The combination of supramolecular chemistry with interfaces enhances the development of supramolecular chemistry as well as colloid and interface science. Supramolecular chemistry at interfaces allows for the construction of various smart and soft surfaces that can adapt to environmental changes, such as biomimetic surfaces and self-cleaning surfaces. In this article, we discuss strategies for the transfer of supramolecular complexes of azobenzene and cyclodextrin from solution to surfaces for the fabrication of stimuli-responsive surfaces with novel interfacial functions including tunable surface wettability, reversible protein adsorption and resistance, and photo-switchable bioelectrocatalysis. It is anticipated that these concepts can be extended to other supramolecular systems in order to engineer functional surfaces with designed structures and functions. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Photocontrolled interfacial molecular shuttle for tunable surface wettabiloty
3 Dual-controlled reactivated biointerface for reversible protein immobilization
4 Nearly complete and reversible interfacial resistance of cytochrome c
5 Host-guest chemistry ar interfaces for photoswitchable bioelectrocatalysis
6 Conclusions

Due to the energy crisis, utilization of renewable energy sources has been intensively investigated in recent years. Among a variety of renewable energy sources, solar energy is a sustainable alternative option that can be utilized in various ways and can be used for many applications. Converting directly the sunlight to electricity through solar cells is the most common and effective way to use solar energy. The spectral response and overall photo-to-electric energy conversion efficiency of solar cells are closely correlated to the micro band-gap structure and macro assembly process of photovoltaic materials. A solar cell can effectively utilize photons with energy hν close to the semiconductor band gap E_g. Photons with energy smaller than the band gap are not absorbed. On the other hand, photons with energy larger than the band gap are absorbed, but the excess energy hν-E_g is not used effectively due to thermalization. Therefore, a normal single junction or single layer solar cell can only use part of the solar radiation no matter what kind of photovoltaic materials are used. Broad-spectrum solar cell aims to use most of the solar energy effectively via several structures or methods: Tandem solar cells, intermediate-band solar cells, quantum dot solar cells, thermo-photovoltaic solar cells, up- and down-conversion, and molecule based flexible solar cells. During the past few years, many new concepts and results have been emerged in industrial manufactures and laboratory fundamental researches. A survey of recent work is thus necessary to get better insight into this field. This paper summarizes briefly the method and recent progress of broad-spectrum solar cells in viewpoint of chemistry. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Tandem solar cell
3 Intermediate band solar cell
4 Quantum dot solar cell
5 Thermo-photovoltaic solar cell
6 Up- and down-conversion
7 Molecule based flexible solar cell
8 Summary

The vapor-phase selective hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde, a classical α, β-unsaturated aldehyde, to crotyl alcohol over heterogeneous catalysts is an appealing green process of great importance from both industrial and academic points of view. This paper reviews the latest progresses of the heterogeneous catalysts for selective hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde to crotyl alcohol in the past ten years. Noble metal catalysts such as platinum, silver, gold and iridium and non-noble metal catalysts such as cobalt and copper employed for selective hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde are summarized. The parameters influencing the catalytic behaviors of the catalyst system such as active sites, metal particle size, support type, promoters are discussed. Also, catalyst deactivation and reaction mechanism are investigated. Finally, the current problems of the vapor-phase selective hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde are summarized and development trend of catalyst systems for this reaction is proposed. It is pointed out that the vapor-phase selective hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde over non-noble metal catalysts will be a main research direction because its much lower cost compared to the noble metal catalysts. As the catalyst deactivation is the main obstacle for this reaction, the research should be focused on the understanding of the reaction and deactivation mechanism. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Noble metal catalysts
2.1 Platinum catalysts
2.2 Gold catalysts
2.3 Other noble metal catalysts
3 Non-noble metal catalysts
3.1 Cobalt catalysts
3.2 Copper catalysts
4 Reaction mechanisms
5 Deactivation of catalysts
6 Conclusions and outlook

