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Progress in Chemistry 2023, Vol. 35 Issue (1): 88-104 DOI: 10.7536/PC220544 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

1D Nanoribbons of 2D Materials

Xuan Li, Jiongpeng Huang, Yifan Zhang, Lei Shi()   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Material Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou 510275, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: *e-mail: shilei26@mail.sysu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(202201011790); National Natural Science Foundation of China(51902353); Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, and the Sun Yat-sen University(22lgqb03)
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Since the discovery of graphene, studies on two-dimensional (2D) materials have become a hot research area. 2D materials can be prepared into one-dimensional (1D) nanoribbons by using different methods. The obtained 1D nanoribbons present unique electrical, optical, and magnetic properties, which are different from that of their 2D material counterparts, due to their limited width and specific edge structures. Therefore, more and more researches focus on the 1D nanoribbons of 2D materials recently. In this review, we introduce several typical 1D nanoribbons of 2D materials, such as graphene, graphdiyne, biphenylene, boron nitride, black phosphorus, and transition metal dichalcogenides. We firstly discuss the structures and modified properties when the 2D materials are formed into 1D nanoribbons. Then, typical synthesis methods including “top-down” and “bottom-up” strategies are presented in detail. Especially, several methods are mainly introduced including on-surface synthesis, solution synthesis, confined synthesis, unzipping the nanotubes, and chemical vapor deposition, leading to controllable synthesis of nanoribbons with sub-nanometer in width and/or with designed edge structure, which ultimately result in nanoribbons with tailored properties. Finally, advantages and disadvantages of these synthesis methods are summarized and perspectives on the precision synthesis of certain nanoribbons with specific properties as well as applications are highlighted. We hope that this review is able to attract domestic and international peers’ attention on this new research focus on the 1D nanoribbons of 2D materials.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Graphene nanoribbons

