Cationic lipid-based nanodevices were considered to be appropriate alternatives for virus-based particles in the delivery of nucleic acids, such as DNA and siRNA. Macrocyclic polyamine-based cationic lipids have great potential as gene delivery vectors. The cationic amino groups on the macrocyclic backbone can interact with nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) via electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonds. Three types of macrocyclic polyamines including 1, 4, 7-triazacyclononane (tacn), 1, 4, 7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane (cyclen) and 1, 4, 8, 11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (cyclam) were mainly used to construct these lipidic vectors. It was found that the transfection efficiency might be largely influenced by the structures of both the hydrophobic moiety and linking group, which bridge the hydrophilic polyamine and hydrophobic tails. Some metal complexes of macrocyclic polyamines could not only achieve efficient gene delivery, but also have the potential as visibility and radiation therapy reagents. This paper reviews the application of macrocyclic polyamine-based liposomes on nucleic acids delivery. Their structure-activity relationships were discussed, and the progress in relative field was expected. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Characteristics of macrocyclic polyamines and their interaction with nucleic acids
2.1 Characteristics of macrocyclic polyamines
2.2 The interaction of macrocyclic polyamines and nucleic acids
3 Tacn-based cationic lipids for DNA delivery
3.1 Long chain modified tacn lipids
3.2 Tacn lipid containing copper(Ⅱ) ion
4 Cyclen-based cationic lipids for DNA delivery
4.1 Long chain modified cyclen lipids
4.2 Sterides modified cyclen lipids
5 Cyclen-based lipids for RNA delivery
6 Cyclen-based lipids for labelling and tracing application
7 Other lipidic macrocyclic polyamines as potential gene vectors
8 Possible mechanism of macrocyclic polyamines for protection of nucleic acids
9 Conclusions and outlook

Heterogeneous Fenton catalytic oxidation technology is a powerful method for degradation of various kinds of non-biodegradable pollutants at moderate condition. Heterogeneous Fenton as the evolution of homogeneous Fenton reaction, offer the advantage of allowing easier separation from treated water and reuse, and wider field of application. This article mainly reviews the development of various iron-based materials, such as zero-valent iron, iron oxides, iron (hydr)oxides, ferrihydrite and other iron compounds, as heterogeneous catalysts for degrading organic pollutants. The mechanisms of Fenton reaction are comprehensively illustrated, including the free radical mechanism and the high-valent iron mechanism. Particularly, the emphasis is to summarize the catalytic activity of different heterogeneous Fenton catalysts, and point out that the catalytic efficiency of heterogeneous Fenton catalyst is strongly affected by the surface oxidation state, specific surface area, kinds of doped transition metal and the crystalline phase of catalysts. The different ways to improve the catalytic efficiency of heterogeneous Fenton catalysts are also concluded as: reducing the size of catalysts to nano-scales, loading the catalysts onto carriers with high specific surface area, introducing transition metal (such as Ti, Co, Mn, Cr and V) into the structure of iron oxide. In addition, some novel catalysts such as ferrites are especially paid attention due to their high catalytic activity and stability. Finally, the prospects of the development of the heterogeneous Fenton catalytic oxidation technology is given. We believe that an ideal heterogeneous Fenton catalyst should possess high catalytic efficiency and H₂O₂ utilization, good chemical stability, effectiveness at extend pH range and the ability of easy to be recycled. Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Homogeneous Fenton catalytic oxidation technol-ogy
1.2 Heterogeneous Fenton catalytic oxidation techno-logy
2 Advantages, applications and developments of iron compound-based heterogeneous catalysts
2.1 Magnetite (Fe₃O₄)
2.2 Hematite (α-Fe₂O₃)
2.3 Maghemite (γ-Fe₂O₃)
2.4 Goethite (α-FeOOH)
2.5 Akaganeite (β-FeOOH)
2.6 Lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH)
2.7 Feroxyhyte (δ-FeOOH)
2.8 Ferrihydrite (Fe₅HO₈·4H₂O)
2.9 Other iron compounds
2.10 Zero valence iron (Fe⁰)
3 Conclusion and outlook