Core-shell silica/polymer hybrid micro- or nanoparticles and their corresponding hollow structures with unique morphology are of great interest because of their potential applications in drug delivery, catalysis carrier and nano-medicine. Their novel preparation procedures are still actively being studied. In this paper the recent progresses of their preparation in terms of emulsion polymerization and in situ biomimetic mineralization have been reviewed. Emulsion polymerization is a facile approach to design the complex structures of the core-shell SiO₂/polymer particles, but requires to pre-prepare silica nanoparticles under environmentally unfriendly conditions, such as Stber method. Furthermore, the pre-prepared SiO₂ nanoparticles can not completely match with polymer, thus some pure polymer particles are always obtained. In contrast, in situ biomimetic mineralization occurs in water under ambient conditions, producing exquisite hierarchical structures and multiple morphologies with precise nanoscale. It is still a big challenge for materials scientists to achieve the SiO₂/polymer hybrid particles with excellent performance like the natural biological silicon.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Emulsion polymerization
3 Biomimetic mineralization
4 Outlook

Graphitized carbon hollow spheres exhibit excellent properties such as low density, good thermal and chemical stability and available hollow interior, which lead to extensive attention. In this review, we summarize the latest development of synthesizing graphitized carbon hollow spheres by low-temperature (<1 000℃) catalytic method with catalysts, such as Fe, Co, Ni and so on. The mechanism of low-temperature catalytic approaches is introduced. The characterizing methods of graphitized carbon hollow spheres and their applications are presented. Additionally, the challenges of the synthesis of graphitized carbon hollow spheres are discussed, and the problems still should be resolved are pointed out.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation of graphitized carbon hollow spheres by low-temperature catalytic approaches
2.1 Template method
2.2 Solvothermal method
2.3 Microwave method
3 Explaination of the mechanism of low-temperature catalytic approaches
4 Characterization methods of graphitized carbon hollow spheres
5 Applications of graphitized carbon hollow spheres
6 Conclusions and outlook

A considerable amount of effort has been invested to find new cathode materials suitable for rechargeable lithium batteries, and lithium transition metal phosphates have attracted wide attention because of their high structural stability, reliability and abundant resources. Lithium vanadium phosphate (LVP) has high energy density of 500mWh/g, high electron and ionic conductivity, high theoretical charge and discharge capacity, and high charge and discharge voltage plateau. It is considered as one of the most promising cathode materials for power lithium batteries. Lithium vanadium phosphate has been prepared by some traditional synthetic methods such as solid-state reaction route, carbon thermal reduction, sol-gel method and hydrothermal synthetic method, while in recent years several new synthetic methods, such as wet coordination method, microwave solid-state synthetic method, rheological phase method, have drawn researchers’ attention. In this paper, the structure and the characters of lithium vanadium phosphate are introduced. The recent research progress on synthesis study of lithium vanadium phosphate is systematically reviewed, and the results of our research team focused on the exploration of new preparation technology for lithium vanadium phosphate in recent years are elaborated. Furthermore, the preparing techniques and the material properties for each method are compared, and the current problems as well as the corresponding research directions are discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Struture and charge/discharge principle of LVP
3 Traditional synthetic method
3.1 Solid-state reaction route
3.2 Carbon thermal reduction
3.3 Sol-gel method
3.4 Hydrothermal synthesis method
4 New synthetic method
4.1 Wet coordination method
4.2 Microwave solid-state synthetic method
4.3 Rheological phase method
4.4 Other synthetic methods
5 Conclusion

To explore ideal materials for bone repair is one of the hot topics in the field of orthopaedics. Bone repairing materials have developed from inert materials which merely substitute natural bone to bioactive materials which can induce the regeneration of bone. Among these materials, organic-inorganic hybrids have attracted much attention because of the synergistic effect of the organic and inorganic components, owing to their molecular/nanoscale mixing. This article provides an overview of recent research on organic-inorganic hybrid materials for bone repair. The deficiencies of the existing organic-inorganic hybrid materials for bone repair are pointed out, and the future development trend is proposed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Hybrid methods and preparation technologies
2.1 Sol-gel technology
2.2 In-situ synthesis and co-precipitation technology
3 Trends in organic-inorganic hybrid materials for bone repair
4 Conclusions and outlook

