DNA is a kind of genetic material that encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA damage occurs frequently in organisms. Some endogenous and exogenous chemicals have been found to induce structural damages to nuclear DNA by base oxidation or modification. If unrepaired, these damaged DNA may lead to gene mutation and even tumor generation. Due to their short response time, high sensitivity, low cost and ease of miniaturization, electrochemical DNA sensors are well qualified for the rapid screening of industrial and environmental chemicals for their potential geno-toxicity. This review article first introduces briefly the types and working mechanisms of current electrochemical DNA sensors. Then it describes in more detail the work on electrochemical and photoelectrochemical sensors for the detection of DNA damage, based largely on the work of our own laboratory, including general type sensors for the rapid screening of industrial and environmental chemicals with potential geno-toxicity, as well as specific type sensors for the identification and quantification of DNA damage products such as 8-oxodGuo and methylated DNA bases. In the end, the existing problems and future research directions of the DNA damage electrochemical sensors are discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Types of DNA electrochemical sensors
3 Electrochemical sensors for DNA damage detection
4 Photoelectrochemical sensors for DNA damage detection
4.1 Photoelectrochemical detection method
4.2 Sensing mechanisms for DNA damage detection
4.3 General-type sensors
4.4 Specific-type sensors
4.5 Investigation of chemical-induced DNA damage
5 Conclusions and perspectives

As an alternative high performance liquid chromatography technology, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) plays an important role in the separation of highly polar and ionic compounds such as amino acids, carbohydrates, peptides and so on. The development of HILIC stationary phases, which are considered as the core of chromatographic technology, is of great importance for the improvement of chromatographic separation selectivity and efficiency, influencing the application and generalization of HILIC. To date, a great variety of commercial and academic HILIC materials with abundant functional groups have been presented. According to the functional groups of chromatographic materials, the development of silica-based HILIC stationary phases including unmodified silica, amino-based, cyano-based, diol-based, amide-based, poly(succinimide)-based, saccharides-based and zwitterion-based stationary phases are reviewed in the present article. Meanwhile, the typical applications of HILIC stationary phases in polar drugs separation, bioanalysis, proteomics, metabolomics, etc. are included. With increasing diversity of HILIC materials, the selection of appropriate HILIC stationary phase for the resolution of complex compounds becomes difficult. The development of systematic test samples and methods to access the separation selectivity is of great value for understanding the interaction mechanism of HILIC stationary phases. Thus, the investigation involving test samples to evaluate separation efficiencies and selectivities in HILIC is also reviewed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Development and application of hydrophilic interaction chromatographic materials
2.1 Unmodified silica
2.2 Amino-based stationary phase
2.3 Cyano- and diol-based stationary phase
2.4 Amide-based stationary phase
2.5 Poly(succinimide)-based stationary phase
2.6 Saccharides-based stationary phase
2.7 Zwitterion-based stationary phase
3 Chromatographic evaluation of hydrophilic interaction chromatographic materials
4 Conclusion and outlook

Semiconductor photocatalysis via sunlight-driven photoredox reactions to directly convert solar energy into chemical energy or to mineralize organic pollutants, is regarded as a long-term solution to address the global energy and environmental problems. Recently, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), a polymeric semiconductor has been widely used as a low-cost, stable and metal-free visible-light-active photocatalyst in the sustainable utilization of solar energy, such as water splitting, organic photosynthesis and environmental remediation. This has attracted worldwide attention from energy and environmental relative fields. In this review, some recent advances in g-C₃N₄ photocatalysis are present, including the theoretical research of chemical structure and features of g-C₃N₄, metal/non-mental doping of g-C₃N₄ to adjust the semiconductive electronic band structure, soft/hard templates assisted the synthesis of g-C₃N₄ nanoarchictures, surface modification of g-C₃N₄ to overcome the high kinetic barrier for water reduction/oxidation, and as well as the construction of g-C₃N₄ based heterojunctions and composite photocatalysts to promote the separation of energy-wasteful charge recombination. The prospects for the development of highly efficient g-C₃N₄ based photocatalysts are also discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Mechanism study of g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst
2.1 Semiconductive band structure of g-C₃N₄
2.2 Photocatalytic performance of g-C₃N₄
3 Development of g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst
3.1 Theoretical calculation of g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst
3.2 Synthesis optimization of g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst
3.3 Nanostructuring g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst
3.4 Synthesis of g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst by copolymeri-zation
3.5 Semiconductor doping of g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst
3.6 Surface modification of g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst
3.7 Sensitization of g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst
3.8 g-C₃N₄ based composite photocatalysts
4 Conclusion and outlook

