Hua Guo, Lei Zhang, Xu Dong, Gangyi Shen, Junfa Yin. Immobilized Multi-Enzyme Cascade Reactor[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2020, 32(4): 392-405.
Both physiological behaviors and pathological processes of living organisms are related to the synergistic co-action of various enzymes. Inspired by this, a new bionic catalytic technology, immobilized multi-enzyme cascade reactor has been proposed for accelerating the bio-reactions including synthesis, substrate degradation, transformation and recombination. By taking advantages of the good stability, reusability and remarkable high efficiency, the immobilized multi-enzyme cascade reactor has attracted more and more attention in many fields including biological sensing, simulation biology and biological transformation and so on. This review focuses on the art-of-state and progress of immobilized multi-enzyme cascade reactor in recent years. The fundamentals, preparation approaches, advantages, factors affecting the efficiency, and applications of the technology are involved. Its trends in future study are also prospected.
1 Introduction
2 Basic principles of immobilized multi-enzyme cascade reaction
3 Preparation of immobilized multi-enzyme cascade reactor
3.1 Co-immobilization
3.2 Sequential immobilization
3.3 Spatially partition immobilization
3.4 Spatially addressable immobilization
4 Factors affecting the efficiency of immobilized multi-enzyme cascade
5 Applications of immobilized multi-enzyme cascade reactor
6 Conclusion and outlook
Yingwu Lin. Rational Design of Artificial Metalloenzymes: Case Studies in Myoglobin[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2018, 30(10): 1464-1474.
Tengrui Shi, Yujie Yang, Qiong Liu, Nan Li*. Selenoprotein R: A Unique Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase[J]. Progress in Chemistry , DOI: 10.7536/PC180625.
Jiqian Wang*, Hongyu Yan, Jie Li, Liyan Zhang, Yurong Zhao, Hai Xu*. Artificial Metalloenzymes Based on Peptide Self-Assembly[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2018, 30(8): 1121-1132.
Yixian Li, Yuemei Jia, Chuyi Yu. Synthesis and Glycosidase Inhibitory Activities of Fluorinated Iminosugars[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2018, 30(5): 586-600.
Guo Jian, He Yun, Ye Xin-Shan. Design and Discovery of Sialyltransferase Inhibitors[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2016, 28(11): 1712-1720.
Contents 1 Introduction 2 Relationship between sialic acids and cancers 3 Design and discovery of sialyltransferase inhibitors 3.1 Donor-analog inhibitors 3.2 Acceptor-analog inhibitors 3.3 Bisubstrate-analog inhibitors 3.4 Transition-state-analog of the sialyl donor inhibitors 3.5 Other types of inhibitors 4 Conclusion
Xing Liwen, Ma Zhanfang. Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Sensors Based on Carbon Nanomaterials for Simultaneous Detection of Ascorbic Acid, Dopamine, and Uric Acid[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2016, 28(11): 1705-1711.
Contents 1 Introduction 2 Carbon nanomaterials-based non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors for simultaneous detection of ascorbic acid, dopamine, and uric acid 2.1 One-dimensional carbon nanomaterials 2.2 Two-dimensional carbon nanomaterials 2.3 Zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials 2.4 Three-dimensional carbon nanomaterials 3 Conclusion
Zhao Yanan, Wang Mengfan, Qi Wei, Su Rongxin, He Zhimin. Supramolecular Artificial Enzyme Based on Assembling Peptide Gel[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2016, 28(11): 1664-1671.
Contents 1 Introduction 2 Reaction types catalyzed by peptide-based artificial enzyme 2.1 Hydrolysis reaction 2.2 Aldol reaction 2.3 Redox reaction 3 Influence factors on the activity of peptide-based artificial enzyme 3.1 Assembly degree 3.2 Microstructure 3.3 Supramolecular structrue 3.4 Active-site microenvironment 3.5 pH 4 Application of peptide-based artificial enzyme 5 Conclusion
Feng Xudong, Li Chun. The Improvement of Enzyme Properties and Its Catalytic Engineering Strategy[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2015, 27(11): 1649-1657.
