A new type of nepenthes pitcher plant-inspired materials called slippery liquid infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) has been introduced recently that exhibit special anti-wetting performances to many liquids. SLIPS materials are prepared by infusing rough micro/nanostructured substrates with non-covalent bound liquid films of lubricating liquids, such as perfluoropolyethers, silicone oil or ionic liquid, creating smooth liquid-infused surfaces at the molecular-level. These surfaces are demonstrated to possess advantages of low sliding angle and contact angle hysteresis to various and complex liquids. SLIPS materials have board applications in self-cleaning coatings, marine antifouling coatings and biomedical materials because of their omniphobicity, self-healing, good optical transparency, extreme temperature pressure stability, as well as effective against adhesion of a wide range of substances including crude oil, blood, ice and bacterial biofilms. In recent years, SLIPS materials attract much attention of scientists because of the special surface wetting properties. In this review, the research mechanism and progress of designing and fabricating of SLIPS are introduced, including impregnation and swelling methods. Furthermore, the latest development of SLIPSs serve as omniphobic materials capable of meeting needs in anti-fouling, enhancing dropwise condensation, anti-frosting, anti-icing and oil-water separation are reviewed. Finally, the prospective tendency of SLIPS materials is proposed based on the current challenges.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Mechanism and fabrication of SLIPS
2.1 SLIPS fabricated from etching
2.2 SLIPS fabricated from porous polymer membrane
2.3 SLIPS fabricated from chemical deposition
2.4 SLIPS fabricated from sol-gel
2.5 SLIPS fabricated from layer-by-layer
2.6 SLIPS fabricated from polymer swelling
3 Applications of SLIPS
3.1 Antifouling
3.2 Enhancing condensation
3.3 Anti-frosting and anti-icing
3.4 Oil-water separation
3.5 Other applications
4 Conclusion and outlook

Two-dimensional graphene has been at the center of a significant research effort due to its high thermal conductivity, high Young's modulus, charge/hole mobility, fracture strength, specific Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area, and the quantum Hall effect. Similar to the functionalization of fullerenes, by using covalent or non-covalent modification methods, some organic functional groups, small molecules and polymers have been covalently grafted to the graphene surface or non-covalently doped into the graphene system to form a larger number of graphene derivatives designed for optoelectronics, photonics and biologies. Molecular computation using graphene as the data storage medium has ignited the revolution in information technology industries, making it possible to store more data in less space and with less energy. The data storage performance, stability and reliability of the graphene memories have advanced significantly towards practical information storage applications. A number of essential strategies can be employed to control and optimize the switching characteristics of graphene memories. In this comprehensive review, recent research progress on the graphene-based functional materials, including graphene, graphene oxide(GO), reduced graphene oxide (RGO), chemically modified GO/RGO, graphene/GO/RGO-based composites, and others, as active materials for information storage, has been systematically summarized and discussed. The key problems that need to be solved urgently in the materials design and device fabrication and the future development of this area have also been pointed out.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Graphene-based information storage devices
2.1 Intrinsic graphene prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
2.2 Intrinsic graphene prepared by mechanical exfoliation
2.3 Graphene nanoribbons
2.4 Graphene oxide (GO)
2.5 Reduced graphene oxide (RGO)
2.6 Nitrogen-doped RGO (N-RGO)
3 Covalent modified GO/RGO-based information storage devices
3.1 Conjugated polymer-functionalized GO/RGO
3.2 Non-conjugated polymer-functionalized GO/RGO
3.3 Small molecule-functionalized GO/RGO
3.4 Metal nanoparticle-functionalized GO/RGO
4 Graphene/GO/RGO composites-based information storage devices
4.1 Polymer-graphene/GO/RGO composites
4.2 Small molecule-graphene/GO/RGO composites
4.3 Polymer-graphene quantum dot composites
5 Graphene(GO, RGO)/inorganics heterojunction-based information storage devices
5.1 Graphene/inorganics
5.2 GO(RGO)/inorganics
6 Graphene and RGO-based electrodes for information storage
6.1 Graphene electrodes
6.2 RGO electrodes
7 Summary and outlook

DNA sequencing technology is the basis of genetical genomics-related diseases. Sequencing by synthesis is one of the most important second-generation DNA sequencing techniques. Sequencing by synthesis can achieve a massively parallel sequencing effectively and improve sequencing throughput greatly, which favor cost reduction. Therefore, sequencing by synthesis has been widely used over the world. In DNA sequencing by synthesis, fluorescence-labeled nucleotides should be synthesized as a cyclic reversible terminator for DNA extension reaction. The reversible terminators reported in the literature mainly include MRT (mono-modified reversible terminators) and DRT (dual-modified reversible terminators) reversible terminators. The most significant advantage of DRT reversible terminator is that it can be readily identified by DNA polymerase. Besides, the synthetic route of MRT is simple, and this type of reversible terminator is hence more suitable for DNA sequencing by synthesis. Since fluorescence-labeled nucleotides are usually prepared by connecting the fluorescence tag and the nucleotide with a cleavable linker, the properties of the cleavable linker exert significant effects on the key parameters of DNA sequencing such as sequencing efficiency and read length. In this paper, recent advances and current research status of cleavable linkers used in DNA sequencing by synthesis is reviewed. Also, the development prospect of the cleavable linkers is demonstrated.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Introduction of DNA sequencing technology
3 DNA sequencing by synthesis
3.1 Mono-modified cyclic reversible terminators
3.2 Dual-modified cyclic reversible terminators
4 Linkers
4.1 Enzymatic reversible terminators
4.2 Nucleophilic/alkali sensitive reversible terminators
4.3 Reduction-sensitive reversible terminators
4.4 Photosensitive reversible terminators
4.5 Metal-aided reversible terminators
4.6 Oxidation-sensitive reversible terminators
4.7 Electrophilic/acid-sensitive reversible terminators
5 Outlook

