorescent dyes into polymer main chain, or grafting phosphorescent dyes into polymer side chain, as well as fabricating hyperbranched electrophosphorescent light-emitting polymers with organometallic complexes as cores. Combined with the molecular design viewpoint and the achievement in the preparation of electrophosphorescent light-emitting polymers, the problems of the application of this kind of polymers in electroluminescent procedure are summarized, and our perspectives of the future development of this kind of polymers are also given.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Recent progress of electrophosphorescent light-emitting polymers
2.1 Side chain electrophosphorescent light-emitting polymers
2.2 Main chain electrophosphorescent light-emitting polymers
2.3 Hyperbranched electrophosphorescent light-emitting polymers
3 Conclusions and outlook

Monodisperse micron-sized polymeric particles can be achieved by two-staged seeded polymerization(also known as the activated swelling polymerization). Because of the controllable particles size, pore size and pore size distribution, particles synthesized by this method are widely used as chromatographic supports, ion exchangers, size exclusion chromatography, biological separation, catalytic supports, etc. This paper introduces polymerization process of two-staged seeded swelling polymerization, mechanism of two-staged swelling and pore formation. Then we give a detailed analysis on the impact of two-step seeded swelling polymerization, including control of polymerization process and effect of each component in two-staged seeded swelling polymerization. Preparation of porous polymer microspheres by this method is summarized likewise. Finally, the future trend of two-step seed swelling polymerization is discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Process of two-staged seeded swelling polymerization
3 Mechanism of two-staged seeded swelling polymerization
3.1 Mechanism of seeded swelling
3.2 Mechanism of pore formation
4 Control of two-staged seeded swelling polymerization
4.1 Control of polymerization process
4.2 Effect of recipe of two-staged seeded polymerization on obtained particles
5 Application of two-staged seeded swelling polymerization
6 Outlook and summary

The main challenge of the application of atom transfer radical polymerization(ATRP)  to emulsion polymerizationsystems is the latex stability and the controllability of the polymerization. This paper reviews a series of factors that affect the controllability of the polymerization and the stability of the latex, the mechanistic aspect and applications of the emulsion atom transfer radical polymerization. The hydrophilic-lipophilic features of surfactants and chemical nature of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties, partitioning of the catalyst/ligand complex between monomer and water, solubility of initiators, temperature, and reactant concentrations are the main aspects that affect the latex stability and the controllability of the polymerization. The emulsion atom transfer radical polymerization mechanism is complicated by the solubility and partitioning of various species in aqueous and organic phases. The emulsion atom transfer radical polymerization combines the characteristics of the living radical polymerization and emulsion polymerization, which will lead to a great perspective in theoretical researches and industrial applications.

Contents
1 ATRP mechanism
2 Factors affecting the latex stability and the controllability of the polymerization
2.1 Surfactants
2.2 Catalyst/Ligand
2.3 Initiators
2.4 Temperature
3 Mechanistic understandings of emulsion atom transfer radical polymerization
4 Applications of emulsion atom transfer radical polymerization
4.1 Preparation of copolymers
4.2 Preparation of polymer particles with peculiar composition,architecture, and functionality
4.3 Preparation of hyperbranched polymers with high molecular weight
5 Summary

Fabrication and application of porous polymer materials has become a popular domain of the science of modern polymer and material. The fabrication methods of porous polymer films are also developed fast. Here we summarize the fabrication of porous polymer materials, including the colloidal crystal templated deposition, the breath figure method, the self-assemble method and the “solvent-free” method, etc. In contrast to the other methods of fabrication of porous polymer film, the self-assemble with none templates deposition is a new method based on our lab’s work. It shows broad development prospects due to it’s simple operation, no need to use the templates and environmentally friendly waterborne formulations, etc.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Fabrication of porous polymer films by the colloidal crystal templated deposition
3 Fabrication of porous polymer films by the breath figure method
4 Fabrication of porous polymer films by the “solvent-free” method
5 Fabrication of porous polymer films by the self-assemble with none template
6 Some other methods used to fabricate porous polymer films
7 Conclusion