Contents 1 Introduction 2 Current application of enzymes 3 Enzyme modification 3.1 Directed evolution 3.2 Glycosylation 3.3 Chemical modification 4 Catalytic engineering of enzymes 4.1 Medium engineering 4.2 Immobilization 4.3 Multi-enzyme complex 5 Conclusion
Zhou Yan, Zhao Xuebing, Liu Dehua. Effects of Non-Ionic Surfactant on the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulose and Corresponding Mechanism[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2015, 27(11): 1555-1565.
Contents 1 Introduction 2 Effects of surfactant on enzymatic hydrolysis of pure cellulose and mechanism 2.1 Factors influencing the action of surfactant 2.2 Mechanism for the action of surfactant on pure cellulose hydrolysis 3 Effects of surfactant on enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated lignocellulose 3.1 Effects of substrate structural features 3.2 Effects of hydrolysis conditions 4 Mechanisms for the action of surfactant on lignocellulose hydrolysis 4.1 Effects of surfactant on substrate structure 4.2 Effects of surfactant on enzyme stability 4.3 Effects of surfactant on the interaction between enzyme and substrate 5 Conclusion
Wan Xiaomei, Zhang Chuan, Yu Dinghua, Huang He, Hu Yi. Enzyme Immobilized on Carbon Nanotubes[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2015, 27(9): 1251-1259.
Contents 1 Introduction 2 Research of enzyme immobilization on carbon nanotubes 2.1 Hydrolase immobilization on carbon nanotubes 2.2 Oxido-reductase immobilization on carbon nanotubes 2.3 Other kinds of enzymes immobilization on carbon nanotubes 2.4 The application of immobilized enzymes in the biosensors 3 Conclusions
Zhao Yuan, Zeng Jin, Lin Yingwu. Rational Design of Artificial Hydrolases in Protein Scaffolds[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2015, 27(8): 1102-1109.
Contents 1 Introduction 2 Mechanisms of hydrolases 3 Hydrolases containing no metal ions 3.1 Reuse of natural proteins 3.2 Reconstruction of natural proteins 4 Hydrolases containing metal ions 4.1 Molecular design based on 3-α-helix 4.2 Molecular design based on 4-α-helix 4.3 Molecular design based on zinc-finger protein 5 Hydrolases containing metal complex 5.1 Explore hydrolysis activity of heme proteins 5.2 Tune hydrolysis activity of heme proteins 6 Conclusion and outlook
Fang Li, He Jinlu. Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensors[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2015, 27(5): 585-593.
Contents 1 Introduction 2 Classification and detecting principle of glucose sensors 2.1 Glucose oxidase glucose sensors 2.2 Nonenzymatic glucose sensors 3 Research advances of nonenzymatic glucose sensors 3.1 Nonenzymatic glucose sensors based on metal and metal oxides 3.2 Nonenzymatic glucose sensors based on bimetal 3.3 Nonenzymatic glucose sensors based on carbon materials 4 Conclusion and outlook
Gong Jinsong, Li Heng, Lu Zhenming, Shi Jinsong, Xu Zhenghong. Recent Progress in the Application of Nitrilase in the Biocatalytic Synthesis of Pharmaceutical Intermediates[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2015, 27(4): 448-458.
Contents 1 Introduction 2 Research overview of nitrilase 3 Existence range of nitrilase 4 Type of nitrilase catalysts and obtaining manners 4.1 Wild enzyme 4.2 Genetically engineered enzyme 5 The applications in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates 5.1 Picolinic acid 5.2 (R)-Mandelic acid and its derivatives 5.3 Cyanocarboxylic acid 5.4 Pharmaceutical amino acid 5.5 Glycolic acid 6 Conclusion and outlook
Tian Danbi, Zhang Wei, Tang Yan, Jiang Ling, Liu Jia, Hu Yi. Bioconjugate Probe for Enzyme Activity Based on the Gold Nanoparticles[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2015, 27(2/3): 267-274.