Supramolecular assembly has greatly promoted the development of drug/gene delivery system, due to the suitable micrometer or nanometer size, controllable structure and excellent biocompatibility. Recent studies have found that the topological structure plays a critical role in the drug/gene delivery process, which attracts great interest of researchers. In this paper, the main factors that regulate the morphology of micro-and nanoparticles are discussed, which mainly include composition of the copolymer, condition of self-assembly, external stimuli and polymerization-induced self-assembly. Then the effect of morphology on drug/gene delivery, challenges and prospects in this area are also discussed at the end of this review.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Main methods of morphology regulation
2.1 Effect of the copolymer composition
2.2 Effect of self-assembly condition
2.3 Effect of external stimuli
2.4 Polymerization-induced self-assembly
3 The effect of morphology of drug/gene delivery system on blood circulation time and cell uptake
4 Conclusion

Templating technique is an effective and efficient method to fabricate polymer microspheres with controllable size and same morphology. As one of polymorphs of CaCO₃, vaterite is the ideal template particle for fabricating microspheres because of many advantages such as their biocompatibility, monodispersed pore size and mild decomposition conditions. In this review, based on introducing the CaCO₃ templates briefly, a recent progress in utilizing the CaCO₃ templates for fabricating microspheres is also addressed according to the selection of raw materials and the applications. Three main routes to load the CaCO₃ cores have been used, such as physisorption, infiltration and co-precipitation. The raw materials can be divided into natural polymer (such as polysaccharide, protein and DNA) and synthetic polymer (such as polystyrene sulfonate, polyvinyl alcohol). The structures of microspheres fabricated by CaCO₃ templates are porous and hollow, and size controlling with uniform morphology. All the particles can be used in various areas included pharmaceutical, drug delivery, biosensors and chemical analysis. In the future, the researches of CaCO₃ templating technique will be greatly promoted by the development of nanotechnology and the requirement of biomedical field to prepare the new kinds of microspheres with extensive applications.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The introduction of CaCO₃ templates
3 Natural polymer microspheres
3.1 Chitosan microcapsules and alginate microcapsules
3.2 Protein and polyaminoacid porous microspheres
3.3 DNA microcapsules
4 Synthetic polymer microspheres
4.1 The polymer microspheres containing polystyrene
4.2 Polyethylene glycol porous microspheres
5 Conclusion

Ferritin is a spherical protein composed of 24 subunits with an outer diameter of 12 nm and inner cavity diameter of 8 nm. The inner cavity can accommodate up to 4500 iron atoms as an iron mineral core (ferrihydrite in original). This special architecture of ferritin makes it an ideal nanoscale biotemplate. With the modification of the protein shell and the transformation of the inner mineral core, researchers have developed series of multifunctional cancer diagnostic agents and drug delivery systems against tumors. Recent studies of ferritin modification have focused on: (1) interior modification to make the nucleation of ferritin more efficient;(2) exterior modification by connecting PEG or antibody on the protein shell to develop ferritin new functions; (3) modification of interface between subunits to control the self-assemble of ferritin. This review summarizes the recent advances in the surface modifications of ferritin. We firstly review the two different modified methods, the chemical modification and the biological modification, then, discuss the diverse applications with modified ferritin in biomedicine, diagnostics and nano electronics, and the existing problems in the surface modifications of ferritin. We propose that a way to develop novel functionalized ferritin-based nano-materials is to combine the chemical and biological means.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Structure of ferritin
3 The surface modification of ferritin and its applications
3.1 The surface modification of ferritin with chemical methods
3.2 Applications of chemically modified ferritin
3.3 The surface modification of ferritin with biological methods and its applications
4 Conclusion and outlook

