It is well known that traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) has played an indelible contribution for the prosperity of China. However, as one of the experiential medicine, traditional Chinese medicine has also inherent weaknesses and deficiencies, such as lack of modern clinical trial data and results provided by evidence-based medicine principles, mechanism of action and the working substances not known yet, lack of strict and scientific quality control standards and methods. So it is difficult to guarantee a drug to reach the "safe, effective, stable and controllable" quality requirements. If these problems can not be seriously and satisfactory resolved, it is not only difficult to ensure the demands of people for treatment and prevention of diseases, and even harder to access the international mainstream medical community. After years of thinking and practicing, we propose some new ideas and methods to reveal the scientific connotation of TCM for promoting TCM modernization and innovation process.

Contents
1 The Characteristics and the relationship between western medicine and TCM
2 The diversity of components in TCM lead to its diversity of roles: guided by different bioassay system, different active compounds would be isolated from the same TCM
3 To fully clarify the targets of the human body and bioactive components of TCM
4 Improve the quality of TCM products
5 The possible ways for modernization and internationalization of TCM and natural products

Professor Y.C. Cheng is a trained mainstream pharmacologist with research interests in cancer and viral pharmacology. About ten years ago, he started exploring if TCM formula could be used as adjuvant therapy for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. He has no formal TCM training in TCM. This article is the reflection of his thoughts based on his experience researching into TCM over the last ten years.

The modernization of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a long-period systematic project. TCM has a long history of serving Chinese people, which have been accumulated rich empirical knowledge of human clinical data on efficacy and toxicity in the treatment of diseases. TCM's modernization should admit multiform development with the prerequisite that will benefit the continuous development and improvement of TCM, as well as people's health care. The studies on the active ingredients of TCM is an essential part for TCM's modernization, which is embodied in (1) some active ingredients are directly used as drugs or as a lead compounds; (2) the active ingredients are not only the effective substances of TCM, but also important biomarkers for the standardization of modern TCM formula, whatever in the process of producing or final products. Furthermore, it should be the core competition of TCM patents.

Contents
1 To develop directly new drugs using active TCM ingredients
2 To provide the material basis for TCM recipes
3 Biomarkers for modern TCM recipes’ preparation
4 Key role in patent application

Symbionts are microorganisms living inside hosts (mostly multicellucar organisms) during a variable period of their life. The natural products produced by symbionts is poorly investigeted since the presence and/or productivity of these microorganisms have been neglected for a long duration. However, during the long-time co-evolution with their hosts, symbionts have more chances to acquire unique traits in their biochemistry, physiology and secondary metabolite production. The review summarizes the major progress in symbiont generated natural products, being chemically inspiring and biologically potent secondary metabolites.

Contents
1 Endophytes
1.1 Alkaloids
1.2 Terpenoides
1.3 Steroids
1.4 Isocoumarin
1.5 Anthraquinones
1.6 Cyclopeptides
1.7 Phenylpropanoids & lignans
1.8 Esters and lactones
1.9 Phenols
1.10 Others
2 Microbes associated with insect
2.1 Alkaloids
2.2 Terpenoids
2.3 Steroids
2.4 Quinones
2.5 Peptides
2.6 Lactones
2.7 Phenols
2.8 Others
3 Microbes isolated from sponge
3.1 Alkaloids
3.2 Peptides
3.3 Quinones
3.4 Lactones
3.5 Others
4 Other symbionts
5 Conclusions

Natural products are the richest known source of small molecules that bind proteins with high specificity, thanks to millions of years of evolution and selection. Many natural products, such as Taxol, erythromycin and rifamycin have helped scientists to understand biological processes. Synthetic chemists have long been fascinated by natural products, but have until now focused on precisely copying what is available in nature. Recently, chemists have become aware that it is now possible to make "natural-product-like" compounds that are comparable to true natural products in size and complexity. When this insight is combined with the strategy of diversity oriented synthesis, which allows large numbers of compounds to be made quickly, it becomes possible to think of "evolving" our traditionally specific synthetic tools to synthesize "natural-product-like" molecules for probing the important biological events. The ability to find specific small molecule ligands that modulate the biological molecular functions would be extremely valuable both in basic research and in drug design.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Diversity-oriented synthesis of guanacastepenes
3 Diversity-oriented oriented synthesis of neuraminidase inhibitors
4 Conclusion