The enzymatic probe based on nano-bioconjugate have been studied extensively for many years for their novel electronic, photonic and electrochemical properties. This review summarizes major advances in the gold nanoparticles(GNPs) biocongjugate probes to detect enzyme activity. This is followed by a discussion of the assays in colorimetric, fluorescence and other assays. Throughout the review, a detailed explanation of the unique designs will be presented, and the benefits and shortcomings of these approaches will be highlighted. The review concludes with a brief perspective on future research directions, and remaining barriers that must be overcome for the successful application of these technologies.
Contents 1 Introduction 2 Principle of enzyme activity detection based on GNPs 2.1 Colorimetric assays 2.2 FRET-based assays 2.3 Other assays 3 Neglected enzymes in the field of sensors 4 Conclusion
Fan Xiao, Li Yanyan, Liu Yingya, Cao Changsheng, Li Haitao. Application of Single Molecule Fluorescence Techniques on Telomere and Telomerase[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2014, 26(12): 1987-1996.
The telomerase ribonucleoprotein is a reverse transcriptase that plays a critical role in the maintenance of telomere length by synthesizing telomeric DNA repeats using its instinct RNA as the template and thus protects chromosome ends from degradation and fusion. Most normal somatic cells do not express detectable telomerase activity and telomeres shorten progressively with each cell division, while in almost all kinds of cancer cells human telomerase exhibits high activity, suggesting that there is a direct association between telomerase activity and various diseases including cancer and age-related diseases, and that telomerase could be used both as a diagnostic biomarker for the early detection of human cancer and as a potential target for anti-cancer therapy. However, fully understanding the biochemical action of human telomerase is presently a huge challenge since it is a very big complex. Moreover, it is remarkably difficult to get enough amount of heloenzyme for traditional enzyme analysis. Novel and advanced methods therefore should be employed to assay human telomerase and understand enzymatication. Single molecule techniques such as single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) technique and two-color coincidence detection (TCCD) not only can detect dynamic of individual molecule and flexibility of enzyme catalysis, but also can check very little amount of samples in solution or on surface, which can not be performed by bulk experiment. In this review, we summarize the progress and prospect of telomerase research and describe several latest single-molecule methods applied to assaying telomerase structure, function, activity and dynamics.
Contents 1 Introduction 2 Single molecule fluorescence technique 2.1 Development of single molecule fluorescence techniques 2.2 Classification of single molecule fluorescence techniques 2.3 Common single molecule fluorescence techniques 3 Telomere, telomerase and cancer 3.1 Structure and function of telomere and telomerase 3.2 Relationship between telomere, telomerase and cancer 3.3 Telomerase as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for cancer 4 Single molecule fluorescence studies of human telomerase 4.1 Common methods for telomerase detection 4.2 Single molecule fluorescence techniques applied to telomerase detection 5 Conclusion
Qiu Xiaopei, Zhang Hong, Jiang Tianlun, Luo Yang. Biological and Medical Applications of Duplex-Specific Nuclease[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2014, 26(11): 1840-1848.
Duplex-specific nuclease (DSN) is a type of nuclease, that is isolated from the hepatopancreas of the Kamchatka crab. DSN displays a strong preference for cleaving double-stranded DNA or DNA in DNA-RNA heteroduplexes, and is practically inactive toward single-stranded DNA or RNA. Moreover, this enzyme shows excellent discrimination capability between perfectly and imperfectly matched (up to one mismatch) short duplexes. Owing to its unique feature of cleaving DNA, DSN enzyme is widely applied in the fields of biomedicine and molecular biology, including full-length cDNA library normalization,genomic single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection and high throughput sequencing. The recent research on DSN are mainly focused on the applications in microRNAs (miRNAs) detection using a DSN-mediated signal amplification strategy. miRNAs are a group of short, endogenous, noncoding RNAs that play vital regulatory roles in physiologic and pathologic processes, including hematopoietic differentiation, cell cycle, regulation, and metabolism. So miRNA is one of the most important biomarkers in individualized treatment, which has great value in terms of improving the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. However, detection of miRNAs is challenging owing to their unique characteristics, including a small size, sequence homology among family members, low abundance in total RNA samples, and susceptibility to degradation in solution. In recent years, isothermal signal amplification and detection of trace miRNA in fluids are reported by many researchers using DSN-mediated biosensors. According to different detection principle of biosensors, DSN-mediated biosensors can be classified as colorimetric, fluorescent, and electrochemical. In this review, we intensively summarize the advantages of DSN in miRNAs detection using DSN-based signal amplification strategy, expanded applications in SNP detection, high throughput sequencing and cDNA library normalization especially when being combined with SMART (Switching Mechanism At 5'end of RNA Transcript) technique.
