Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) appears to be one of the most promising systems of various fuel cells, due to their simple structure, high energy density, easy transportation and environment friendly. The activity and stability of the anode and cathode catalysts determine the performance and stability of DMFC. Platinum (Pt) has the highest activity toward both anodic and cathodic reactions. However, the low abundance and high cost of commercial platinum catalyst hinder the widespread application of DMFC. Therefore, developing non-platinum catalysts is of great significance to the wide application of DMFC. Although researchers have made great progress in non-platinum catalysts research in recent years, the activity and stability of non-platinum catalysts still need further improvement to meet the requirements of commercial application. In this review article, the research progresses anode and cathode catalysts for direct methanol fuel cell in recent years are summarized. The development of the Pt-based and Pt-free anode and cathode catalysts of DMFC is described in detail, respectively. Besides, the synergistic effect from strong interaction between Pt-based catalyst and catalyst supports is also discussed. Finally, the further development in the anode and cathode catalysts of DMFC is expected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Anode catalysts
2.1 Platinum-based anode catalysts
2.2 Non-platinum anode catalysts
3 Cathode catalysts
3.1 Platinum-based cathode catalysts
3.2 Non-platinum cathode catalysts
4 Synergistic effect between Pt-based catalyst and supports
5 Conclusion and outlook

As an important intermediate for the production of silane coupling agent, γ-chloropropyl trichlorosilane is mainly obtained by Pt catalyzed hydrosilylation of allyl chloride and trichlorosilane. The industrial scale of γ-chloropropyl trichlorosilane has already exceeded 10000 tons. Despite great success achieved in this field, the hydrosilylation reaction is often accompanied with the low selectivity and high amounts of byproducts. Much progress in this hydrosilylation reaction has been made through the modulation of ligands on platinum complexes and their immobilization during the past decades. This paper reviews the progress in platinum complexes used as catalysts in the hydrosilylation reaction of trichlorosilane and allyl chloride,particularly focus on the impacts of ligands to soluble homogeneous platinum complex catalysts and supported platinum complex catalysts. Meanwhile, the progress in its reaction mechanism is presented. At last, some ideas are provided for future research.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Homogeneous platinum complexes catalysts
2.1 Speier catalysts
2.2 Karstedt catalysts
2.3 Other homogeneous platinum complexes catalysts
3 Supported platinum complexes catalysts
3.1 Inorganic materials supported platinum complexes catalysts
3.2 Soluble polymer supported platinum complexes catalysts
3.3 Ionic liquids supported platinum complexes catalysts
4 Mechanism study
5 Conclusion

Nowadays, DNA tetrahedron nanostructure materials, formed by self-assembly based on DNA nanotechnology, have become a hot topic in the field of DNA nanomaterials because of their stable structures, superior mechanical properties, rich modification sites, and convenient fabrication methods with high yield. The synthesis of DNA tetrahedron only needs one step of thermal denaturation using four single nucleotides as raw materials. Their functionalization molecules can be modified on the vertexes, embedded between the double-stranded DNA of the tetrahedron edges, hanged on the edges, or encapsulated in the cage-like structure of the tetrahedron. The structure of tetrahedron can also be intelligently controlled through smart design such as integrating DNA hairpin loop structure onto the edges. This review introduces the design principle of the DNA tetrahedron nanostructure materials, the functionalization and intellectualization methods based on their unique nanostructure, as well as their applications on molecular diagnosis, bioimaging and targeted drug delivery, and finally discusses the considerations in the future research of this field.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 DNA tetrahedron nanostructures
2.1 The self-assembly principle
2.2 The functional modification and intellectualization
3 The applications of tetrahedron nanostructures
3.1 Molecular diagnosis
3.2 Bioimaging
3.3 Molecular transport and targeted drug delivery
4 Conclusion and outlook