Despite the marked progress in immunology, the research and development of the remedies for immune diseases really dropped behind those for others. The broad-spectrum inhibition on various cells or tissues is the main problem existing in current immunosuppressive agents. Such low selectivity of the drug effect usually leads to the discontinuity of therapy for patients, who should receive long-term treatment. Thus, a new pathway is required for the discovery of remedies for immune diseases. This review summarizes some results on Chinese herbal drugs and their principles obtained in author's laboratory after an overview of the current immunosuppressants for comparison. A novel regulation on immune response, selective inhibition of activated T lymphocytes, and its possible application as a selective immunosuppressive therapy are suggested.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The present situation of immunosuppressive agents
2.1 Glucocorticoids
2.2 Cytotoxic agents
2.3 New generation of immunosuppressive agents
3 The discovery of novel immunosuppressants from Chinese herbal medicines
4 The selectively immunosuppressive activity and their mechanisms of the extract from Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae and its active principle astilbin 4.1 The selective inhibition of the extract from Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae on T cell-mediated immune response
4.2 Astilbin is the main active principle in the extract from Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae 4.3 The mechanisms underlying the selective immunosuppression of astilbin
4.4 The metabolite of astilbin in vivo
4.5 The other flavonoids in Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae
5 The prospect

In the paper, a deliberation on methodology of modernization of the traditional Chinese medicines based on the research and development of the new drugs from "Cao Wu" was described. This deliberation suggests a method to study meticulously and deeply the active components of the traditional Chinese medicines using the specitic pharmacological models as index.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Analgesics lappaconitine, 3-acetylaconitine, and bulleyaconitine A
3 Antiarrhythmic drugs lappaconitine and Guan-fu base A
4 Caditate cardiac agent dl-demethylcoclaurine

Fructus schizandrae (FS) has been used as a corroborative for about two thousands of years in traditional Chinese medicines. In the early 1970’s, Chinese clinicians found that the whole powder and the honey pill of FS improved the abnormal liver function of chronic viral hepatitis. Following this clinical lead, the chemistry and pharmacology of FS are systematically studied in author's institute. Twenty dibenzo (a, c) cyclooctene lignans are isolated from different species of FS. The lignans have multiple pharmacological actions, mainly against liver injury, antioxidant, enhancing detoxification function, stimulating protein and glycogen biosynthesis, overcome multidrug resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapy as well as sedation on the central nervous system. Based on the study of the pharmacology and chemistry of FS, two novel anti-hepatitis drugs (DDB and bicyclol) are sequentially created through synthesizing analogues of schizandrin C, the most effective component of FS in anti-liver injury. The pharmacological action of different lignans and the relationship between structure and activity are reviewed in this paper.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Chemical constituents of Fructus schizandrae (FS)
3 The structure-activity relationship of dibenzo (a,c) cyclooctene Lignans isolated from FS
3.1 Protective action of dibenzocyclooctene lignans isolated from schizandrae against liver injury and its mechanism
3.2 Antioxidant activity of the dibenzocyclooctene lignans isolated from FS
3.3 Protective effect of Sal on ox-LDL induced bovine aortic endothelium damage and oxidative stress induced neurotoxicity
3.4 Enhancing liver detoxification function—induction of the hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450
3.5 Stimulation of protein biosynthesis and glycogenesis in liver
3.6 Inhibitory effect on the central nervous system
3.7 Reversal multi-drug resistance to anti-cancer drugs
3.8 Summary
4 Synthesis of dibenzo (a,c) cyclooctene lignans and derivatives and innovation of novel anti-hepatitis drug
4.1 Innovation of novel DDB as anti-hepatitis drug
4.2 Innovation of second generative anti-hepatitis drug-bicyclol
5 Perspective

Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand.-Mazz. (compositae) is a well known drug as traditional Chinese medicine. The whole herb is used to treat a variety of paralysis and its sequelae originated from apoplexy and atherothrombotic of brain. Two kinds of drugs (injection liquid and tablets) developed from this medicine have been used in clinic for the cerebral embolism, cerebral thrombosis, paralysis arisen from cerebral embolism, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, acute rend function failure, and nephritic syndrome etc., since 1980s. It has been collected in "Pharmacopoeia of P. R. China(2005) ". Our research group have reinvestigated and recognized the chemical and bioactive constituents from E. breviscapus since 1992. As the results, we found a series of phenolic compds, such as, 1,5-, 3,5- and 4,5-dicarffeoylquinic esters, and erigoster A and B, which also possessed same bioactivities with sculellarin isolated and identified by Guan and Zhang^[4,5] in 1980s. Based on the above investigation, the new drug "Injection of Dengzhanxixin phenols" developed by our research team has completed phase III clinical trial in June 2007. The production certificate is in application. This new drug, with clear bioactive ingredient composition, well-controlled quality, solid therapeutic effect, and complete intellectual property, is believed as new generation drug in the treatment of brain and heart vas related diseases.