Contents 1 Introduction 2 The application of DSN enzyme in microRNA detection 2.1 Colorimetric analyses 2.2 Fluorescent analyses 2.3 Electrochemical analyses 3 The application of DSN enzyme in SNP detection 4 Other biological applications of DSN enzyme 4.1 Construction of cDNA Library 4.2 High throughput sequencing 5 Conclusion and outlook
Tan Xianglong, Xu Ling, Shi Jing, Li Yiming. Applications of Transpeptidase Sortase A for Protein Modifications[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2014, 26(10): 1741-1751.
In recent years, the development of chemical biology has been increasing focusing on efficient and mild methods for chemo-selective ligations and site-specific proteins labeling and modifications. These methods have ability to obtain large amount of post translational modifications and artificial proteins, which could not be acquired by using traditional gene cloning and recombinant protein expression strategy. In later 1990s, a new transpeptidase Sortase A was isolated from Staphylococcus Aureus, which can be used to modify proteins bearing a short recognition sequence (most usually as LPXTG or LPAAG). The active-site Cys residue of Sortase A cleaves between LPXT and G residue to produce a thioester intermediate, which can reacts with a nucleophile containing one to five Gly to afford the ligation product. Base on above-mentioned reason, the Sortase-mediated ligation has been successfully applied to many fields such as C-terminals protein modification, labeling and protein semisynthesis with high efficiency recently. Compared to traditional chemical synthesis,Sortase catalyzed semi-chemical synthesis method can preferably address the size problem of protein chemical synthesis. This mini review reports and discusses the recent important development of protein ligations, labeling and modifications by using Sortase mediated ligation method.
Contents 1 Introduction 2 The structure of Sortase and the mechanism of the transpeptidation reaction catalyzed by Sortase 3 Sortases as tools for protein ligations and modifications 3.1 Validation of the in vitro Sortase activity 3.2 Seek for the mutants of Sortase 3.3 Immobilization of Sortase 4 Application of Sortase to protein ligations and modifications 4.1 C terminal modifications 4.2 N terminal modifications 4.3 C and N terminal modifications 4.4 Preparation of unnatural N-N/C-C chimeric proteins by using Sortase 4.5 Protein immobilization 4.6 Preparation of cyclopeptides 4.7 Sortase-tag expressed protein ligation reaction 4.8 Other applications 5 Conclusion and outlook
Li Xiaohui*, Huang Meiling, Liu Lina, Wang Yanyun. Cyclopeptide Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2014, 26(09): 1527-1536.
Histone deacetylase inhibitor is a novel class of histone deacetylase targeted anti-cancer drug, which takes excellent effects on anti-proliferation, pro-apoptosis, pro-differentiation, cell cycle arrest, anti-angiogenesis and so on. Histone deacetylase inhibitor plays an important role in the development of anticancer drug with its unique anti-tumor mechanism. Among the histone deacetylase inhibitors, the cyclopeptide histone deacetylase inhibitor with the most complicated structure has good antagonism on various types of solid tumors and hematologic cancer. In this review, the structural features of the metal binding region, the surface recognition region and the linker region of natural and synthetic cyclic peptide histone deacetylase inhibitors are summarized, and the inhibitory activity and anti-tumor proliferative activity of various inhibitors are described. Modification of different structure domains can make inhibitors with high efficiency and specificity on different tumor cells. We expect to find the structure rule of the high efficient and low toxic targeted peptide inhibitors through structure-activity relationships, providing new sights for investigation of anti-cancer drugs.