The compounds with different bioactivities are obtained when some different functional groups are introduced into a nucleus or side chain of a steroid and they may become new drugs to treat different diseases. Besides applying to hormonal drugs, some steroidal compounds have exhibited a broad spectrum of biologic activities, such as antibacterium, inhibition of 5α-reductase and anti-tumor activities. Some modified steroidal compounds, such as steroidal amides that contain —NHCO— group, exhibit valuable biological activities and become an important research field of steroidal medicinal chemistry. Combined with our investigation, the studies on biological and physiological functions of the steroidal amides in recent years have been reviewed according to the location of different substituent groups on steroid, including the design and screening of the steroidal amides as cytotoxic agents, 5α-reductase inhibitors and antibiotics.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Steroidal amides with biological activities
2.1 Aza-A-homo-steroidal amides
2.2 Aza-B-homo-steroidal amides
2.3 Aza-C-homo-steroidal amides
2.4 Aza-D-homo-steroidal amides
2.5 Steroidal side chain amides
3 Outlook

Supramolecular chemistry is a hot research topic in current chemistry. The photo-switched supramolecular system based on cyclodextrins and azo compounds is a new area which has been developed in supramolecular chemistry recently. Their complexation with good optical properties attracted great interest in the fields of chemical self-assembly, catalysis, molecular machine design and smart materials. Here, the development of photo-switched supramolecular system based on cyclodextrins and azo compounds is reviewed. Firstly, the background and principle of the system are introduced. Then, the different aggregates controlled by the supramolecular system, including vesicles, gels, rotaxanes, catalytic systems and molecule hands, are emphatically described. At last, combined with current development of the system, the prospects are pointed out.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 A photo-switched supramolecular system based on cyclodextrin and azo compounds
2.1 Vesicle systems controlled by photo-switched supramolecular system
2.2 Gel systems controlled by photo-switched supramolecular system
2.3 Rotaxane systems controlled by photo-switched supramolecular system
2.4 Catalytic systems controlled by photo-switched supramolecular system
2.5 Molecular hand systems controlled by photo-switched supramolecular system
3 Prospects

This paper systematically introduces the research development of self-assembly methods of organic conjugated molecules, including the synthesis,self-assembly methods, photophysical properties and application of organic conjugated molecules. All kinds of self-assembly methods applicable to organic conjugated molecules are emphatically expounded. Organic photoelectric materials or devices produced by the self-assembly have broad application prospect and potential application value.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Basic principle of self-assembly
3 Self-assembly methods of organic conjugated molecules
3.1 Self-assembly by light stimulation
3.2 Self-assembly by dispersing solvent
3.3 Self-assembly by physical adsorption
3.4 Self-assembly by evaporating solvent
3.5 Self-assembly by precipitation
3.6 Self-assembly by surfactant auxiliary
3.7 Self-assembly on substrate
3.8 Self-assembly by supramolecular recognition
4 Conclusions and outlook

Protein is a class of major biomacromolecules with a unique three-dimensional spatial structures. The intramolecular cooperative non-covalent interactions of protein play a crucial role in formation of this structure. Meanwhile, self-assembly of protein with other polymers can be also induced by these interactions. The structures of polymer chain and protein play a key role in the self-assembly of protein with polymer. The changes of pH, ionic strength and temperature of solution affect the type and intensity of non-covalent interactions. The present review summaries the latest research on self-assembly of the water-soluble polymers, block copolymers, and polysaccharides with globular protein. The molecular structure of polymers and solution properties effecting on the self-assembly of protein with polymers are discussed in details. Especially, non-covalent interaction between polysaccharide and protein is a major research topic in interdisciplinary field between chemistry and biology. Understanding of non-covalent interactions between protein and other polymers is benefit to discover the nature and rule of life, and has important applications in materials science, nanotechnology, food science, etc.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Self-assembly of water-soluble polymer with protein
2.1 Influence of the molar ratio
2.2 Influence of polymer molecular weight
3 Self-assembly of block copolymer with protein
4 Self-assembly of polysaccharide with protein
4.1 Influence of pH
4.2 Influence of ionic strength
4.3 Influence of temperature
5 Conclusions and Outlook