Contens
1 Introduction
2 Medicinal history of Erigeron breviscapus
3 Bioactive ingredient composition of E. breviscapus
4 Investigation of the pharmacology and toxicology of Dengzhanxixin phenols
5 Comprehensive analysis and appraisal
6 Brief summary

The chemical and biological studies of Spiraea japonica complex has been reviewed, including the chemical structures of diterpenes and diterpenoid alkaloids, chemical conversions, chemical synthesis, biomimetic synthesis and biosynthetic pathway, phytotaxonomy and biogeography, bioactivities of Spiraea diterpenes and alkaloids. Based on the research results of this field, some new scientific viewpoints have also been put forward.

Contents
1 Atisine-type diterpenoid alkaloids
2 Hetisine-type diterpenoid alkaloids
3 Atisane-type diterpenes
4 Synthesis of the Key intermediate of atisine-type alkaloids
5 Biological and Pharmacological study of components of Spiraea japonica complex
6 Approach on biosynthetic pathway of atisine-type alkaloids
7 Characters of Phytotaxonomy and Biogeography of Spiraea japonica complex

Quality control is critically important for the safety and efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine. DMPK (drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic) studies facilitate the clarification of the mechanism of action of traditional Chinese medicine. In this paper , we discuss the current barriers in the quality control and DMPK studies of traditional Chinese medicine by using our studies on toad venom (Chan-Su) as example. It is concluded that the combination of full assignments of the chemical fingerprint and the simultaneous quantitation of multiple compounds is a feasible way for the comprehensive quality control of traditional Chinese medicines. Liquid chromatographyPmass spectrometry (LCPMS) will play an important role in chemistry and DMPK studies of traditional Chinese medicine. The chemical fingerprints of traditional Chinese medicines should be correlated with their pharmacological activities so as to establish a reasonable traditional Chinese medicine quality evaluation system. Structural modification could be valuable for natural product-based drug discovery.

Contents
1 　Introduction
2 　Studies on the traditional Chinese medicine Chan-Su (toad venom)
2. 1 　Chemical constituents of toad venom
2. 2 　Chemical fingerprint of toad venom and peak interpretation
2. 3 　Quantitative analysis of major bufadienolides in toad venom
2. 4 　In vivo metabolism of toad venom
2. 5 　Structural modification of bufadienolides
3 　Perspectives
3. 1 　How to study the chemistry of traditional Chinese medicines ?
3. 2 　How to establish the chemical fingerprint of traditional Chinese medicines ?
3. 3 　How to study the DMPK of traditional Chinese medicines ?
3. 4 　How to do the structural modification of natural products ?
4 　Conclusions

Molecular shuttle, as a formidable challenge to construct motors and machines of nano-size dimension, have potential applications in areas such as nano-structured functional materials, molecular switches, molecular logic gates, memory devices, and so on. In this paper, the progress in photo-driven molecular shuttles is introduced. Co-conformational identifications of molecular shuttles, like using fluorescence spectra and circular dichroism spectra are mainly generalized. The methodology to construct novel photo-driven molecular shuttles, like the unidirectional synthesis of cyclodextrin [2]rotaxane and [1]rotaxane, rotaxane shuttles driven by light indirectly, [3]rotaxane shuttle and polyrotaxane, is elaborated. The potential functionality of molecular machine in such areas as molecular logic gates, the energy transfer of molecular shuttles, and the properties of molecular shuttles in non-solution media are reviewed, and the future development of molecular machine is prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Process in photo-driven molecular shuttles
2.1 Co-conformational identification of photo-driven molecular shuttles
2.2 Novel methodology to construct photo-driven rotaxane shuttles
2.3 Functionality of photo-driven molecular shuttles
3 Prospect

Titania nanotubes have special structures and excellent performances, which draw a great many researchers’ attention. Anodic oxidization is one of the most important methods to fabricate titania nanotubes. Recently, some researches have made remarkable achievements by using organic electrolytes in anodic oxidization. Compared with conventional aqueous HF-based electrolytes, the titania nanotubes prepared from nonaqueous organic electrolytes exhibit higher aspect ratio and higher photoconversion efficiency. This paper reviews the principle of titania nanotubes fabrication and the influence of the organic electrolytes on the growth of titania nanotubes in anodic oxidization.