Contents 1 Introduction 2 Histone deacetylase inhibitors and classification 3 Cyclopeptide histone deacetylase inhibitors 3.1 Cyclopeptide histone deacetylase inhibitors containing ketone 3.2 Cyclopeptide histone deacetylase inhibitors containing hydroxamic acid 3.3 Cyclopeptide histone deacetylase inhibitors containing sulfur 3.4 Cyclopeptide histone deacetylase inhibitors containing carboxylic acid or amide 3.5 Other histone deacetylase inhibitors 4 Conclusion
Li Hui, Kong Deming. Applications of DNAzymes in the Detection of Heavy Metal Ions[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2013, 25(12): 2119-2130.
DNAzymes, obtained by in vitro screening technique (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment, SELEX technique), are single-stranded DNAs with enzymatic activities. Compared to natural enzymes, DNAzymes are superior in terms of stability, ease of synthesis, modification and storage. As for some DNAzymes, they need specific metal ions as cofactors, and their enzymatic activities are highly dependent on the metal ion concentration. Their applications in metal ions detection have attracted more and more attention in these years. In this review, we summarized the researches on DNAzyme-based metal ion sensors. The focus is on the design of fluorescent sensors and colorimetric sensors.
Contents 1 Introduction 2 Pb2+ sensor 2.1 Pb2+ DNAzyme 2.2 DNAzyme-based fluorescent Pb2+ sensor 2.3 DNAzyme-based colorimetric Pb2+ sensor 3 Cu2+ sensor 3.1 Cu2+ DNAzyme 3.2 DNAzyme-based fluorescent Cu2+ sensor 3.3 DNAzyme-based colorimetric Cu2+ sensor 4 UO22+ sensor 4.1 DNAzyme-based fluorescent UO22+ sensor 4.2 DNAzyme-based colorimetric UO22+ sensor 5 Hg2+ sensor 5.1 DNAzyme-based fluorescent Hg2+ sensor 5.2 DNAzyme-based colorimetric Hg2+ sensor 6 Outlook
Zheng Wei, Xie Qiong, Chen Liangkang, Chen Jianxing, Qiu Zhuibai. Dual Binding Site Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2013, 25(11): 1973-1980.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is becoming a serious threat to life expectancy for elderly people. A hot area of treatments for AD is to develop dual binding site acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors that simultaneously interact with both the catalytic and peripheral anionic sites of the enzyme. These compounds may act as disease-modifying agents with multiple functions, not only improving cognition of AD patients by elevating acetylcholine levels, but also interfering with β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation and delaying Aβ-elicited pathological process. Thus, the novel promising dual binding site AChE inhibitors reported in recent years are the focus of this review. Here, we first introduce the action mechanism of dual binding site AChE inhibitors, and then summarize the main classes of dimeric or hybrid compounds, along with the pharmacological profile of the most active candidates for AD therapy. In addition, combined with our preceding studies on (-)-meptazinol-based bivalents, the rational design strategy and structure-activity relationship of dual binding site AChE inhibitors are discussed. The current challenges and development trends are also proposed.
Contents 1 Introduction 2 The action mechanism of dual binding site AChEIs 3 Dual binding site AChE inhibitors 3.1 Homodimers 3.2 Heterodimers 3.3 Dual binding site AChEIs with additional functions 4 Conclusions and outlook
Barbara K. Dunn. Phase 3 Trials in Breast Cancer Prevention:Focus on Estrogen-Targeting Agents, Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators and Aromatase Inhibitors[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2013, 25(09): 1429-1449.
Worldwide, breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, with 1.38 million breast cancer diagnoses cases estimated for 2008, accounting for 23% of all cancers in women. Breast cancer has the highest mortality rate of all cancers among women worldwide. Although technological advances in early detection and treatment have made inroads into these rates, breast cancer associated mortality remains high. Hence, interest has emerged in exploring approaches to preventing this disease and developing risk models to identify women most likely to benefit from preventive interventions. The current chapter addresses breast cancer risk-reducing agents that have progressed in their development to testing in phase Ⅲ clinical trials or in some cases to formal approval for a breast cancer risk reduction indication. The discussion here concentrates on agents targeting estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers, specifically selective ER modulators (SERMs) and aromatase inhibitors (AIs). The large phase III clinical trials assessing efficacy of these agents in breast cancer prevention are the focus, as these represent the gold standard in clinical testing and serve as the basis for approval of these anti-estrogens for risk reduction of breast cancer among high-risk women.
