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Progress in Chemistry 2021, Vol. 33 Issue (2): 188-198 DOI: 10.7536/PC200650 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

One-Dimensional New Carbon Allotrope: Carbon Chain

Jun Jin1, Ziheng Lin1, Lei Shi1,*()   

  1. 1 School of Material Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou 510275, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Lei Shi
  • About author:
    * Corresponding author e-mail:
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(51902353); Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2019A1515011227); Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(29000-31610028); Science and Technology Innovation Strategy Fund of Guangdong Province(pdjh2020b0018)
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Carbon chain(CC) is a new type of carbon allotrope with one-dimensional sp-hybridized structure. Its unique chemical bonds result in superior properties than that of fullerene, graphene, and carbon nanotubes. For example, theoretical calculations predict that the mechanical strength of the CC is several times greater than that of graphene. Also, the thermal conductivity of the CC is similar to that of graphene and carbon nanotubes. In addition, the CC is a semiconductor with direct band gap, which can be tuned via its length, i.e., the longer the CC, the smaller the band gap. Although the research on the CC has bee started as early as the 19th century, making progress was indeed difficult and slow. Recently, several breakthroughs in research on CC has attracted extensive attention to CC again all over the world. In this review, the concept, structure, and properties of the CC are first introduced. On this basis, typical synthesis methods and applications are detailedly presented. Especially, several recent major breakthroughs in the field of the CC are highlighted. Most importantly, perspectives on the research directions of the CC are indicated. We hope that this review is able to attract domestic and international peers’ attention on this new type of one-dimensional sp-hybridized carbon allotrope.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 The structure and category of carbon chain

3 The properties of carbon chain

3.1 The band gap of polyynic carbon chain

3.2 Mechanical, thermal, and superconducting properties of carbon chain

4 The synthesis of carbon chain

4.1 Bottom-up synthesis

4.2 Arc-discharge method

4.3 Laser-ablation method

4.4 Heat-treatment method

4.5 Irradiation method

4.6 On-surface synthesis

5 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: carbon chain, structure, property, synthesis, application
Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of three types of hybridization of carbon[8]
Fig. 2 (a) Cumulene;(b) polyyne;(c,d) end-capped LCCs with the same or different chemical groups;(e) LCCs inside MWCNTs;(f) The scheme of crystalline polyynes;(g) LCCs derived from carbon nanotubes
Table 1 Band gap, Young’s modulus, and thermal conductivity of carbon chains, carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerene, and diamond[26???????~34,37]
Band gap(eV) Young’s modulus(GPa) Thermal conductivity(W·m-1·K-1)
Carbon chain Polyyne:1.8~5
Cumulene:0 		32 710[26] ~4000[27]
Carbon nanotubes Metallic:0
Semiconducting:0~6 		~1000[28] Multi-walled carbon nanotubes: ~3180[29]
Single-walled carbon nanotubes: ~3500[30]
Graphene 0 900~1000[31] Monolayer: ~5300[32]
Bilayer: ~4800
Fullerene ~1.6[33] 62~107[34] <0.01[37]
Diamond ~5.5 1180~1220[36] ~2200[35]
Fig. 3 (a) Band gap of carbon chain as a function of inverse number of carbon atoms in the carbon chain in different environments;(b) Band gap of carbon chain as a function of its Raman frequency[34]. Copyright 2017, APS
Fig. 4 Theoretically calculated superconductive transition temperature of carbon chains with different structures[56]
Fig. 5 Sketches representing several methods to synthesize LCCs[88].(a) arc-discharge in liquid,(b) arc-discharge in gas,(c) liquid laser ablation,(d) laser ablation in gas. Copyright 2016, RSC
Fig. 6 (a) HRTEM,(b) simulated TEM, and(c), molecular model images of a long linear carbon chain(LLCC) encapsulated in a DWCNT prepared by high-vacuum high-temperature annealing method. The line profiles for the experimental(d) and the simulated(e) LLCC@DWCNT at the corresponding marked positions are shown in(a) and (b)[34]. Copyright 2017, APS
Table 2 Summary of three common methods for the synthesis of carbon chains inside single-, double-, or multi-walled carbon nanotubes
CC@CNTS Arc discharge Heat-treatment Nanoreactor
CC@MWCNTS √ √ ×
CC@DWCNTS × √ √
CC@SWCNTS × √ ×
Fig. 7 Carbon chains formed in monolayer graphene[101]. Copyright 2009, APS
Fig. 8 Illustration of synthesis of metalated carbyne on Cu(110) by coupling ethyne precursors[112]. Copyright 2016, ACS
Fig. 9 Reaction scheme for the formation of cyclo[18]carbon[114]. Copyright 2019, AAAS
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