Contents
1 The mechanism of anodic oxidization
2 Organic electrolyte
2.1 The influence of organic electrolyte on TiO₂ nanotubes
2.2 The photoelectric characteristics of TiO₂ nanotubes fabricated in organic electrolyte
3 Suggestions and prospects

The various types of processes for synthesis of TiO₂ films are discussed and evaluated respectively. The method of anodic oxidation is presented particularly in the aspects of the current development of the formation mechanism, the materials category and the affecting factors. The anodic oxidation has advantages over the other methods. Without the addition of fluoride, the pores are formed randomly and show no clear organization. With the addition of fluoride, self-organized nano-porous structure is produced and an ordered TiO₂ nano-tube arrays is revealed. Furthermore, its simplicity and lower cost make it the promising anodic preparation in large production of porous TiO₂ films.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Synthetic methods of TiO₂ films
3 TiO₂ porous materials by anodic oxidation
3.1 Mechanism of TiO₂ porous films by anodic oxidation
3.2 Synthesis of TiO₂ porous films in different electrolyte
3.3 Effect of anodic voltage for synthesis of TiO₂ porous films
4 Summary and expectation

The delafossite structure p type transparent conducting oxide (TCO) thin films are promising candidates with potential applications in electronics, because it maybe generate “transparent devices” with n-TCO. In this paper, the structural property of the delafossite structure p-TCO, as well as the basic principle and the characteristic of the sol-gel method are reviewed. The technological process in preparation of the delafossite structure p-TCO thin films by sol-gel method is discussed systematically. The relative advantages and disadvantages of the systems of sol about organic alkoxide and inorganic salt are analyzed, and further development are discussed. It is pointed out that sol-gel method is an effective and feasible means to prepare p-TCO thin films.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The structural property of the delafossite structure p-TCO
3 The summarization of the sol-gel method
3.1 The basic principle of the sol-gel method
3.2 The characteristic of the Sol-Gel method
4 Preparation of the delafossite structure p-TCO by sol-gel method
4.1 The hydrolysis technology of organic alkoxide
4.2 Inorganic salt technology of the sol-gel method
5 Outlook

Due to unique and tunable surface plsmon resonance properties, gold nanorods have widely potential and important applications, i.e., fabrications of nanoconposites, nanodevices, nanobiotechnology, and biomedicine. Gold nanorods, therefore, have been attracted much attention. The latest advances on the applications of gold nanorods involving biological detection, cellular imaging, and cancer photothermal therapy are reviewed in this paper. Meanwhile the optical properties and several main approaches of surface modification of gold nanorods are also introduced. In addition the main issues existing in the biological applications are discussed.

Contents
1 Optical properties of gold nanorods
2 Surface modifications of gold nanorods
2.1 Silica-coated gold nanorods
2.2 Modification of gold nanorods using biomolecules
3. Applications of gold nanorods in biodetection, bioimaging, and cancer photothermal therapy
3.1 Applications of gold nanorods in bio-molecular detection
3.2 Applications of gold nanorods in cell imaging and cancer photothermal therapy
4 Conclusion and outlook

One dimension (1D) ferromagnetic metal nanomaterials have not only distinctive effect of common nanomaterials, but also unique shape and magnetic anisotropy. As the important building blocks of the advanced electromagnetic functional materials, 1D ferromagnetic metal nanomaterials have important applications in some areas such as high-density magnetic memories, sensitive elements, electromagnetic wave absorbing materials, catalyst, medicine and biology etc. In this paper, the microstructure controlling methods about the morphology parameters (including diameter, length and aspect ratio) and crystal plane preferred orientation, and the effect of microstructure on magnetic properties are reviewed in detail in terms of the preparation technology of 1D ferromagnetic metal nanomaterials. As a consequence, the future research in 1D ferromagnetic metal nanomaterials should be focused on the innovative and resultful microstructure controlling methods, preferred orientation and assembly technology, the intrinsical relation between electromagnetic properties and microstructure, and the actual application in electricity and magnetism.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation of 1D ferromagnetic metal nanomaterials by template-based methods
2.1 Controlled-synthesis of 1D ferromagnetic nanostructure by template-based electrochemical deposition method
2.2 Controlled-synthesis of 1D ferromagnetic nanostructure by encapsulating in carbon nanotubes
3 Preparation of 1D ferromagnetic metal nanomaterials by template-free chemical methods
3.1 Controlled-synthesis of 1D ferromagnetic nanostructure by thermal-decomposition-based chemical vapor deposition methods
3.2 Controlled-synthesis of 1D ferromagnetic nanostructure by electrospinning 3.3 Controlled-synthesis of 1D ferromagnetic nanostructure by low-temperature solution-phase methods
4 Effect of microstructure on the magnetic properties of 1D ferromagnetic metal nanomaterials
5 Conclusion