Petroleum is commonly described as an extremely complex mixture, the interest on the complex colloidal dispersion and its stability are growing, especially the asphaltene supramolecular aggregate which is closely related to the stability of petroleum. Meanwhile, people have been arguing about the main forces of asphaltene association. Here, the development of the supramolecular interaction in the self-associated process of petroleum components and their model compounds is reviewed. Experimental and theoretical studies have shown that asphaltenes have a strong tendency to form supramolecular aggregates via hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking, polar interactions and other interactions. One method to improve the understanding of liquid-phase association behavior relevant to asphaltenes is to synthesize pure compounds that contain selected chemical structures, and then to examine their behavior in solution. Finally, the prospects are pointed out based on the current development of the system. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Supramolecular interaction of petroleum components
2.1 Interaction type of supramolecular aggregates in petroleum components
2.2 Interaction studies of supramolecular aggregates in petroleum components
3 Interaction of supramolecular aggregates in model compounds of petroleum components
3.1 Intermolecular interaction of supramolecular aggregates in model compounds of petroleum components
3.2 Hydrogen bonding of supramolecular aggregates in model compounds of petroleum components
3.3 Supramolecular interaction of petroporphyrins
3.4 Molecular simulations of supramolecular aggregates of petroleum components model compounds
4 Specific application of supramolecular interaction in petroleum chemistry
5 Conclusion and outlook

Chiral assembled materials have received increasing attention in many research areas as new functional composite materials, especially focusing on their potential application in enantiomeric resolution. In this paper, the formation mechanisms of chiral assembled materials are firstly discussed from the origin of chirality, which include four main ways: chiral induction, chiral amplification, chiral transfer and chiral transcription. The formation of chiral porous metal-organic frameworks and nanocages are based on the mechanisms of chiral induction and chiral transfer, while chiral gels are formed on the basis of chiral amplification mechanism. Chiral transcription mechanism is mainly utilized to construct chiral porous inorganic materials and helical nanostructures. Secondly, stereoselective recognition of chiral assembled materials towards optical enantiomers, including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), chiral gels, nanocages, and their applications on enantioselective separation are reviewed. Thirdly, the chiral self-assembly and stereoselective recognition of natural DNAs, as well as the applications of DNA helical structures in the fields of chiral plasmon materials and asymmetric catalysts are introduced. Finally, the unique advantages of metal-organic frameworks, chiral gels, nanocages and DNA are summerized, and the application prospects of DNAs in chiral separation are outlooked. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Formation mechanisms of chiral assembled materials
2.1 Chiral induction
2.2 Chiral amplification
2.3 Chiral transfer
2.4 Chiral transcription
3 Application of chiral assembled materials in enantioselective recognition
3.1 Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)
3.2 Chiral gels
3.3 Nanocages
4 Application of natural DNAs in chiral separation
4.1 Chiral assembly
4.2 Enantioseparation
5 Conclusion and outlook

The organic radical battery(ORB) is a new class of rechargeable battery, which use stable organic radical polymers as an electrode-active materials in an electrode of batteries. ORB displays a rapid charging capability and good cycleability due to the high reactivity and reversibility of the radical reaction. Additionally, organic radical polymer is appropriate for forming the flexible thin film battery. ORB contains no harmful heavy metals, it charges and discharges by the oxidation and reduction of radical species such as a nitroxide radical, which is different from that of the Li-ion battery depend on deintercalation/intercalation of the lithium ions, ORB thus opens up a new field of ubiquitous devices with environmentally friendly battery. Because of its unique features, the ORB has a wide range of potential applications as a power source including laptop PCs, smart cards, sensors, intelligent papers, radio frequency identification tags and micro-sized devices. Present paper reviews the progress of organic radical battery, including the structures and compositions, charge/discharge reaction mechanisms and characteristics. At the same time, the developments of the high performance organic radical battery are discussed including the multi-stage charge/discharge characteristics of radical polymers increased the discharge capacity of the battery and the electrode material of nano-doped to improve the battery cycle stability. The development trends of high energy-density and environmental benign organic radical battery are also pointed out. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Structural, characteristics and charge/discharge mechanism of ORB
3 Progress in organic radical battery
4 Development of high energy density of ORB
4.1 Nano-doping of electron materials
4.2 Multi-stage charge and discharge properties
4.3 Design of high capacity of ORB
5 Conclusion