The development of ionization approach has been focused on the ambient ionization methods in the past decade. DART was first reported by Cody and coworkers in 2005 and has been widely applied in the analysis of various samples including solids, liquids or gases. Helium or nitrogen is chosen as the working gas of DART. The working gas is activated by discharge needle and subsequently heated in the heating cell for the further sample ionization. The DART technology needs minimal or no sample pretreatmentand direct analysis can be carried out by holding sample in the localization between the outlet of DART and the entrance of mass spectrometer. This review presents the development, the ionization mechanism, and the major operation parameters of DART. And the applications in direct analysis of pheromones from live drosophila, screening of counterfeit drugs, identification of ingredient of inksand other samples are summarized. In the end, the technological limitations and development trends of DART are also discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The geometry and ionization mechanism of DART
2.1 The geometry of DART
2.2 The ionization mechanism of DART
3 Parameters of DART
4 The applications of DART
4.1 Direct analysis of pheromones from live drosophila
4.2 Screening of counterfeit drugs
4.3 Identification of ingredient of inks
4.4 Other applications
5 Conclusions and perspectives

The presence of trace heavy metals ions in an aquatic ecosystem impacts directly or indirectly to biota and human being, which results in an increasing demand for the detection of heavy metal contaminants. This review examines recent development and current status of electrochemical detection of heavy metal ions using nanomaterials modified electrodes and discusses the sensing principles of these modified electrodes. Emphasis is given to important effect of related nanomaterials on the detection of heavy metal ions. Finally, this review outlines key challenges and opportunities with personal perspectives on the directions toward which future development and use might be directed. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Classification of nanomaterials for detection of heavy metal ions
2.1 Metal nanomaterials-based modification
2.2 Metal oxide nanomaterials-based modification
2.3 Carbon nanotube-based modification
2.4 Graphene-based modification
2.5 Mesoporous and nanoporous silicon modification
3 Conclusions and outlook

High performance liquid chromatography is not only a useful analytical technique, but also an effective preparation method. The availability of a variety of stationary phases for column has been a key factor in the development of HPLC as a major scientific tool. With the most desirable compromise of properties that provide for effective and reproducible separations, silica has been the most widely used HPLC packing material. The silica microspheres are synthesized by various methods, including spray drying, sol-gel, polymerization induced colloid aggregation and templating methods. In recent years, atypical types of silica are prepared and applied in HPLC, such as sub-2μm silica particles, superficially porous silica particles, bimodal silica particles, mesoporous silica particles, organic/silica hybrid particles, etc. As a result, unique separation properties that enlarge the capabilities of HPLC methods have been achieved, such as ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography based on sub-2μm silica particles, fast liquid chromatography based on superficially porous silica particles, high temperature liquid chromatography based on organic/silica hybrid particles. Moreover, novel stationary phase can be obtained by chemical bonding or polymer modification of silica surface, such as chiral stationary phase, temperature-responsive stationary phase and restricted access materials. In this paper, the preparation methods and modification modes of silica particles are introduced, as well as the characterization methods of HPLC stationary phase. The applications of silica packing material in HPLC and its developing trends are also outlined.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation methods of silica
2.1 Spray drying method
2.2 Polymerization induced colloid aggregation method
2.3 One-step catalytic sol-gel method
2.4 Two-step catalytic sol-gel method
2.5 Templating method
2.6 Preparation methods of atypical silica
2.7 Preparation methods of organic/silica hybrid particles
3 Modification methods and characterization methods of silica
3.1 Modification of silica
3.2 Characterization of silica based packing materials
4 Application of silica based packing materials
4.1 Application of atypical silica
4.2 Application of organic/silica hybrid particles
5 Conclusions and outlook