Energetic salts and energetic ionic liquids have been investigated widely in recent years for their properties, such as low vapor pressures and higher densities. The synthesis methods of energetic salts and energetic ionic liquids (cations including triazole, tetrazole, bridged azole, hexamethyenetetrammonia, etc; and anions including nitrate, perchlorate, azide, tetranitratealuminate, polycyan anion, N,N′-dinitrourea, etc.) are reviewed, and the effect of cations, anions and their substitution groups on melting point, enthalpy of formation, density of the material are summarized. The applications of these compounds on explosives and propellants are also discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of energetic ionic liquids
2.1 Synthesis of triazolium salts
2.2 Synthesis of tetrazolium salts
2.3 Synthesis of energetic hexamethylenetetrammonium salts
2.4 Synthesis of azolium picrates
2.5 Synthesis of imidazolium salts
2.6 Synthesis of bicyclic azolium salts
2.7 Synthesis of energetic salts with polycyan anion
2.8 Synthesis of N, N-bis[1(2)H-tetrazol-5-yl]amine energetic salts anion
2.9 Synthesis of N, N′-dinitrourea salts
3 Characteristics of the energetic salts
3.1 Characteristics of the triazolium salts with no substitution
3.2 Characteristics of the triazolium salts containing –NH₂
3.3 Characteristics of the triazolium salts containing azidoethyl
3.4 Characteristics of the tetrazolium salts containing –NH₂
3.5 Characteristics of azolium azolate salts
3.6 Characteristics of energetic hexamethylenetetrammonium salts
3.7 Characteristics of azolium picrates
3.8 Characteristics of imidazolium salts
3.9 Characteristics of energetic salts with polycyan anion
3.10 Characteristics of N, N-bis[1(2)H-tetrazol-5-yl]amine energetic salts anion 3.11 Characteristics of N, N′-dinitrourea salts
4 The foreground of application for energetic ionic liquids

In recent years, cucurbituril(CB[n]) and its derivatives have attracted considerable attentions because of their special structures and properties. In this paper, the new development of cucurbituril is summarized, including the design and synthesize of cucurbituril and their derivatives, forming the main-chain (pseudo) polyrotaxanes and side-chian (pseudo) polyrotaxane with the polyelectrolyte, and forming (pseudo) rotaxane with other organic guest molecules. Applications of cucurbituril are also reviewed including vesicles,2D polymers,stationary phases in chromatography, organism and drug release.

Contents
1 Synthesis
1.1 Synthesis of CB[n] analogues and congeners
1.2 Functionalization of CB[n]
1.2.1 Fully substituted CB[n] using substituted glycoluril
1.2.2 Partially substituted CB[n] using substituted glycoluril
1.2.3 Direct substituented CB[n]
2 Structure and characteristic of CB[n]
3 The formation of (pseudo)rotaxane by assembly of CB[n] with other molecules
3.1 Synthesis of polyrotaxanes using CB[n] as the catalyst by organic polymerization reaction
3.2 Side-chain polyrotaxane containing CB[n]
3.3 Interaction between CB[n] and other organic guest molecules
4 Applications
4.1 Vesicles
4.2 2D polymers
4.3 Application of CB[n] in chromatography
4.4 The development of CB[n] in organism and controlled drug delivery
5 Conclusions and outlook

Aromatic polyimides（PI） are well known as materials of high performance for their excellent thermal stabilities, mechanical and electrical properties. They are widely used in the aerospace, microelectronics, automobile, petroleum and other high technological industries. Because of the feasibility to design the macromolecular architecture of PI, more and more researchers in the word pay their attention to the studies of these high-tech materials currently. In the article, the latest research and progress of polyimides are reviewed and summarized based on soluble PI, functional PI, PI nanocomposite as well as green synthesis methods for PI. Much valuable information is supplied, which will be aidant for people who are interested in the research of PI.