Some outstanding properties of nitrogen-doped graphene are sketched, and the latest synthesis methods, characteristic techniques and applications of nitrogen-doped graphene are reviewed. The synthesis methods of nitrogen-doped graphene mainly include chemical vapor deposition, heat treatment in ammonia atmosphere, nitrogen plasma discharge method, arc-discharge of carbon electrodes, electrothermal synthesis, solvothermal synthesis and conversion of N-containing precursors. Meantime, various characterization techniques, such as XPS, Raman, TEM, SEM and AFM, are introduced. Subsequently, the promising applications of nitrogen-doped graphene in the fields of lithium-ion batteries, lithium-air batteries and supercapacitor electrodes and oxygen reduction catalysts of fuel cells are present. Finally, some possible scientific issues involving nitrogen-doped graphene are briefly reviewed. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Types of nitrogen-doped graphene
3 Synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene
3.1 Chemical vapor deposition method
3.2 Heat treatment in ammonia atmosphere
3.3 Nitrogen plasma discharge
3.4 Arc-discharge of carbon electrodes
3.5 Electrothermal synthesis
3.6 Solvothermal synthesis
3.7 Conversion of N-containing precursors
3.8 Other methods
4 Characterization for studying nitrogen-doped graphene
4.1 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
4.2 Raman spectroscopy
4.3 Other characterization techniques
5 Applications
5.1 Lithium-ion battery electrode materials
5.2 Lithium-air battery electrode materials
5.3 Catalyst of fuel cell oxygen reduction
5.4 Supercapacitor electrode materials
6 Existing problems
6.1 Limit of nitrogen atomic concentration on the carbon surface
6.2 Catalytic mechanism of oxygen reduction
7 Other issues
8 Conclusion

Nitrobenzofurazan (NBD), a fluorophore usually derivated from 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan, has been extensively applied to a wide area of chemistry, biology, medicine and environmental science due to its simplicity, effectiveness, high sensitivity and low detection limit in the fluorometric analysis. The fluorescent probes based on NBD have become an important research focus in the sensing and recognition of important inorganic/organic molecules, protein and enzymes. This article reviews the recent progress of NBD-involved detection on heavy metal cations (Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Hg²⁺), reactive oxygen species, DNA, cell membranes, small molecular compounds (thiophenols, sugar compounds, adamantane and bile acid derivatives, fluvoxamine and epothilone, bisphenol A, polyamine, TNT, PPi), proteins, enzymes, etc. In the future, the design and synthesis of more exquisite and complex probes based on NBD is still a flourishing research area for fluorescent detection and biochemical imaging, and will provide a particularly applicable tool to study the intricate microcosmic process of life. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Fluorescence detection of heavy metal ions
2.1 Fluorescent probes for Hg²⁺
2.2 Fluorescent probes for Zn²⁺
2.3 Fluorescent probes for Cu²⁺
3 Fluorescence detection of reactive oxygen species
4 Fluorescent probe for DNA
5 Fluorescence detection of membranes
6 Fluorescence detection of small molecules
6.1 Fluorescence detection of thiophenols
6.2 Fluorescence detection of sugar compounds
6.3 Fluorescence detection of adamantane and bile acid derivatives
6.4 Fluorescence detection of fluvoxamine and epothilone
6.5 Fluorescence detection of bisphenol A
6.6 Fluorescence detection of polyamine
6.7 Fluorescence detection of TNT
6.8 Fluorescence detection of PPi
7 Fluorescence detection of proteins and enzymes
8 Fluorescence detection related to the polarity of micro-environment
9 Conclusion and outlook

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been widely applied as catalysts, promoters and/or reaction medium in organic synthesis due to their non-flammability, low volatility, good solubility, readily tunable catalytic activities and good recyclability. Herein, the recent advances on the applications of acidic task-specific ionic liquids (TSILs), basic TSILs and chiral TSILs in Michael addition have been reviewed. Moreover, the structure, catalytic activity and probable reaction mechanism of ILs are also fully discussed. Contents
1 Introdnction
2 Acidic ionic liquids
3 Basic ionic liquids
4 Chiral ionic liquids
5 Conclusion

Dinitrogen fixation activated by organometallic complexes under mild conditions is one of hot fields in modern industry, which try to convert abound but quite inert dinitrogen into ammonia or other nitrogenous compounds. In this review, coordination modes of N₂ molecule with transition-metal complexes are classified, and the main factors such as steric effect and electronic effect on the dinitrogen activation and functionalization promoted by dinuclear transition-metal complexes are surveyed. This review attempts to summarize recent experimental and theoretical studies concerning the reactivity patterns of dinitrogen with binuclear transition-metal complexes in the dinitrogen cleavage and functionalization as well as the CO/CO₂ induced N₂ activation. The prospects of dinitrogen fixation activated by transition-metal complexes is presented, which is hoped to assist chemists in guiding research in the future. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Bonding modes of dinitrogen with transition-metal complexes
3 Factors influencing dinitrogen activation
4 Reactivity of dinitrogen complexes
4.1 Dinitrogen cleavage
4.2 Dinitrogen functionalization
4.3 CO/CO₂ induced dintrogen activation
5 Outlook

