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Progress in Chemistry 2013, Vol. 25 Issue (04): 435-445 DOI: 10.7536/PC120801 Previous Articles   Next Articles

Special Issue: 酶化学

Paradigm Shift in Bioinorganic Chemistry: Enzymatic Polycondensation Reaction of Silica in Siliceous Sponges

Wang Xiaohong*1,2, Gan Lu2, Heinz C. Schröder2, Werner E.G. M黮ler*2   

  1. 1. National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China;
    2. ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
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The discovery of silicatein caused a paradigm shift, since it is the first enzyme which catalyzes the synthesis of a polymeric inorganic molecule from inorganic monomers. Molecular biological, biochemical and cell-biological data showed that the synthesis of siliceous spicules in both demosponges and hexactinellids is enzymatically driven via silicatein. This enzyme exists both intra-spicularly and in the extra-spicular space. It catalyzes the formation of bio-silica constituting the silica lamellae that are formed during the appositional (layer-by-layer) growth of the spicules. The extent of (bio-silica forming) activity of silicatein from the demosponge Suberites domuncula measured in vitro reflects the amount of bio-silica required for the formation of spicules in vivo. It is furthermore summarized that during growth and maturation of the spicules in demosponges a bio-fusion process occurs that results in an intra-spicular sintering of the silica lamellae to form compact silica rods. Finally we report that for the formation of the strong and stiff bio-silica skeleton of sponges a hardening process is required that is (presumably) driven by cell-membrane bound aquaporin channels which allow the removal of water, which is released during the bio-silica polycondensation reaction.

Key words: paradigm shift, bioinorganic chemistry, sponges, silicatein, bio-silica, structural hierarchies

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