Contents
1 Molecular design and synthesis of soluble PI
2 Synthesis and application of functional PI
3 Green synthesis methods for PI
4 PI nanocomposite
5 Conclusion

Infrared spectroscopy (IR) is a well-established nondestructive method for highly selective identification and real-time tracing of LCPs chemical species. Additionally, the development of polarized IR, time-resolved IR and two-dimensional correlation IR gives more information about LCPs. In this review, current progress in characterization of LCPs by traditional FT-IR and novel spectra analysis technologies (mainly two-dimensional correlation analysis) is presented, especially in the investigation of hydrogen-bonds in LCPs, compatibility of liquid crystalline copolymers and blends, and orientation behaviors upon different perturbations (temperature, electric field, light, strain). Concrete examples in each case are also presented here helping illustrate the applications of different infrared spectral analysis methods.

Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Liquid crystalline polymers
1.2 Infrared spectroscopy (IR) and two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy (2DIR)
2 FT-IR characterization of liquid crystalline polymers
2.1 IR and 2DIR studies on hydrogen-bonds in LCPs
2.2 IR studies on the compatibility of liquid crystalline copolymers and blends
2.3 IR and 2DIR studies on the structure variation of LCPs upon different perturbations
3 Concluding remarks

Micochip capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection (μCE-AD) has attracted increasing interest due to the features offered by amperometric detection, such as high sensitivity, low cost and power consumption, inherent miniaturization and portability, and compatibility with microfabrication technologies. This article reviews on recent advances in μCE-AD systems, including microchip design, fabrication of integrated electrodes, elimination of high-voltage interference with the detection. Field-non-isolating detection, electrode array and channel array, application of chemically modified electrodes, novel approaches for sample injection, and on-chip sample preparation are also discussed. The future development of the μCE-AD is foreseen.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Design of μCE-AD chip
3 Fabrication of integrated electrodes
4 Elimination of high-voltage interference with the detection
5 Field-non-isolating detection
6 Electrode array and channel array
7 Chemically modified electrodes
8 Novel approaches for sample injection
9 On-chip sample preparation
10 Future prospects

Biosensors which utilize immobilized bioactive compounds(such as enzymes, antigen, antibody, DNA, etc.) for the conversion of the target analytes into electrochemically detectable products is one of the most widely used detection methods and has become an area of wide ranging research activity. The advances in biocompatible nano technology make it possible to develop new biosensors. A variety of biosensors with high sensitivity and excellent reproducibility based on nano technology have been reported in recent years. In this paper, the development of the researches on nano amperometric biosensors, one of the most important branches of biosensors, is reviewed. Nanoscale architectures here involve nano-particles, nano-wires and nano-rods, nano-sheet, nano-array, and carbon nanotube, etc. Remarkable sensitivity and stability have been achieved by coupling immobilized bioactive compounds and these nanomaterials.

Contents
1 Introduction to biosensors
2 Nanomaterials based electrochemical biosensors
2.1 Challenges and developments of biosensors
2.2 Introduction of nanomaterials
2.3 Nanomaterials based electrochemical biosensors
2.3.1 Nano particles based electrochemical biosensors
2.3.2 Nanowires and nanorods based electrochemical biosensors
2.3.3 Carbon nanomaterials based electrochemical biosensors
2.3.4 Nano array based electrochemical biosensors
2.3.5 Nanosheets based electrochemical biosensors
3 Concluding remarks

The chemical hydrogenation possess the capacity of hydrodehalogenation, hydrodenitrification, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrodearomatization, which has been used environmentally to remove various typical organic or inorganic pollutants in gas or liquid phase. The pollutants treated by hydrogenation mainly include halogenated organic wastes, nitroarenes, organic sulfur compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrates, sulfates, NO_x, SO₂, and heavy metal ions. So this review presents the wide scale of the hydrogenation applications in the reductive destruction of environmental pollutants studied mainly within past five years. The destruction principles of the above pollutants by hydrogenation are introduced. The effects of the reaction conditions on the reduction efficiency are discussed such as catalysts and supports, hydrogen donors, and pH. The advantages of the reductive destruction for pollutants by hydrogenation are evaluated on the basis of green chemistry practices. Based on the requirements of industrial application, the research trends for the future are proposed in order to further improve hydrogenation efficiency and energy conservation.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Various hydrogen donors and their hydrogenating mechanisms
3 Removal of various pollutants with hydrogenation methods
3.1 Hydrodehalogenation
3.2 Hydrodenitrification
3.3 Removal of heavy metal ions with hydrogenation
3.4 Hydrodesulfurization
3.5 Hydrodearomatization
4 Conclusions and prospects