With the shortage of fossil fuels and the concerns related to their environmental impact and greenhouse gas effect, extensive research and development programs have been initiated worldwide to convert biomass into valuable products for future biofuels and chemicals. The conversion of lignocellulose into platform chemicals has attracted more attention in recent years. During this process, cellulose and hemicellulose can be high selectively converted into soluble sugars in the presence of catalysts, and the soluble sugars are subsequently converted into widely used platform molecules, such as furan-based chemicals, polyols, organic acid and its ester derivatives. These platform molecules can be further refined into high value-added liquid hydrocarbon fuels through elementary reactions, which are important alternatives to fossil fuel. The catalysts used for the transformation of lignocellulose into various platform chemicals mainly include liquid acid, solid acid, ion liquid and multifunctional materials, which play an important role in the catalytic process. Based on the present research situation, this review provides new insights into the accomplishments in recent years in the chemocatalytic technologies to generate energy platform chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass, with an emphasis on various kinds of catalytic routes and their existing problems and possible solutions. Finally, the future research and development trend in the field is prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Conversion of lignocellulose into furan-based chemicals
2.1 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)
2.2 Furfural
3 Conversion of lignocellulose into polyols
3.1 Hexitol
3.2 Xylitol
4 Conversion of lignocellulose into organic acid and its ester derivatives
4.1 Levulinic acid
4.2 Levulinate ester
5 Conclusion and outlook

Smart polymer materials driven by chemical oscillating reactions are often called self-oscillating polymer materials (SOPMs). Among these, SOPMs driven by the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction are paid particular attention and have become one of the hot topics in the field of polymer materials. Different from the traditional smart polymers, SOPMs show highly self-regulated properties, namely autonomous, reversible and periodical state transition without any “ON-OFF” switching of external stimuli. In this review, we will introduce the new ideas and new methods regarding SOPMs. Two aspects of SOPMs, including topological structures and biomimetic functions, are particularly introduced. Topological structure design involves comb-like self-oscillating polymer gels, “polyrotaxane-interlocked” self-oscillating polymer gels, hierarchical self-oscillating polymer gels, hyper cross-linked self-oscillating polymer gels, branched self-oscillating polymers, self-oscillating polymer brushes and self-oscillating block copolymers. Biomimetic function investigation includes self-oscillating polymer vesicles, artificial cells, autonomous intestine-like motion, photophobic and phototropic motion. Finally, the future development of SOPMs is prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Topological structures of self-oscillating polymer materials
2.1 Comb-like self-oscillating polymer gels
2.2 “Polyrotaxane-interlocked” self-oscillating polymer gels
2.3 Hierarchical self-oscillating polymer gels
2.4 Hyper cross-linked self-oscillating polymer gels
2.5 Branched self-oscillating polymers
2.6 Self-oscillating polymer brushes
2.7 Self-oscillating block copolymers
3 Biomimetic functions of self-oscillating polymer materials
3.1 Self-oscillating polymer vesicles
3.2 Artificial cells
3.3 Autonomous intestine-like motion
3.4 Photophobic and phototropic motion
4 Outlook

Semiconductor photocatalysis not only can directly convert solar energy into chemical energy but also degrade and mineralize organic pollutants, which is considered as one of promising techniques to address the global energy and environmental problems. Due to the unique electronic band strcture, thermal and chemical stabilit,polymeric graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), which is a low-cost and metal-free photocatalyst is widely applied in hydrogen evolution, water oxidation, environmental remediation, CO₂-to-CO conversion, photocatalytic antibacterial, as well as originic photosynthesis. However, the g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst synthesized by traditional thermal polyconsendation method has small surface area and large band gap, and the photo-generated electron-hole pairs is easily to recombine, and the photon-generated carriers transfer slowly, all of these defects suppressed the photocatalytic activity severely. In order to enhance the photocatalytic activity of g-C₃N₄, some modification methods are utilized. This review aims at summarizing recent advances in the modification of g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst, including nanostructure designing, band gap engineering and promoting the separation of energy-wasteful charge recombination. At the end, the prospects for the modification of g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst are also discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Nanostructure designing of g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst
2.1 Hard templates synthesis method
2.2 Soft templates synthesis method
2.3 Template-free method
3 Band gap engineering of g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst
3.1 Non-metal doping
3.2 Metal doping
3.3 Copolymerization
4 g-C₃N₄-based compound photocatalyst
4.1 g-C₃N₄/carbon composites photocatalyst
4.2 g-C₃N₄/sulfide composites photocatalyst
4.3 g-C₃N₄/halide composites photocatalyst
4.4 g-C₃N₄/metal composites photocatalyst
4.5 g-C₃N₄/metal oxide composites photocatalyst
4.6 Other g-C₃N₄ composites photocatalyst
5 Conclusion and outlook

Protein-imprinted materials have drawn great attention for their applications in bioseparation, biosensing and biomedical materials. Despite the success of small molecular imprinting technology in many areas, protein imprinting remains a challenge. This review gives an overview of the progress in protein surface imprinting technology. The preparation process, imprinting methods, and selective recognition ability of the different imprinting materials, including protein surface imprinting membranes, core-shell structured microspheres, nanowires, microgels, and monolayers, are detailed. The advantages and disadvantages of the protein surface imprinting methods are discussed, and the trends and possible future development direction are also elaborated.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Materials for protein surface imprinting
2.1 Protein surface imprinting membranes
2.2 Protein surface imprinting core-shell structured microspheres
2.3 Protein surface imprinting nanowires
2.4 Protein surface imprinting microgels
2.5 Protein surface imprinting monolayers
3 Conclusion and outlook