Bismuth-based semiconductor, with superior photocatalytic activity and especially with good absorbance in visible light, have become the research hotspot in photocatalytic field recently. The valence band of bismuth-based semiconductor photocatalyst consist of Bi6s and O2p orbitals and the levels are more negative than that consisting of only O2p, which results in the decrease in the band gap. The visible-light-induced photocatalytic activity of bismuth-based semiconductor photocatalysts is higher than that of traditional TiO₂. However, the low quantum efficiency, the easy recombination of electrons and holes, and the low visible light absorption making the bismuth-based semiconductor photocatalysts far away from practical use. Therefore, we must take some measures to improve the efficiency of photocatalytic carriers, suppress the combination of photo electrons and holes, and increase the visible light absorption. This article reviews the recent development of methods for improving the photoactivity of bismuth-based semiconductor photocatalysts, mainly including morphology control, special crystal face exposing, noble metal deposition, metal ion doping, nonmetal doping, semiconductor combination and so on. The relationship between these methods and photocatalytic activity is analyzed, and it may be useful for designing highly efficient bismuth-based semiconductor photocatalysts. Besides, the main problems of the bismuth-based semiconductor photocatalysts are discussed, and the direction of development of the bismuth-based semiconductor photocatalysts is pointed out.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Morphology and structure control
2.1 Synthesis of photocatalysts with special morphology
2.2 Porous structure
2.3 Highly active crystal face exposing
3 Noble metal depositing
4 Metal ion doping
5 Nonmetal doping
5.1 Carbon doping
5.2 Nitrogen doping
5.3 Graphene composite
5.4 Anion doping
5.5 Polymer modification
6 Semiconductor composite
7 Conclusion and outlook

As a power source, the power lithium-ion battery requires high capacity density, high rate capacity, good thermal stability as well as excellent cyclic stability. Electrospinning technique (EST), as a novel solution of preparing nanofibers, has been applied in lithium-ion batteries, such as separators with high surface area and porosity, to greatly enhance the electrochemical performance of power lithium-ion batteries. EST is mainly used for the preparation of high porosity nanofiber membrane, polymer blending membrane and inorganic-polymer composite membrane in order to improve the mechanical properties and thermal stabilities of separators. In addition, the obtained nanofiber materials using EST at cathodes or anodes can enhance the electrochemical performance. At last, the existing problems and the corresponding improvements of the regarding studies are pointed out.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Electrospinning technique
3 Application of electrospinning technique in power lithium-ion battery
3.1 Cathode materials
3.2 Anode materials
3.3 Separators
4 Perspectives

In nature, carbohydrates are not only known as energy substances and structural materials of life, but also famous as signaling molecules that play critical roles in cell recognition and regulation processes. Therefore, the investigation and simulation of carbohydrates recognition process will greatly contribute to the research of some pathological process involved with carbohydrate, which has attracted great interests in the development of artificial receptors for carbohydrates. Inspiring from protein-carbohydrate interactions in biological system, most of recognition procedures are based on two binding modes, one is hydrogen bonding interaction between hydroxyl groups of carbohydrates and polar residues of the receptors, the other is σ-π stacking or even sandwich inclusion involving CH moieties of carbohydrates and aromatic segments of receptors. Although significant progresses in carbohydrates sensing in organic solvents have been achieved in the past few decades, the binding of carbohydrates and their derivatives with high sensitivity and specific selectivity in aqueous solution still remains as one of the most interesting but challenging topics in current chemistry. Therefore, the investigation of these artificial receptors not only provides a series of valuable model systems mimicking natural products for carbohydrate recognition, but also promotes many biomimetic applications. In this work, the recent progresses on artificial receptors for carbohydrates in aqueous media are summarized from four aspects: supramolecular chemistry system, multi-branch architecture system, synthetic lectins and polymeric interface system. Among which we specifically highlight the synthetic lections and a novel carbohydrate recognition strategy based on polymeric interface materials. Finally, the research prospects are proposed briefly.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Supramolecular chemistry systems
2.1 Cyclodextrin
2.2 Curdlan
2.3 Calixarene
2.4 Porphyrin
3 Multi-branch architecture systems
3.1 Dicarboxylate
3.2 Cyclopentane
3.3 Guanidinium and analogues
4 Synthetic lectins
4.1 Macrocyclic synthetic lectins
4.2 Polymer-based synthetic lectins
4.3 Oligo-peptide-based synthetic lectins
5 Polymeric interface systems
6 Conclusion and outlook