Wang Zhipeng, Zhang Yan, Wang Xiaoqing*. Models in Metalloenzymes for Dioxygen Activation[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2013, 25(06): 915-926.
Metalloenzyme catalyzed dioxygen activation is a key process for many metabolisms and signal transmissions in bio-systems. Heme enzymes and non-heme enzymes are the two groups with the dioxygen activation functions. Model compounds of these enzymes are introduced into catalyzed reactions to illustrate the mechanisms of dioxygen activation through characterizations of intermediates and final products. Study on reactivity and electronic effects of the model compounds can guide the design of novel catalysts. Besides, some heme enzymes and non-heme enzymes can selectively activate C-H bonds, which is a difficult transformation in chemistry. Thus, these model compounds can be applied as catalysts to overcome some ineradicable difficulties in drug discovery, chemical engineering and energy transformation areas. This review introduces the recent development in mechanism study on dioxygen activation of heme and non-heme enzymes. The design of porphyrinoid and 2-His-1-carboxylate facial triad models, and the electronic structures of high-valent metal-oxo complexes are analyzed. The relationship between reactivity and the electronic effects of ligands in models is summarized. In addition, some existing problems in the area and prospects of enzyme model compounds in research and further applications are also proposed in this review. Contents 1 Introduction 2 Study of models 2.1 Model design 2.2 Mechanism research through models 2.3 Theoretical studies of models 2.4 Reactivity principles of models 3 Application of models 4 Conclusions and outlook
Shen Gangyi, Yu Wanting, Liu Meirong, Cui Xun. Preparation and Application of Immobilized Enzyme Micro-Reactor[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2013, 25(07): 1198-1207.
As one kind of new biochemical reaction device, immobilized enzyme micro-reactor is the combination of biomolecule immobilizing technique and modern micro-reaction method. In view of its advantages in efficiency, economy and addressable recognition specially, micro-reactor plays a significant role in the research of life science, such as proteomics, screening of enzyme inhibitors, biocatalysis and so on. With the development of immobilizing materials and fabrication methods, the performance of enzyme micro-reactor has been improved greatly, and enzyme micro-reactor has been applied to many research fields. This article focuses on the preparation methods and the applications of immobilized enzyme micro-reactor for the past few years. The advantages and shortcomings of the current state-of-the-art preparation methods are particularly discussed. In addition, the prospects of its future study are outlined. Contents 1 Introduction 2 Preparation of immobilized enzyme micro-reactor 2.1 Convalent bonding 2.2 Physical adsorption 2.3 Encapsulation 2.4 Metal-ion chelated adsorption 2.5 Biological binding 3 Applications 4 Outlook
Wang Xiaohong*, Gan Lu, Heinz C. Schröder, Werner E.G. M黮ler*. Paradigm Shift in Bioinorganic Chemistry: Enzymatic Polycondensation Reaction of Silica in Siliceous Sponges[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2013, 25(04): 435-445.
The discovery of silicatein caused a paradigm shift, since it is the first enzyme which catalyzes the synthesis of a polymeric inorganic molecule from inorganic monomers. Molecular biological, biochemical and cell-biological data showed that the synthesis of siliceous spicules in both demosponges and hexactinellids is enzymatically driven via silicatein. This enzyme exists both intra-spicularly and in the extra-spicular space. It catalyzes the formation of bio-silica constituting the silica lamellae that are formed during the appositional (layer-by-layer) growth of the spicules. The extent of (bio-silica forming) activity of silicatein from the demosponge Suberites domuncula measured in vitro reflects the amount of bio-silica required for the formation of spicules in vivo. It is furthermore summarized that during growth and maturation of the spicules in demosponges a bio-fusion process occurs that results in an intra-spicular sintering of the silica lamellae to form compact silica rods. Finally we report that for the formation of the strong and stiff bio-silica skeleton of sponges a hardening process is required that is (presumably) driven by cell-membrane bound aquaporin channels which allow the removal of water, which is released during the bio-silica polycondensation reaction.