2.1 Structure and properties of graphene nanoribbons

2.2 Preparation of graphene nanoribbons

3 Graphdiyne nanoribbons

3.1 Structure and properties of graphdiyne nanoribbons

3.2 Preparation of graphdiyne nanoribbons

4 Biphenylene nanoribbons

4.1 Structure and properties of biphenylen nanoribbons

4.2 Preparation of biphenylen nanoribbons

5 Boron nitride nanoribbons

5.1 Structure and properties of boron nitride nanoribbons

5.2 Preparation of boron nitride nanoribbons

6 Phosphorus nanoribbons

6.1 Structure and properties of phosphorus nanoribbons

6.2 Preparation of phosphorus nanoribbons

7 Transition metal dichalcogenides nanoribbons

7.1 MoS2 nanoribbon

7.2 MoSe2 nanoribbon

7.3 WS2 nanoribbon

7.4 WSe2 nanoribbon

7.5 WTe2 nanoribbon

7.6 ReS2 nanoribbon

8 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: two-dimensional materials, nanoribbons, structure, preparation, property
Fig. 1 Development of one-dimensional nanoribbons of various two-dimensional materials. Copyright can be found separately in the following figures
Fig. 2 The variation of band gaps of Na-AGNRs as a function of width obtained from (a) tight-binding calculations, (b) local density approximation calculations[8]. Copyright 2006, American Physical Society
Fig. 3 (a) Electronic structure of a 16-ZGNR without external electric field, (b) The spatial distribution of the charge difference between α-spin (red) and β-spin (blue) for the ground state without electric field, (c) From left to right, band structures of the α-spin and β-spin with increased electric field of 0.0, 0.05 and 0.1 V·?-1. Copyright 2006, Springer Nature
Fig. 4 (a~c) Device images, (d~f) conductance as a function of gate voltage measured at different temperatures, (g) conductance versus width, (h) energy gap versus width of GNRs. Copyright 2007, American Physical Society
Fig. 5 Atomic force microscopy images of graphene nanoribbons with variable width obtained from solution sonication[15]. Copyright 2008, AAAS
Fig. 6 (a) Schematic of multi-walled carbon nanotubes etching to obtain graphene nanoribbons[16]. Copyright 2009, Springer Nature. (b) Schematic of the gradual unzipping of one wall of a carbon nanotube to form a nanoribbon[17]. Copyright 2009, Springer Nature
Fig. 7 (a) Schematic of molecular reactions of synthesis of graphene nanoribbons on Au(111) surface[18]. Copyright 2010, Springer Nature. (b) Reaction scheme and process of synthesis of graphene nanoribbons in solution[21]. Copyright 2014, Springer Nature
Fig. 8 Schematic of synthetic strategy to graphene nanoribbons with specific edges[30]. Copyright 2021, Springer Nature
Fig. 9 (a) Synthesis of graphene nanoribbons within a single-walled carbon nanotube from polyaromatic hydrocarbons[31]. Copyright 2011, American Chemical Society. (b) High resolution transmission electron microscopy images and corresponding simulations for armchair graphene nanoribbons synthesized from ferrocene[32]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier
Fig. 10 (a) Schematic of graphdiyne fragment, (b) The stepwise intermolecular and intramolecular Glazer-Hay coupling reaction for graphdiyne nanoribbons[41]. Copyright 2020, John Wiley and Sons
Fig. 11 (a) Reaction process of synthesis of biphenylene nanoribbons and biphenylene network, (b) Scanning tunneling microscopy images and corresponding atomic force microscopy images of biphenylene nanoribbons[44]. Copyright 2021, AAAS
Fig.12 (a) Schematic of exfoliation and cutting of boron nitride in water via Sonication-Assisted Hydrolysis[57]. Copyright 2011, American Chemical Society. (b) Schematic of epitaxial growth of boron nitride nanoribbons from the edge of a graphene[58]. Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society
Fig. 13 Schematic of in situ transmission electron microscope and scanning transmission electron microscope nanosculpting of zigzag few-layer phosphorus nanoribbons[64]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society
Fig. 14 (a) Schematic illustration of growth process, (b) Optical microscopy image of as-grown MoS2 nanoribbons on sapphire supported monolayer MoS2 flakes, (c) The statistics on the relative orientation of MoS2 nanoribbons, (d) The atomic structure illustration of MoS2 nanoribbons[77]. Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons
Fig. 15 Schematic of the electrochemical/chemical synthesis of MoS2 nanoribbons[79]. Copyright 2005, American Chemical Society
Fig. 16 Fabrication of MoSe2 nanoribbons via molecular beam epitaxy method[85]. Copyright 2017, John Wiley and Sons
Fig. 17 (a) Schematic of two-step controlled growth of MoSe2 ultranarrow ribbon on Au(100), (b~d) Scanning tunneling microscopy images of corresponding growth stages[86]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society
Fig. 18 (a,b) Schematic of synthesis procedure of transition-metal dichalcogenide nanoribbons, (c,d) Illustration of transition-metal dichalcogenide nanoplates and nanoribbons synthesis using space-confined and substrate-directed chemical vapor deposition and conventional chemical vapor deposition strategy, respectively[97]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier
Fig. 19 (a) Schematic of stacked WTe converting into zigzag nanoribbons, (b) Illustration showing the geometrical structures of the pristine WTe and the vertically and horizontally aligned WX2 obtained after reaction, (c~f) Scanning electron microscope images of the pristine WTe, and the WS2, WSe2, and WTe2 nanoribbons, respectively[106]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society
Table 1 Preparation methods, widths, layer number and energy gaps of various nanoribbons
Preparation Method Width Layer Number Energy Gap
Graphene Nanoribbon lithography[12⇓~14] tens of nm single 0.002~0.126 eV[12]
ultrasonication in solution[15] 10~50 nm ≤3 /
nanotube zipping[16,17] 10~20 nm single/few /
on-surface synthesis[18⇓⇓⇓~22] 7-AGNR/3-AGNR single 2.3/3.2 eV[18]
CVD[25⇓⇓~28] ~23 nm/3-AGNR single /
epitaxy[30] <5 nm single /
confined synthesis[31⇓⇓~34] 0.5~1 nm/6,7-AGNR single 1.9~2.3 eV[32]
Graphdiyne Nanoribbon organic synthesis[41] ~60 nm single 1.9 eV[41]
Biphenylene Nanoribbon on-surface synthesis[44,48] 12-/18-/21-
armchair BNR		 single 0.1~1 eV[42⇓⇓⇓⇓~47]

Boron Nitride Nanoribbon		 nanotube zipping[53⇓⇓~56] <30 nm several armchair: >4 eV
zigzag: metallic[49⇓⇓~52]
ultrasonication in solution[57] <200 nm single/few
epitaxy[58] hundreds of nm single
Phosphorus Nanoribbon lithography[64,65] <10 nm few >1.5 eV[59]
ultrasonication in solution[66,67] 4~50 nm single/few


MoS2 Nanoribbon		 nanotube zipping[73] ~90 nm 20~30 armchair: >0.56 eV[69]
confined synthesis[74] 1.5~4 nm single
CVD[75⇓~77] tens to hundreds of nm single/few
lithography[78] 157~465 nm 5
organic synthesis[79] 50~800 nm several

MoSe2 Nanoribbon		 lithography[83] 300±50 nm single <1.5 eV[80]
CVD[80] ~150 nm single
molecular beam epitaxy[84~85] 10~30 nm single/few
template assisted growth[86] ~0.7 nm single

WS2 Nanoribbon		 nanotube zipping[73,90] ~100 nm several armchair: semiconducting
zigzag: metallic[88]
lithography[91] ~20 nm several
confined synthesis[92] 1~3 nm single

WSe2 Nanoribbon		 lithography[96] <10 nm single armchair: semiconducting
zigzag: metallic[93]
CVD[97] tens to thousands of nm single
epitaxy[98] tens to hundreds of nm single

WTe2 Nanoribbon		 CVD[102⇓~104] 100~200 nm single/few armchair: semiconducting
zigzag: metallic[100]
confined synthesis[105] ~1 nm single
transformation from nanowire[106] ~10 nm several
ReS2 Nanoribbon CVD[109] ~50 nm few 0.9~1.6 eV[108]
confined synthesis[110] ~1.3 nm single
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Abstract

1D Nanoribbons of 2D Materials