Carbon dots are the most popular nanomaterials in recent years among the nanocarbon family, including fullerene, the carbon nanotube and graphene. This kind of nanomaterial has successfully overcome some defects of traditional semiconductor quantum dots. It is highly evaluated not only for the excellent optical performance and small size effect, but also the great biocompatibility and ease to achieve surface functionalization. Carbon dots can be widely used in the field of biochemical sensing, fluorescent probes, environmental testing, photocatalytic technology, drug carriers and so on. In this review, the progress made in the field of carbon dots in recent years, especially in latest developments of applications are reviewed, the characteristics of carbon dots are outlined, the problems remaining to be solved are summarized and the further advances are prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Properties of the carbon dots
2.1 Optical property
2.2 Low toxicity and biocompatibility
3 Preparation of carbon dots
4 Application of carbon dots
4.1 Detection probes
4.2 Bioimaging
4.3 Light-emitting element
4.4 Photocatalysis
4.5 Drug carriersis
5 Conclusions and perspectives

Mesocrystals are one kind of self-assembled superstructures from nanocrystals in crystallographic ordered way, often showing single-crystal-like electron diffraction behaviors. The formation process of mesocrystals imposes a great challenge to classic crystallization theory and their unique structural features of nanocrystals aggregations may create enhanced and new properties, which drive researchers to make extensive studies. This paper reviews the latest progress in the preparation methods, properties and applications of mesocrystals. The synthesis methods of mesocrystals mainly include coprecipitation, hydrothermal, solvothermal, topological conversion, electrochemical, dissolution and recrystallization methods. And catalytic, electrochemical, optical and electrical properties as well as biomedical applications of mesocrystals are exhibited. The formation process and structure-property relationships of mesocrystals are emphasized. Besides, some scientific issues about the preparations, properties and applications of mesocrystals are pointed out, and the outlook of further development in the field of mesocrystals is also given.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of mesocrystals
2.1 Coprecipitation methods
2.2 Hydrothermal methods
2.3 Solvothermal methods
2.4 Topological conversion methods
2.5 Electrochemical methods
2.6 Dissolution and recrystallization methods
3 Properties and applications of mesocrystals
3.1 Catalytic properties
3.2 Electrochemical properties
3.3 Optical and electrical properties
3.4 Biomedical applications
4 Conclusion and outlook

Zirconium phosphates have been extensively applied in the fields of ion exchange, intercalation, catalysis and adsorption due to the high thermal and chemical stability, strongly acid and alkali resistance. Preparation of zirconium phosphate and its derivatives are discussed by reflux, sol-gel, precipitation, hydrothermal and solvothermal methods. Zirconium phosphate films and other applications in the fields of environment-safety, electrics, optics, biomedicine and hydrogen storage are also reviewed in the article.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation of zirconium phosphate and its derivatives
2.1 Reflux method
2.2 Sol-gel method
2.3 Precipitation method
2.4 Hydrothermal and solvothermal methods
2.5 Other methods
3 Application of zirconium phosphate and its derivatives
3.1 Environment-safety
3.2 Electrics
3.3 Optics
3.4 Biomedicine
4 Outlook