Zwitterionic polymers have both anion and cation groups in one molecular chain. They include several types of polymers such as phosphorylcholine-, sulphobetaine-, carboxyl betaine-, and mixed-charge polymer, according to the different macromolecular structures. They can be cationic or anionic polyelectrolyte by adjusting the pH values in aqueous solutions. They also have a particular anti-polyelectrolyte behavior. Moreover, they have been endowed with lots of other excellent properties, such as strong hydrophilicity, good thermo and chemical stabilities, excellent biocompatibility, and antifouling property. Various zwitterionic polymer materials have been successfully applied in many fields. In this review, the recent progress in antifouling materials, drug delivery carries, and detection and separation materials are summarized. Especially, the developments in the mechanism of protein resistance adsorption are highlighted. The hydration of zwitterionic polymers plays an important role in resisting proteins adsorption, which dominatingly depends on the chemical structures of zwitterionic polymers, such as polymer density, cationic and anionic species and their space length, and charge arrangement. Just based on the properties of protein resistance adsorption and polyelectrolyte, zwitterionic polymers are also used as a block in copolymers or gels to prepare nanocarriers for drug delivery. In preparation of detection and separation materials, the research progress of polymer monolithic columns are particularly summarized, for their excellent stability for resisting a long-term solvent washing and high temperature. In addition, the development perspectives of zwitterionic polymers are also discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Nonfouling mechanisms of zwitterionic polymers
3 Applications of zwitterionic polymers
3.1 Antifouling materials
3.2 Drug delivery nanocarriers
3.3 Detection and separation materials
3.4 Other applications
4 Conclusion and outlook

Compared with the traditional fluorescent probes based on non-covalent bond supermolecular interactions, the identification process of reaction fluorescent probes is a chemical reaction with the target compound to change the spectral properties or color, thus different structures of the photoactive compounds are generated. In recent years, reactive fluorescent probes are mainly three types of chemical reactions, including the substrate and the receptor are connected through covalent bond; substrate as a catalyst occurs irreversible reactions with the receptor; the substrate coordinates with the receptor based on replacement reacting. Because of the advantages of using the selection of a particular substance reaction, reactive fluorescent probes provide a convenient, quick, specific method to detect target, with high sensitivity and selectivity. In the review, the latest research progress of reaction-based rhodamine fluorescent probes to detect the metal cations, reactive oxygen species and anions to induce β-lactam ring-opening in the past six years is reviewed, and the relationship between the structure and the detection performance of the probes is introduced. In addition, the application prospect and development trend of fluorescent probes are prospected.

Contents
1 Intorduction
2 Reaction-based fluorescent probes for cations
2.1 Reaction-based fluorescent probes for Cu²⁺
2.2 Reaction-based fluorescent probes for Hg²⁺
2.3 Reaction-based fluorescent probes for Fe³⁺
2.4 Reaction-based fluorescent probes for Pd²⁺
2.5 Reaction-based fluorescent probes for Ag⁺ and Au³⁺
3 Reaction-based fluorescent probes for reactive oxygen species(ROS)
3.1 Reaction-based fluorescent probes for ClO^-
3.2 Reaction-based fluorescent probes for HO·
3.3 Reaction-based fluorescent probes for H₂O₂
4 Reaction-based fluorescent probes for anions
5 Conclusion

Pyrene is a simple aromatic molecule, and it can easily form dynamic and static excimer in solution, which shows long wavelength fluorescence emission. Owing to the different fluorescence emission wavelengths of pyrene monomer and excimer, pyrene is often used as fluorophore for the synthesis of various fluorescent sensors. The progress of pyrene-based fluorescent chemosensors, including the molecular design, mechanism and their application to single-cation, dication as well as anion recognition are summarized. The developing prospect of this type of fluorescent chemosensor is envisaged in this review.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Fluorescence sensors for single-cation
2.1 Fluorescent sensors for Hg²⁺ 2.2 Fluorescent sensors for Cu²⁺ 2.3 Fluorescent sensors for Zn²⁺ 2.4 Fluorescent sensors for Ag⁺ 2.5 Fluorescent sensors for other single-cation 3 Fluorescence sensors for dication
3.1 Fluorescent sensors for Hg²⁺,Cu²⁺ 3.2 Fluorescent sensors for Hg²⁺,Pb²⁺ 3.3 Fluorescent sensors for other dication
4 Fluorescent sensors for anion
5 Conclusion