It is necessary to possess long-term stability in performance if solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) will operate durably.Setting about from the origin of SOFCs resistances, the main factors of influencing the long-term stability of SOFCs, especially the factors of inducing SOFCs performance degradation, are analyzed in detail. The degradation mechanism is analyzed. The choice of key materials and the performance stability of electrolytes, cathodes, anodes and interconnects are introduced. A systematic investigation is made about the factors of inducing the performance degradation, including the interaction in the interface between the cathode and other components, the performance change of the anode, and the thickness increase of the oxide layer on the interconnect. Furthermore, the other impacts such as the redox atmosphere and the seal effect on the long-term stability of SOFCs are also pointed out. To study the causation and mechanism which induce the performance degradation possesses certain significance both in theory and in practice for the commercialization of SOFCs.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The origin of SOFCs resistances
3 The main factors of influencing the stability of SOFCs 3.1 Electrolyte materials and their stability
3.2 Cathode materials and their stability
3.3 Anode materials and their stability
3.4 Interconnect materials and their stability
3.5 The effects of reaction ambience on the stability
4 Conclusions and prospects

The development of asymmetric hybrid electrochemical cell/capacitor (AHEC) has been driven by an ever-increasing demand on high energy and power density energy storage devices for electric vehicles (EV), potable electronic devices, as well as space and military applications. AHEC combine the merits of Li-ion batteries and supercapacitors, offering higher power density than lithium ion cells, and higher energy density than supercapacitors, as well as long charge-discharge cycling life, and low self-discharge rate. Here we present a brief historical review of the development of asymmetric hybrid electrochemical cell/capacitor, discuss the present situation and challenges that remain regarding the energy/power density and lifetime of the systems, and highlight ongoing research strategies on AHEC.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Historical developments in asymmetric hybrid electrochemical cell/capacitor research
3 Present status and remaining challenges
4 Materials for asymmetric hybrid electrochemical cell/capacitor electrodes
4.1 Carbon materials
4.2 Metal materials
4.3 Metal oxides
4.4 Li-intercalation materials
4.5 Polymers
5 Conclusion

The recent progress on novel proton exchange membranes based on chemical and biological modification for fuel cells is reviewed. Chemical and physical modification of Nafion, synthesis and modification of new polymer electrolytes as well as applications of novel biomaterials on fuel cells are discussed respectively. The current issues and future development of PEM are proposed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The adulterant modification on Nafion membrane
2.1 Inorganic compounds modification on Nafion
2.2 Organic compounds modification on Nafion
2.3 Biomaterial modification on Nafion
3 Chemosynthesis material used as novel PEM
3.1 Polybenzimidazole compound membrane PEM
3.2 Poly(aryl ether sulfone) compound PEM
3.3 Poly(aryl ether ketone ketone ) PEM
3.4 Polyvinyl alcohol PEM
3.5 Polyvinylidene fluoride PEM
3.6 Polyimides PEM
4 Novel PEM based on the biomaterials
5 Conclusion and anticipation

Fumaric acid, which is considered as an important platform compound and fine chemical, has been widely used in many fields such as materials, medicine, foods, feeds and so on. The production of fumaric acid using renewable resources as the substrate is a promising route since this way can meet the requirement of green industry, health safety and sustainable development. In this paper, the fumaric acid producing strain Rhizopus species and the metabolic mechanism of fumaric acid production have been reviewed. The effects on the production and cost of fumaric acid of nutritional components, mycelial morphology, the control of pH and the technology of separation and recovery are discussed in detail. With the development of science and technology, advanded approaches will be applied to improve the strains and current technology. Industrial manufacture of fumaric acid by fermentation is expected to be realized in future.

Contents
1 Common strains and metabolic mechanism of fumaric acid production
2 Optimization of nutritional components
3 Control of mycelial morphology
4 Selection of pH control strategy
5 Optimization on Process for Separation and recovery of fumaric acid production
6 Conclusion and Prospect