Regulation of a variety of biological processes depends on the protein-protein interactions. Generally, the protein-protein interaction surface is too large to be selectively targeted by small molecule drugs. Besides, protein drug candidates cannot be used directly for this purpose because of their low cellular membrane permeability. Due to these problems, it is imperative to develop the next-generation therapeutic arsenals that combine the membrane permeability of small organic molecules with the broad targetability of protein-based drugs. To overcome this challenge, Verdine et al. designed a novel kind of peptides that were designated as hydrocarbon-stapled α -helical peptides. The synthetic mini-protein can strongly confine its conformation into α -helix by introducing an all-hydrocarbon chemical brace. The pharmacology of the stapled peptides, compared with their unstapled counterpart, is greatly improved, including enhancing proteolytic resistance and cellular permeability. In this paper, we will review the recent advances of the stapled peptides in respect of their chemical synthesis, biophysical properties and pharmaceutical applications of them in the cancer-, and HIV-associated treatment, the regulation of signal pathway and the repression of tumor-activated proteins.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis and modification of stapled peptides
2.1 Selection of insertion sites of α-methyl, α-alkenylglycine
2.2 Chemical synthesis of stapled peptides
2.3 Modification on stapled peptides
2.4 Synthesis of long-chain stapled peptides
3 Biophysical properties of stapled peptides
3.1 Conformation of stapled peptides
3.2 High binding affinity to target proteins
3.3 Resistance to proteolytic enzymes
3.4 High cellular permeability
3.5 Characterization of its bioactivity
4 Function and application of stapled peptides
4.1 Application in cancer-associated treatment
4.2 Application in HIV-associated treatment
4.3 Application in regulation of signal pathway
4.4 Application in hepatitis-associated treatment
5 Conclusion and outlook

Chain end functionalized polyolefins(Cef-POs) are of great importance in macromolecular design and polyolefin modifications. By utilizing self-induced chain transfer reactions (to β -H, e.g.) or using chain transfer agents such as borane, phosphine and styrene (and its derivatives)/H₂ in olefin coordination polymerization, unsaturated bond and reactive group terminated polyolefins can be obtained, respectively. Successive chemical modification of chain-end group results in various Cef-POs. Given the status of "one polymer chain per catalyst" in living coordination polymerization of olefin, Cef-POs can also be obtained by end-capping living chains and/or applying functionalized living catalysts. The problem of low catalyst efficiency encountered in living coordination polymerization can be well solved by coordinative chain transfer polymerization (CCTP), a process involving rapid and reversible chain transfer reactions between the catalyst (active species) and the chain transfer agent (usually in the form of a main group metal alkyl). CCTP generates polyolefin capped by carbon-metal bond, which is highly reactive and can be modified into versatile terminal groups. In addition, living polymerization of Ylides, living anionic polymerization of butadiene and ring-opening metathesis polymerization of cycloolefine are alternative approaches to synthesize (analogues of) Cef-PEs. The applications of Cef-POs, featured by transformation reaction from metallocene to other polymerization (living anionic polymerization, "controlled/living" radical polymerization, ring-opening polymerization, etc.) and combination with click chemistry, include two main aspects: polymer modification and synthesis of topological polymer.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of Cef-PO via chain transfer reaction
2.1 Without CTA: synthesis and modification of chain end unsaturated PO
2.2 Using one CTA: in situ polyolefin chain end functionalization with heteroatoms
2.3 Using two CTA: consecutive chain transfer reactions
3 Synthesis of cef-PO via living polymerization
3.1 Living anionic polymerization
3.2 Living coordination polymerization
3.3 Living polymerization of Ylides
4 Synthesis of Cef-PO via CCTP
4.1 Ethylene
4.2 Propylene
5 Conclusion and outlook