A lot of natural guanidine products and synthetic guanidyl compounds were presented potent biological activities. The synthesis of glycosyl guanidines has been attracted continued interests in recent years. With the discovery of natural products containing glycosyl and guandine, synthetic method of glycosyl guanidines has been improved. Thiophilic reagents and guanidinylation reagents have been used to synthesize glycosyl guanidines. In this paper, the structures, the synthetic methods and applications of glycosyl guanidine derivatives are reviewed. The prospects and research direction based on the analysis of this field are given. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Natural products of guanidinoglycoside
3 Synthetic guanidinoglycosides
3.1 Guanidinoglycosides
3.2 Non-anomeric glycosyl guanidines
3.3 Bisglycosyl guanidines
3.4 Guanylation biotinylated aminoglycosides
4 Conclusion and outlook

Heterofluorenes, achieved by substituting the sp³-hybridized carbon of fluorene with oxygen, sulfur, silicon, nitrogen, phosphor etc., are a series of very interesting optoelectronic materials. They have not only many highly effective ways to modify the electronic structures and properties through the particular interactions between the heteroatom and the π-conjugated system, but also show different modification properties at different substitution positions due to the influence of the heteroatoms. 1,8-Functionalization inspires new properties from widely used materials although the synthesis is always difficult. Owing to the wide spread progress of heterofluorenes and the 1,8-functionalization strategy, 1,8-functionalized heterofluorenes have received increasing attention in organic optical and electronic materials and devices recently. Herein, we summarized the basic principles of the molecular design, material synthesis, structure-property relations, and optoelectronic device applications of 1,8-functionalized heterofluorenes. The different synthetic methods of various 1,8-functionalized heterofluorenes are reviewed and presented according to different effects of different heteroatoms. Besides, the applications of 1,8-functionalized heterofluorenes as host materials for phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes, as electroluminescent materials for organic light emitting diodes, as photovoltaic materials for solar cells, and as functional ligands for organic metals are discussed in detail. Finally, the existing key problems and the future development of 1,8-functionalized heterofluorenes are also outlined and suggested. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of 1,8-functionalized heterofluorenes
2.1 Direct synthetic methods
2.2 Indirect synthetic methods
3 Applications of 1,8-functionalized heterofluorenes
3.1 Organic electroluminescent materials
3.2 Photovoltaic materials
3.3 Ligands
4 Conclusion and outlook

Solvent sublation is a special liquid-liquid extraction, which is greatly strengthened by the effect of bubble mass transfer. Solvent sublation has many advantages, such as high separation efficiency, high concentration coefficient, soft separation process, low dosage of organic solvent and simple operation. Thus, this technique has been widely applied in sample pretreatment of instrumental analysis, separation and concentration of organic pollutants in water sample, separation of active components in natural products and so on. The present article mainly reviews the recent progress of theory and application research in solvent sublation. Furthermore, several novel separation modes (aqueous two-phase extraction and flotation complexation extraction) and new application fields (sample pretreatment and separation of active components from extract of natural products) are also introduced in detail. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Basic of solvent sublation
2.1 Technical advantages
2.2 General apparatus
2.3 Separation parameters
3 Applications of solvent sublation
3.1 Removal and recovery of organic pollutants
3.2 Analysis of organic compounds
3.3 Analysis of metal ions
3.4 Separation and concentration of active compo-nents from natural product extract
4 Novel separation mode of solvent sublation
4.1 Aqueous Two-Phase Flotation (ATPF)
4.2 Flotation Complexation Extraction (FCE)
5 Theoretical research of solvent sublation
6 Conclusions and outlook

In recent years, the higher incidence of cancer has aroused wide public concern. Due to the drawbacks of conventional cancer treatment methods, there has been increasing interest in developing new drug targeting delivery systems with multi-functionalized nanoparticles, such as gold nanoparticles, liposomes, polymers, DNA, etc. Base on the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, the nanoparticles can present both passive and active targeting mechanisms after modified with the targeting biomoleculars on the surface. And the temperature, pH, ultrasound, light and enzymes can all act as incentives for triggered release in tumor regions. This review examines functionalities engineered into nanoparticles recently, including targeting and triggered release of contents, and these properties have raised new opportunities for drug delivery system. Contents
1 Introduction
2 The nanoparticles for anti-cancer drug delivery system
3 The application of nanoparticles with triggered release
3.1 Heat trigger
3.2 Light trigger
3.3 pH trigger
3.4 Ultrasound trigger
3.5 Enzymatic trigger
4 Conclusion and outlook