Microfluidic system integrated with different functional units is widely employed in biochemical analysis and shows great potentials compared with conventional approaches for bacteria detection. Recently, novel nano fluorescent probes with improved fluorescent properties, low background and enhanced selectivity provide an efficient way for pathogenic bacteria quantitation, especially when they are combined with miniaturized platform or microfluidic device. Several novel nano fluorescent probes for bacteria detection are introduced and discussed in this review. Moreover, special attention has been paid to the recent research about combination of these approaches in bacteria analysis using variety of nano fluorescent probes on the microfluidic chip. It is also focused that the development of effective bacteria detection under the micro scale space with fluorescent monitoring mode.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The technology of bacteria detection on microfluidic chips
3 New nano-fluorescent probes for bacteria labeled and detection
4 Detection of bacteria by nano-fluorescent probes on microfluidic chip
4.1 Detection of bacteria with nano-fluorescent probes
4.2 Detection of bacteria with nano-fluorescent probes and aptamers
4.3 Detection of bacteria with nano-fluorescent probes and immunoassay
5 Conclusion and perspective

In the technology of enzyme immobilization, the choice of carrier material is very important for the catalytic performance of enzyme. As a new type of high efficient enzyme immobilization carrier with larger specific surface area, ordered nano pore structure, good mechanical/electrical/thermal performance, outstanding chemical stability, biocompatibility and controllable surface functional modifications, carbon nanotubes are used more and more extensively. The recent research progress of enzyme immobilization on carbon nanotubes is reviewed in this paper, focusing on the immobilization of hydrolases and oxido-reductases, which have important industrial application value. The influence of surface modification of carrier and immobilizationmethods on the catalytic properties of immobilized enzymes is introduced. The outlook of potential applications of enzyme immobilization on carbon nanotubes is also prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Research of enzyme immobilization on carbon nanotubes
2.1 Hydrolase immobilization on carbon nanotubes
2.2 Oxido-reductase immobilization on carbon nanotubes
2.3 Other kinds of enzymes immobilization on carbon nanotubes
2.4 The application of immobilized enzymes in the biosensors
3 Conclusions

Peptidomimetics are important drug design tools as substitutes for peptides in active sites of enzymes and receptors. The incorporation of some specific structure into biologically active peptides may lead to conformationally restricted peptidomimetics. Conformational restriction of peptidomimetics may significantly improve the pharmacodynamic properties and pharmacokinetic properties, including bioactivity, selectivity to receptors, stability of metabolism and absorption properties. To develop new approaches, allow rational design and synthesis of restricted peptidomimetics is of importance. Herein, we review two approaches to access conformationally restricted peptidomimetics, the local conformational restriction approach and the overall cyclization approach.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Local conformational restriction of peptide
2.1 C^α-methylated amino acids
2.2 N-methylated amino acids
2.3 C^α,C^α-dialkyl amino acids
2.4 C^β,C^β-dialkyl amino acids
2.5 α,β-unsaturated amino acids
2.6 C-C cyclization of amino acids
2.7 C-N cyclization of amino acids
2.8 N-N cyclization of amino acids
3 The overall cyclization of peptides
3.1 The overall cyclization methods of peptides
3.2 Other cyclization methods expect lactam bond
4 Conclusion

Silicon has the highest theoretical capacity(4200 mAh ·g^-1) when used as the anode material for lithium-ion batteries. But the severe volume change(> 300%) during Li⁺insertion/extraction processes results in the structural destruction, which further leads to the loss of electrical contact between active materials themselves or active materials and the current collectors. Moreover, the new solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) continually forms on the surface of silicon. All of these problems cause capacity attenuation as well as the poor cycling and rate performance for silicon-based anode materials. In this review, the lithium-storage and capacity fading mechanisms of silicon-based materials for lithium-ion batteries are summarized. To overcome the severe volume change during charge/discharge, selection and structure design of silicon material are introduced. Synthetic routes, electrochemical performance and possible mechanisms of typical silicon-based composite materials, especially various silicon/carbon composite materials, are discussed. An overview of several novel fabrication techniques of the electrodes for improving the electrochemical performance of silicon-based anode materials and their possible mechanisms are given. Challenges and perspectives of silicon-based anode materials are also proposed and discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Lithium-storage and capacity fading mechanisms
3 Selection and structure design of silicon material
3.1 Amorphous silicon and silicon oxide
3.2 Low-dimensional silicon materials
3.3 Porous and hollow silicon materials
4 Fabrication of silicon-based composites
4.1 Silicon/metal composites
4.2 Silicon/carbon composites
4.3 Other silicon-based materials
5 Optimizing the preparation process of electrodes
5.1 Treatments of electrodes
5.2 Selection of current collectors
5.3 Choices of binders
5.4 Options of electrolyte
6 Conclusion and outlook