Cholic acid is a natural compound that is synthesized in the animal body, which has special chemical structure and good biocompatibility. Polymers prepared from cholic acid can preserve some properties of cholic acid, such as facial amphiphilicity, chirality, reactivity of the side groups and capacity of self-assembling. In chemical and pharmaceutical fields, polymeric materials containing cholic acid can be used widely. This paper reviews the preparation and characterization of polymers containing cholic acid obtained by free radical polymerization, polymers modified with cholic acid and polycondensation of cholic acid, etc. The development of polymers containing cholic acid in the future is also forecasted.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Polymeric materials containing cholic acid obtained by radical polymerization
2.1 Polymers obtained from polymerization of vinylic group at position C3
2.2 Polymers obtained from polymerization of vinylic group at position C24
2.3 Polymers obtained from polymerization of vinylic groups at positions C3,C7 and C12
3 Polymers obtained from chemical modify with cholic acid
3.1 Polymers with cholic acid moieties as side group
3.2 Polymers end-capped with cholic acid
4 Polycondensation of cholic acid
5 Molecular umbrellas
6 Dendritic polymer
7 Applications of cholic acid on other fields
8 Conclusions

Due to the remarkable sensitivity to external stimuli incorporated with biocompatible property, supramolecular hydrogel based on low-molecular-weight gelator has gained immense interests. This materials has many potential applications areas, such as smart gel, tissue engineering, etc. The design and preparation of low molecular weight organic gelators as well as understanding of the mechanism of the gelation process have attracted great attention recently and become the key point for supramolecular hydrogel. In this paper, basic concepts of supramolecular hydrogel are introduced firstly. The structural motifs and functions of the supramolecular hydrogels are reviewed in detail. Finally, the current research and perspective of supramolecular hydrogel are discussed.

Contents
1 Supramolecular gel
1.1 Introduction to supramolecular gel
1.2 Structure and property of supramolecular gel
1.3 Progress of related research of domestic groups
2 Supramolecular hydrogel
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Structural classification of hydrogelators
3 Functions of the supramolecular hydrogels
3.1 Supramolecular hydrogels that respond to external stimuli
3.2 Supramolecular hydrogels in electrooptics/photonics
3.3 Supramolecular hydrogels as structure directing agents for inorganic materials synthesis
3.4 Supramolecular hydrogels in biomedical applications
3.5 Other applications
4 Conclusions

Light emitting diode induced fluorescence detector (LED-IF) has been developed and widely used as detectors in capillary flow systems, including flow injection analysis, capillary liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and microchip analysis. This review summarizes the progress of LED-IF in recent years. Four kinds of optical arrangements are presented. The main parts of LED-IF, including light source, filter, lens, optical fiber, photo electronic detector and detection cell, are discussed in detail. The applications of LED-IF in bioanalysis，pharmaceutical analysis and environmental analysis are presented. Furthermore, the trend of development LED- IF is also discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Optical setup
2.1 Confocal setup
2.2 Orthogonal setup
2.3 Intersectant setup
2.4 Parallel setup
3 Optical fittings
3.1 LED
3.2 Lens
3.3 Filters
3.4 Optical fibers
3.5 Optical detectors
3.6 Detection cell
4 Multifunctional detectors
5 Applications
6 Conclusions

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) is a rapid and high sensitivity method, with spectrum unscrambling easily and sample underivatized for structural elucidation of biological specimen. This technique has been widely used to analyze the structure of the glycan and glycoprotein. Combined with other methods such as high performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC ) or exoglycosidases digestion, MALDI-MS can conveniently provides more detailed information for analysis carbohydrate structure. With kinds of tandem mass spectrometry introduced in the recent years, high quality fragmentation spectra can be obtained now, offering the possibility of more complete analysis by mass spectrometry alone. The application of MALDI-MS to analyze carbohydrates and glycoprotein is reviewed in this article, the principle and characteristics of the instrument, the correlation technique and cleavage mode of MALDI combined with time-of-flight（TOF）analyser, MALDI matrix selection, sample preparation, fragmentation identification and glycosylation site definition are also discussed, and the prospect is showed at last. With the better maxtrix , higher resolution and wider molecular weight, MALDI-MS will play a role of significance in carbohydrates analysis.