Du Kejie, Wang Yi, Liang Jiewen, Ji Liangnian, Chao Hui*. DNA Topoisomerase Inhibitors[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2013, 25(04): 545-554.
DNA topoisomerases (Topo) are ubiquitous enzymes in eukaryotic cell and prokaryotic cell. They are crucial for cellular genetic processes, such as replication, recombination, transcription, chromosome condensation, and the maintenance of genome stability by catalyzing the passage of individual DNA strands (topoisomerase Ⅰ) or double helices (topoisomerase Ⅱ) through one another. In accordance, topoisomerases are over expressed in cancer cell growth and thus are important cellular targets for anticancer drugs. The structures and biological functions of topoisomerases are discussed in this review. Moreover, some recent progresses of organic compounds and metal complexes as DNA topoisomerase inhibitors are discussed in detail.
Contents 1 Introduction 2 Structures and mechanisms of DNA topoisomerases 2.1 Structures of DNA topoisomerases 2.2 Mechanisms of DNA topoisomerases 3 Biological functions of DNA topoisomerases 3.1 Regulation of topological states of DNA 3.2 Role of DNA topoisomerases in recombination and repair 4 DNA topoisomerases inhibitors 4.1 Mechanisms of DNA topoisomerase inhibition 4.2 Organic compounds as DNA topoisomerase inhibitors 4.3 Metal complexes as DNA topoisomerase inhibitors 5 Perpective
Wang Haibo, Zhao Meng, Ji Liangnian, Mao Zongwan*. Metalloenzyme Mimics with Non-Covalent Interactions[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2013, 25(04): 577-588.
Metalloenzyme efficiency and specificity originate from the cooperative roles between the metal-mediated catalysis at the first coordination sphere and the non-covalent interactions at the secondary coordination sphere. While the structures and functions of metal coordination sites have drawn wide researches, the elucidations of the non-covalent interactions have been less assessed. The enzymatic non-covalent interactions in terms of hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction, van der Waals force and hydrophobic interaction are produced from the amino acid residues in the secondary coordination sphere. The primary hurdle that hampers the elucidation of the amino acids in the secondary coordination sphere is their complicated intra- and intermolecular interaction networks that are exceptionally difficult to define. A practical approach to circumvent this challenge is to prepare metalloenzyme mimics that include non-covalent interactions. This approach not only opens an avenue to understand the synergism between the non-covalent interactions and the metal ions, but also contributes to the development of biomimetic catalysts applied in industry, pharmaceutics, biotechnology and even wider areas. To make an overview of the recent progresses in this field, this review discusses the representative mimics which are organized according to the interaction categories. The mimics exemplified here include the ones based on the simple multi-dentate ligands like bipyridine, terpyridine, cyclic amine and porphyrin, and the supramolecular ligands like the functionalized cyclodextrins and calixarenes. Prior to the discussions of mimics, the non-covalent interactions of native metalloenzymes are commented.
Contents 1 Introduction 2 Non-covalent interactions in native metalloenzyme 2.1 Hydrolase 2.2 Oxido-reductase 3 Metalloenzyme models involving non-covalent interactions 3.1 Hydrogen bonding 3.2 Electrostatic interaction 3.3 Hydrophobic sphere 4 Conclusion and outlook
Wu Daochun, He Yanping. HCV Non-Nucleoside NS5B Polymerase Inhibitors[J]. Progress in Chemistry
Li Yi, Li Lin, Huang Kaixun. Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase and Their Roles in Cataracts Formation and Development[J]. Progress in Chemistry
Wu Ruibo, Cao Zexing, Zhang Yingkai. Computational Simulations of Zinc Enzyme: Challenges and Recent Advances[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2012, 24(06): 1175-1184.