With the rapid development of energy storage power supply and electric cars, development of high energy density for lithium ion battery becomes focus of the future study. The performance of lithium ion battery greatly depends on the cathode materials. At present, there are some defects in widely used inorganic cathode materials such as limited capacity upgrade space, large energy consumption for production process, existence of security risks, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to develop green energy materials with higher specific capacity, better safety performance and abundant reserves in nature. Compared with inorganic cathode materials, organic cathode material is a kind of energy storage material with broad application prospects due to the advantages of high theoretical capacity, abundant resources, environmental friendness, structure design easily and system security. This paper summarizes the researches which have been carried out at home and abroad recent years. Several main kinds of organic cathode materials including conductive polymer, sulfur compounds, nitrogen oxygen free radical compounds and containing oxygen conjugated compounds are introduced. The electrochemical properties, electrochemical reaction mechanism, advantages and disadvantages of these compounds are compared and analyzed. Through the analysis and prospects for the future, the problems need to be solved for cathode materials of lithium ion battery are pointed out, and the future direction for research and improvement of organic cathode materials is proposed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Organic conductive polymer cathode materials
3 Organic sulfide cathode materials
4 Organic containing oxygen cathode materials
5 Conclusion and prospect

The flexible field emission cathode materials, with the unique advancements of deformability and bendability, have wide potential applications in the fields of electronic textiles, distributed sensors, paper displays and the large bending displays on building surface. Thus, the investigation on the flexible device systems, based on the semiconductor nanostructures with both high flexibility and excellent performance, becomes one of the hot research topics currently. In the present review, we firstly provide a brief introduction to the major features of the flexible field emission cathode materials. Then we make a comprehensive review on the research progresses focused on the fabrications of the flexible field emission cathode materials grown on the typical substrates of polymers, graphenes and carbon fabrics. Subsequently, we shed some lights on the potential applications of the flexible cathodes in the field emission displays and X-ray tubes. Finally, the future development directions of the flexible field emission cathode materials are prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The characteristics of flexible field emission cathode
2.1 Bendability
2.2 Ductility
3 Preparation and properties of flexible field emission cathode materials
3.1 Flexible polymer
3.2 Graphene
3.3 Carbon cloth
4 The applications of flexible cathode
4.1 Field emission display
4.2 X-ray tube
5 Conclusion and outlook

Natural gas sweetening, especially CO₂ cleaning, is an important prerequisite in many different applications and industrial areas for meeting increased environmental requirements. Ionic liquids as green solvents have attracted great attention due to the unique properties, e.g., extremely low vapor pressure, non-flammable, excellent solvent power for organic and inorganic compounds and easy to be modified structurally to elicit desired physical properties. As a result, ionic liquid membranes are emerging as promising candidates rivaling with conventional amine scrubbing. This brief review presents a survey of the most recent development in ionic liquid membranes for natural gas sweetening. Membranes based on all kinds of ionic liquids, e.g., conventional ionic liquids, task-specific ionic liquids, polymeric ionic liquids and ionic liquid mixtures have been reviewed. The properties of ionic liquids are greatly affected by structures, such as alkyl chain length on cation, anion size and functionalization of both cations and anions. In addition to the above effects, performances of ionic liquid membranes are also involved in pore size and hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of supporting membranes, humidity/water content and free ionic liquids in poly ionic liquids. Furthermore, the future developments of ionic liquid membranes for gas sweetening are suggested aiming to expand these membranes to large scale processes.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Kinds of ionic liquids
3 Ionic liquid membranes for acid gas capture
3.1 Membranes based on conventional ionic liquid
3.2 Membranes based on task-specific ionic liquid
3.3 Membranes based on polymerized ionic liquid
3.4 Membranes based on ionic liquid mixture
4 Conclusions and outlook