Contents
1 Principles and characteristics of MALDI
2 MALDI combined with time-of-flight（TOF）analyser
2.1 Linear mode
2.2 Reflectron mode
3 Methods for MALDI -MS analysis of carbohydrates
3.1 Matrix selection
3.2 Sample preparation
3.3 Fragmentation identification
4 Applications of MALDI -MS to the carbohydrates analysis
4.1 Determination of molecular weight
4.2 Analysis of carbohydrates structure
4.3 Definition of glycosylation site
5 Prospect

Micro fuel cells have drawn increasing attention because they are promising choice of next generation power sources for portable electronic devices. Several problems, such as poor micro-machinability of graphite, corrodibility and high density of metal, rise when the conventional materials such as graphite and metal applied in micro fuel cells. The application of silicon material in micro fuel cells is becoming popular, because of its low gas permeability, high thermal conductivity, good property for micro processing. The application of silicon material in fabrication of gas diffusion layer and proton exchange membrane of micro fuel cells is introduced. Packaging technique of micro fuel cell based on silicon material is reviewed. The analysis and discussion of distinguishing feature and long-term potential of the application of silicon in micro fuel cells are conducted.

Contents
1 Gas diffusion layer
2 Proton exchange membrane
3 Micro fuel cell with silicon base
4 Other application of silicon
5 Disadvantages and prospects of silicon
6 Conclusions

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are bioreactors that convert chemical energy in the chemical bonds in organic compounds to electrical energy through catalytic reaction of microorganisms under anaerobic conditions. The history and the operation principle of MFCs are present firstly. Currently, real applications of MFCs are limited because of their low power density. This paper review the recent advance in MFCs research with emphases on enhancing the power density in respect of the microbes used in MFCs, the structure of the cell, the proton exchange membrane, the electrode and the electrolyte. Some interesting studies about MFCs are offered, such as plant-MFCs, application of biocathode in MFCs, bio-electrochemical denitrification and treatment of toxic wastewater.

Contents
1 History of microbial fuel cell development
2 Principle of microbial fuel cells
3 Development bottleneck and improvement methods
3.1 Electricigens
3.2 Structures of microbial fuel cells
3.3 Proton exchange membranes
3.4 Electrode materials
3.5 Electrolyte
3.6 Other aspects
4 Latest research directions
4.1 Plant microbial fuel cells
4.2 Biocathode microbial fuel cells
4.3 Denitrification and toxic wasterwater treatment
5 Conclusion

The chemical composition, crystal structure, and short-range order of apatite crystals of bone play an essential role in the biological and structural functions of bone substance. However, the question of whether the apatite crystals of bone contain hydroxyl ion remains, and the crystal structure of carbonated apatite still remains subject to uncertainties since the exact location of carbonate ions has not yet been determined. This review aims at highlighting on current developments in biological apatite mineral components and its crystal structure. It introduces near-absence of OH^－ in bone apatite has been established through extensive study by chemical analyses and spectroscopy techniques. And carbonate ions replace both the A-site and B-site in the hydroxylapatite structure. It is anticipated to provide a deeper understanding about stability, mechanisms of substitution and many surface phenomena of biological apatite.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Techniques in hydroxyl ion study on biological and synthetic apatite
2.1 NMR study on hydroxyl ion in apatite
2.2 FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy study on hydroxyl ion in apatite
2.3 INS study on hydroxyl ion in apatite
3 Crystal structure of biological and synthetic apatite
3.1 Type A carbonate substitution
3.2 Type B carbonate substitution
4 Conclusions

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are of great concern due to their widely use and adverse effects to environment and human. The existence for polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes(HBCDs), and tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA), three major kinds of BFRs found in environment and ecosystems and in human body are reviewed briefly. The degradation and biotransformation of them in environmental medium (wastewater, sludge and sediment), organism (microorganism and animals) and human body are focused. The degradation and biotransformation of them under light and heat are of concern also. The degradation pathway and metabolites of BFRs are introduced in detail. In addition, the future research and prospects are also discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Existing in the environment
2.1 PBDEs
2.2 HBCDs
2.3 TBBPA
3 Metabolism and transformation
3.1 PBDEs
3.2 HBCDs
3.3 TBBPA
4 Prospects