Supramolecular gels with various ordered structures are constructed by the self-assembly of low-molecular-weight gelators (LMWGs) in some solvents driven by non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, hydrophobic effects, and van der Waals interactions. Urea derivatives are among the most effective gelators for self-assembling supramolecular gels due to their strong hydrogen-bonding capability and various interactions and responsiveness to anion, metal cation and halide. In this paper, some representative research works especially the recent progress on functional supramolecular gels constructed from urea-based gelators are reviewed according to mono-, bis-and multi-urea systems. Furthermore, brief comments are made on their reversible sol-gel transformation and possible applications for some typical cases from the viewpoint of finely tuning the dissolution-aggregation balance mainly based on molecular design of gelators and the optimization of their gelation conditions. Finally,the research trends and application perspectives of supramolecular gels are concisely expected and point out that after many years rapid development in this field, the clear understanding of gelation kinetics and the mechanism involved are the imperative and challenging work, and multi-component supramolecular gels with complex internal structures and controllable physical properties showing fast response to variant external stimuli may constitute the new generation of functional gels.

Contents
1 Introduction to supramolecular gels
2 Mono-urea functional supramolecular gels
3 Bis-urea functional supramolecular gels
3.1 Bis-urea gels with aliphatic spacer
3.2 Bis-urea gels with aromatic spacer
4 Multi-urea functional supramolecular gels
5 Conclusions and outlook

Block copolymer is a special type of copolymer in which two or more segments of polymers (blocks) are joined together by covalent bond. It has received more and more attention because it can combine the excellent properties from different polymers into an excellent functional polymer material. However, it is still a challenging task to separate and characterize the block copolymers. As a new type of chromatographic technique, liquid chromatography at the critical condition (LCCC) can make a block of the block copolymer "chromatographically invisible" at the critical condition of the corresponding homopolymer, so that the retention of the block copolymer is determined solely by the other block that is not under critical condition. In this review, the mechanism and approach of LCCC technique are introduced. The recently studies for LCCC analysis of block copolymer are systemically reviewed. The limitation and future development of LCCC method are also discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Mechanism of LCCC separation of block copolymers
3 LCCC separation of block copolymers
3.1 Selection of solvent
3.2 Selection of stationary phase
3.3 Adjustment of temperature
4 Applications of LCCC separation of block copolymers
5 Computer simulations for the LCCC analysis of block copolymers
6 Conclusions and future developments

Due to the easier preparation, better permeability and higher column efficiency over traditional packed columns, monolithic columns have gained increasing interest as separation media in all chromatographic methods. In recent years, with the rapid development of nanoscale chromatographic separation systems, the use of capillary monolithic columns have emerged as a promising choice. According to the chemical composition of monoliths, monolithic columns can be mainly classified into organic polymer-based, silica-based and organic-silica hybrid monolithic columns. Each of monoliths is tended to be prepared with versatile functionality. However, silica-based monoliths aways suffer from limited silylating reagents and complex processes of modifications, and conventional approaches of preparing polymer-based monoliths and organic-silica hybrid monoliths also prevent their development due to the special requirements of functional monomers (possess vinyl or acrylate groups). Recently, thiol-ene "click" reaction has already received extensive attention in the field of monolith preparation owing to its exceptional versatility and propensity for the quantitative conversions under mild conditions, extending the choice of categories of functional monomers to some extent. Herein, the fabrication approaches are comprehensively summarized with two routes: (1) surface modification of monoliths via thiol-ene "click" reaction, (2) "one-pot" synthesis of monolithic columns via thiol-ene "click" reaction.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Application of thiol-ene "click" reaction in the field of monolith preparation
2.1 Surface modification of monoliths via thiol-ene "click" reaction
2.2 "One-pot" synthesis of monolithic columns via thiol-ene "click" reaction
3 Conclusion and outlook

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization(MALDI) is one of the most famous ionization methods in mass spectrometry developed in 1980s, and it has been widely applied in the analysis and detection of biological molecules. However,due to the interference from traditional organic matrix in low molar weight region, the application of MALDI in the analysis of low molecular weight samples is very limited. In order to solve the problem,new matrixes including inorganic materials based on carbon,silicon, nano-sized metal particles and some designed organic compounds for the analysis of low molecular weight compounds are investigated. These materials avoid the interference from matrix in the low mass region, and improve the ionization efficiency. In addition, the adding of surfactant to traditional organic matrixes and derivatization of analytes are also efficient methods to analyze low molecular weight compounds. This paper reviews the research progress of these new matrixes and their application in this research field. The tendency of the development of these matrixes and their application are further prospected and discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Inorganic materials
2.1 Silicon
2.2 Carbon
2.3 Metal or metal oxides
3 Organic molecules
3.1 Designed organic compunds
3.2 High molecular weight organic compounds
4 Ionic liquid
5 Other methods
5.1 Suppression of matrix-related ion
5.2 Derivatization of analyte
5.3 Sol-gels
6 Perspective