Electrochemical enzyme biosensor is a kind of widely used biosensor which combines the specificity of interaction of enzyme and its substrate with the strong function of electrochemical analysis and is well-suited for real-time, on-site detection and analysis in the field with high sensitivity, selectivity, rapid response time and easy operation. Electrochemical enzyme biosensors have a wide range of application in the areas of pharmaceutical studies, clinical diagnostics, food quality control, agriculture industries as well as environmental monitoring. The effective immobilization of enzymes on the electrode is the critical step to construct an electrochemical enzyme biosensor. The selection of appropriate immobilization methods for constructing of electrochemical enzyme biosensor governs the efficiency of the biosensor in terms of electron transfer kinetics, mass transport, operational stability, repeatability and reproducibility. On the basis of briefly clarifying the working principle of electrochemical enzyme biosensor, this review summarizes enzyme immobilization methods used in constructing of an electrochemical enzyme biosensor. The advantages and disadvantages of different immobilization methods are also discussed. In addition, the applications of electrochemical enzyme biosensor in environmental pollution monitoring including organic pollutants, inorganic pollutants and heavy metal are highlighted and the prospects of electrochemical enzyme biosensor used in environmental monitoring are also presented.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Construction of electrochemical enzyme biosensor
3 Environmental applications
3.1 Organic pollutants
3.2 Inorganic pollutants
3.3 Heavy metals
4 Conclusions and outlook

Cobalt/peroxymonosulfate (Co/PMS) system is a recently emerging advanced oxidation technology, established on the idea of transition metal-mediated decomposition of peroxide to overcome the limitations of the Fentons reagent. It is gaining prominence, owing to some excellent properties such as high decontamination efficiency with low concentration of cobalt (μg/L levels), ability to produce sulfate radical (SO₄^-·) and wide pH range (2—9) flexibility. They could easily degrade the complex organic contaminants into small molecules or even deeply mineralize them into CO₂ and H₂O, besides almost does not produce any sludge after the reaction under mild temperature and pressure conditions. All of these make it a promising alternative in pollution remediation. The paper reviews the research progress of Co/PMS system in degrading organic pollutants from two aspects, homogeneous and heterogeneous, basing on expounding the mechanisms such as SO₄^-· chain reaction mechanism, pH influence, anion effect, photo-promotion mechanism, atmosphere effect and heterogeneous mechanism. The prospects of Co/PMS technology are also discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Reaction mechanisms in degrading organic contaminants by Co/PMS
2.1 SO₄^-· chain reaction mechanism
2.2 pH effect
2.3 Anion participant
2.4 Photo-promotion
2.5 Atmosphere effect
2.6 Heterogeneous Co/PMS mechanism
3 Homogeneous Co/PMS system
3.1 Co/PMS(dark condition)
3.2 UV/Co/PMS
3.3 Vis/Co/PMS
4 Heterogeneous Co/PMS system
4.1 Cobalt oxide catalysts
4.2 Supported heterogeneous Co/PMS
5 Conclusions and outlook

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) produce electricity,which is clean and renewable energy,through degradation of pollutants in wastewater by microorganism.MFC biocathode refers to microorganisms attaching on electrode surface to form biofilm while electron transferred from cathode to microorganisms via bioelectrochemistry reactions. This review introduces the classification of biocathodes based on aerobic and anaerobic conditions, biofilm community, electrode materials, separation membranes, and present the main applications in pollutant removal and recover as well as the possible future research directions.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Biocathode types
2.1 Aerobic biocathodes
2.2 Anaerobic biocathodes
3 Biofilm
4 Electrode materials
5 Separation
6 Biocathode applications
6.1 Dye decolouration
6.2 Biohydrogen production
6.3 Heavy metal removal
6.4 Denitrification of wastewater
6.5 Dechlorination of wastewater
7 Outlook