The rapid development of nanotechnology offers wide prospects for the application of nanomaterials in different areas of industry, technology and medicine. Meanwhile, the biological effect and safety of nanoparticles have attracted worldwide attention. To ensure the healthy and sustainable development of nanotechnology, the interaction of nanoparticles with organisms and the biological effect produced by nanoparticles can not be neglected.To understand the biological effects of nanoparticles, investigating how the nanoparticles entrance into organisms and the complicated molecular aspects of nano-bio interactions is crucial. The main routes of nanoparticles entering the organisms are introduced. The interaction of nanoparticles with protein, the influencing factors and characterization of the interaction are reviewed in detail. The effects of nano-protein interaction on the structure and function of protein and the biological impact of nanoparticles are summarized. Contents
1 Introduction
2 The main routes of nanoparticles entrance into the body
2.1 The respiratory system
2.2 The skin
2.3 The gastrointestinal system
3 The interaction of nanoparticles with proteins
4 The characterization of the interaction of nanoparticles with proteins
5 The effect of the interaction of nanoparticles with proteins
5.1 The effect on the structure and function of proteins
5.2 The effect on the characteristics and biological effect of nanoparticles
6 Outlook

Aluminum is a high energy carrier and an ideal electrode material for batteries. At present, the application of aluminum in rechargeable batteries are mainly high temperature molten salt batteries, all these rechargeable aluminum batteries use molten salt electrolyte, which must work at high temperature. The use of high temperature molten salt electrolyte limited the development of rechargeable aluminum batteries. Recently, researchers begin to use ambient temperature ionic liquids as electrolyte of rechargeable aluminum batteries, which can prevent the formation of oxide films on the aluminum surface as well as eliminate H₂ evolution. This new battery system working at mild condition, which adopts aluminum or aluminum intercalation compounds as electrodes and ionic liquids as electrolytes, has many advantages compared to conventional rechargeable batteries. This paper introduces related researches and applications of ambient temperature rechargeable aluminum batteries in recent years, including the optimizing of aluminum anode and inhibition of dendrite, the design of aluminum anode materials that can intercalate and release aluminum ion, the performance of polymer cathode materials and transition metal oxide cathode materials, the request of electrolytes, and advantages of ionic liquid used as electrolyte. Furthermore, possible existent problems and corresponding solutions are proposed. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Optimize and design of anode material in ambient temperature rechargeable aluminum batteries
2.1 Activation and anti-corroding of the aluminum anode
2.2 Dendrite formation and inhibition
2.3 Aluminum anode materials that can intercalate and deintercalate aluminum ion
3 Electrolyte for ambient temperature rechargeable aluminum batteries
3.1 The request of electrolytes
3.2 The advantages of ionic liquids used as electrolyte
3.3 The application of ionic liquids
4 Cathode materials used in ambient temperature rechargeable aluminum batteries
4.1 Polymer cathode materials
4.2 Transition metal oxide cathode materials
5 Conclusion

With the development of lithium ion batteries with high energy density, the traditional graphite anode material will be replaced gradually by other materials with high specific capacity, such as alloy and metal oxides. However, these high capacity anode materials suffer from huge volume change during the cycling process, which causes the degradation of cycle performance and thus limits their application. Apart from the improvement on the active materials, the rational choice of binder is an effective way to improve the electrochemical performance of electrode. In the present paper, the development of binders used in high capacity anode in the recent decade is reviewed. With various modifications on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder to enhance its viscoelasticity, the electrochemical properties of electrode can be improved. Compared to PVDF, the water-based carboxymentyl cellulose (CMC) binder can enhance greatly the electrochemical performance of Si-based electrodes. Better dispersion of electrode slurry, inactive to electrolyte and forming a chemical bond (covalent or hydrogen bonding) with active materials are the reasons for CMC being better than PVDF when used in the high capacity negative electrode. The structural parameters of CMC (molecular weight, degree of substitution, cationic), CMC content, pH value of the slurry and the electrode porosity have important influence on CMC electrode performance. Besides, polyacrylic acid (PAA) and Na-alginate binder are much effective in improving the cycling performance of high capacity electrode, due to their high carboxyl groups (-COOH). Other novel binders also have potential to enhance cycling performance of high capacity electrode. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Disadvantages and modification of conventional PVDF binder
3 CMC binder
3.1 Application of CMC binder in lithium-ion battery
3.2 Binding mechanism of CMC binder
3.3 Influencing factors of CMC binder
4 PAA binder
5 Na-alginate binder
6 Other novel binders
7 Conclusions