Microfluidic paper-based chip analysis is a burgeoning microfluidic technique. It possesses great potentials for application in clinical diagnosis, food quality control as well as environmental monitoring due to its attractive features such as low-cost, easy-to-fabricate, easy-to-use and portable.Its importance and utility are widely acknowledged and extensive research has been conducted in the past several years. This paper mainly aims to review the developed techniques for fabrication of microfluidic paper-based chips, including UV photolithography, wax printing, plasma treatment, ink printing, ink jet etching, plotting, screen printing, flexography printing and laser treatment, and so on. The detection methods for the microfluidic paper-based chip analysis and applications of microfluidic paper-based chips are also reviewed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Paper choices
3 Fabrication techniques of microfluidic paper-based chips
3.1 UV photolithography technique
3.2 Wax printing technique
3.3 Plasma treatment technique
3.4 Ink printing technique
3.5 Ink jet etching technique
3.6 Plotting technique
3.7 Screen printing and flexography printing technique
3.8 Wax dipping technique
3.9 Laser treatment technique
3.10 Other techniques
4 Detection methods in microfluidic paper-based analytical devices
4.1 Colorimetric detection
4.2 Electrochemical detection
4.3 Chemiluminescence and electrochemilumine-scence detection
5 Applications of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices
5.1 Clinical diagnosis
5.2 Food quality control
5.3 Environmental monitoring
6 Conclusion and perspective

Thanks to the ultra-high brightness and high spatial resolution of synchrotron infrared light source, synchrotron radiation based Fourier-transform infrared (SR-FTIR) microspectroscopy is widely used in multidisciplinary field. Especially in the biomedical field, SR-FTIR has been widely employed in the structural and functional characterization of unstained and unlabeled biomolecules as a non-destructive technique. In the recent ten years, with the development of SR-FTIR microspectroscopic technique, biochemists and spectral scientists have expanded their interests from the tissue level FTIR imaging (tissue FTIR imaging, which normally focus on imaging a tissue section) to single cell level FTIR imaging (cell FTIR imaging, which focus on imaging of a single functional or live cell). However, there are several problems need to be overcome in cell FTIR imaging. For example, (1) water in cell and/or in medium has strong absorption in amide Ⅰ band; (2) uneven surface of cell leads to Mie scattering of FTIR spectra; (3) complexity and uncertainty of FTIR spectra of cell affect the validity and accuracy of the data analysis. On the other hand, biochemists and spectral scientists have designed fruitful strategies to solve these problems. Therefore, we summarized the studies about cell SR-FTIR imaging in the past ten years in this review. We firstly describe the sample preparation, experimental design and data analysis methods in these published works, and then put forward the problems and the corresponding solutions on cell SR-FTIR imaging. We believe with the development of multibeam synchrotron source/focal plane array (FPA) system, SR-FTIR imaging will become a very promising tool to detect structures and functions not only for cells, but also for many other materials in different fields.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Structural information from FTIR spectra of cells
3 Sample preparation and experimental design
3.1 ATR-FTIR imaging on cells
3.2 Transmittance FTIR imaging on cells
4 Data analysis methods
4.1 Univariate imaging
4.2 Multivariate imaging
5 Experimental problems and corresponding solving strategies
6 Applications of synchrotron FTIR imaging on cells
6.1 Study of protein phosphorylation in living single PC12 cells with synchrotron FTIR microspectro-scopy
6.2 Real-time monitoring of bacterial activity in biofilms with synchrotron FTIR microspectro-scopy
7 Outlook