Mixed conducting membranes that exhibit oxygen ion conduction at elevated temperature are of significant interest due to their potential applications for oxygen production, partial oxidation of methane to syngas (POM), and oxygen-enriched combustion. Well-investigated single-phase conductors show some disadvantages, such as poor long-term stability and low mechanical strength, limiting their practical applications. The dual phase membrane made from ionic and electronic conducting phases could improve the performance of long-term stability and chemical stability at elevated temperature and high oxygen partial pressure gradient. In this paper, the oxygen permeation mechanism and the research progress in dual-phase membranes are reviewed, including ion-conducting phase/noble metal, ion-conducting phase/electron-conducting oxides, and ion-conducting phase/mixed conducting phase. The emphasis is focused on the effect of composition, lattice structure, and the chemical compatibility and mixing ratio of the two phases on the oxygen permeability and operation stability of the dual phase membrane. Their applications in POM and oxygen-enriched combustion are introduced. The present problems concerned with dual phase membrane are concluded and the main future research directions are proposed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Biocathode types
2.1 Aerobic biocathodes
2.2 Anaerobic biocathodes
3 Biofilm
4 Electrode materials
5 Separation
6 Biocathode applications
6.1 Dye decolouration
6.2 Biohydrogen production
6.3 Heavy metal removal
6.4 Denitrification of wastewater
6.5 Dechlorination of wastewater
7 Outlook

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) is an important cell source of cell therapy and tissue engineering because of its characteristics of self-renewal, multi-differentiation potential, easily isolated and cultured in vitro. Expansion of MSCs in vitro is a necessary step in clinical application of MSCs since it is impossible to get enough MSCs directly from donors. Namely, how to culture MSCs in large-scale is the key factor to limit its application. The methodology of 3-D dynamic culture of anchorage-dependent cells provides an important way for expansion of MSCs in vitro. This review intends to overview the current progress in the MSCs expansion field and discusses the main events that have occurred along the way. Gelatin, alginate, chitosan and some other polysaccharide carrier materials used for 3-D culture of mammalian cells and MSCs are summarized and discussed. The surface modification methodologies of the microcarriers are also presented. Furthermore, some new carrier materials used for stem cells expansion are introduced. The technical advances together with the ever increasing knowledge and experience in the field of carrier materials preparation and MSCs proliferation/expansion characteristics will lead to the realization of the full potential of 3-D dynamic MSCs culture in the future.

Contents
1 Intruduction
2 Conventional carriers of animal cell culture
2.1 Gelatin microcarriers
2.2 Alginate microcarriers
2.3 Chitosan microcarriers
2.4 Other polysaccharide carriers
3 Novel stem cells carriers
4 Prospect

Blue phases (BPs) are mesophases usually exhibited by highly chiral materials and commonly occur in a narrow temperature range below the isotropic phase. They are optically active and non-birefringent, while exhibit Bragg diffraction of light in the visible wavelength. Recently, BPs have attracted growing attention in the field of optoelectronics and photonics. This paper reviews the recent research advances in BPs liquid crystals, also with a brief introduction of the history of the blue phase studies, and some special properties, especially the frustration in the double twist molecular alignment. Finally, the current challenges for applications of BPs materials are highlighted, and the focus of future research and development are proposed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 History and the basic properties of blue phase
3 Development of wide-range BPs materials
3. 1 Supercool-freezed blue phases
3. 2 Polymer-stabilized blue phases
3. 3 Blue phase of dimesogenic compound
3. 4 Blue phase of bent-core mesogens
3. 5 Blue phase of H-bond mesogens
3. 6 Nanoparticle-stabilized blue phases
3. 7 Light-induced blue phases
3. 8 Blue phase of discotic mesogens
4 The applications of blue phase materials
5 The prospects and challenges in display field