Transthyretin (TTR) is a tetramer protein, and it is one of around 30 non-homologic amyloidogenic human proteins related to amyloid diseases. The diseases related to TTR amyloid include familial amyloid cardiomyopathy (FAC), familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP), senile systemic amyloidosis (SSA), and central nervous system-selective amyloidosis (CNSA). These diseases are proposed to be due to the formation of TTR amyloid and the construction of cross-β -sheet subunit via TTR misfolding. In this review, we describe the physiological characteristics and structural features of TTR, and summarize computational studies on TTR using molecular dynamics simulation, molecular docking and quantitative structure-activity relationships. These computational chemical studies demonstrate possible mechanisms of TTR amyloid formation and the binding abilities of small molecules and TTR, which may provide insights to discover and screen new inhibitors preventing TTR from misfolding.

Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Physiological function and structural charac-teristics of TTR
1.2 Diseases caused by misfolding of TTR
1.3 Mechanisms of amyloid formation
1.4 Treatment of amyloid diseases
2 Molecular dynamic simulation on TTR
2.1 The mechanisms of TTR amyloid formation
2.2 The binding modes of small molecules with TTR
3 Molecular docking studies on TTR
4 Quantitative structure-activity relationship studies on TTR
5 Outlook

With the increasing consumption of fossil fuels and the growing concerns about climate change, biomass is drawing increasing attention as a renewable energy source due to its advantages of renewal and abundance. Biomass can be converted into energy using bio-chemical and thermo-chemical processes, but the thermo-chemical conversion technology finds its dominance because of high efficient conversion to gas, liquid and solid products under thermal conditions. Biomass pretreatment can alter the physical features and chemical composition/structure of lignocellulosic materials. The pretreatment step has a significant influence on the quality and yield of products obtained from thermo-chemical conversion biomass. In this review, we discuss the applications of various pretreatment methods in the biomass thermo-chemical conversion, including torrefaction and gasification, pretreatment and biomass pyrolysis, pretreatment and biomass liquefaction. Torrefaction improves the hydrophobicity and grindability characteristics of biomass materials. Water or acid washing pretreatment can remove metal ions from biomass and the change in products distribution during the biomass pyrolysis is more obvious. Biomass pretreatment and liquefaction can increase the bio-oil yield and decrease the optimum reaction temperature compared to the untreated biomass liquefaction experiments.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Main methods of biomass pretreatment
3 Pretreatment and thermo-chemical conversion biomass
3.1 Torrefaction and biomass gasification
3.2 Pretreatment and biomass pyrolysis
3.3 Pretreatment and biomass liquefaction
4 Conclusion and outlook

Ice adhesion and accretion on the facilities of aviation, telecommunication, electricity and transportation can lead to major inconvenience for our daily life and can even cause great economic losses. Therefore, it is worthwhile to study anti-icing and icephobic technology. Among all of them, concerning mechanical removing, electrothermal methods, spraying chemicals and coatings, anti-icing & icephobic coating is the research hotspot due to its obvious advantages such as low energy consumption, environmentally friendly and so on. It focuses on mitigating or even eliminating ice accumulation by extending freezing time and reducing ice adhesion strength. Extending freezing time is conducive to condensed water rolling off the substrates before it freezes via outside power, such as gravity, wind power and centrifugal force. Reducing ice adhesion strength makes de-icing procedure facile even if the condensed water has frozen on the substrates. It has been proved that by optimizing surface physicochemical properties and surface topography, both ideal effects can be achieved. On the basis of analyzing the mechanism, the influencing factors of anti-icing and icephobic properties are comprehensively discussed. Taking relative factors into consideration, a balance need to be reached between contradictory ones. Furthermore, the research progress of designing and fabricating anti-icing & icephobic coating is reviewed, including hydrophilic coating, hydrophobic coating and multi-functional composite coating. Finally, the prospective tendency of anti-icing & icephobic coating is proposed based on the current challenges.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Mechanism for anti-icing & icephobic coating
2.1 Anti-icing
2.2 Icephobic
3 Progress in anti-icing & icephobic coating
3.1 Hydrophilic coating
3.2 Hydrophobic coating
3.3 Multi-functional composite coating
4 Prospective tendencies of anti-icing & icephobic coating
5 Conclusion