Inkjet printing is a material-conserving deposition technique used for liquid phase materials. By virtue of convenience, low-cost, flexibility and speediness, inkjet printing has become one of the most promising candidates for fabricating high-quality patterns. In recent years, inkjet printing has aroused wide attention in functional device research area. The “coffee ring” effect is a common phenomenon in inkjet printing. It directly influences the depositional morphology, which affects the resolution of patterns and the performance of devices. It is very important to research the “coffee ring” effect in inkjet printing. In this paper, we present the recent research progress of the “coffee ring” effect in the process of droplet evaporation. Firstly, the forming mechanism and suppressing methods of “coffee ring” effect are discussed. Secondly, the applications by suppressing or utilizing the “coffee ring” effect in inkjet printing, such as high quality photonic crystal pattern, high sensitive sensor, semiconductor film, transparent conducting film and short-channel transistor are introduced. Finally, a perspective on the remaining challenges of controlling “coffee ring” effect in inkjet printing is proposed. The broad research and application of combining the controlling “coffee ring” effect in inkjet printing and nano-material preparation are discussed. It will be of great significance for patterning, functional device research and 3D printing technology.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 “Coffee ring” effect
2.1 Forming mechanism of “Coffee ring” effect
2.2 Suppressing methods of “Coffee ring” effect
3 Suppressing or utilizing “coffee ring” effect in inkjet printing
3.1 Suppressing “coffee ring” effect in inkjet printing
3.2 Utilizing “coffee ring” effect in inkjet printing
4 Conclusion and outlook

Bipolar blue fluorescent materials capable of bipolar charge transport and possessing high photoluminescence quantum yields have paved the way for the development of high-performance and simple structure organic light-emitting devices. Bipolar blue fluorescent materials with the general architecture of “donor-π bridge-acceptor” mainly include diphenyl phosphoryl/sulfonyl based compounds, dimesitylboryl-based compounds, five-membered heterocyclic based compounds, six-membered N-heterocyclic based compounds, their molecular structure and device performances are reviewed in this article, materials without the “D-π-A” structure are also introduced. In addition, materials with thermally activated delayed fluorescence properties, which have received much attention, are summarized. Finally, the challenges and prospective tendency of the bipolar blue fluorescent materials are given based on the current research.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 D-π-A type bipolar blue fluorescent materials
2.1 Diphenyl phosphoryl/sulfonyl based compounds
2.2 Dimesitylboryl-based compounds
2.3 Five-membered heterocyclic based compounds
2.4 Six-membered N-heterocyclic based compounds
2.5 Other D-π-A type bipolar compounds
3 Non D-π-A type bipolar blue fluorescent materials
4 Bipolar blue fluorescent materials with thermally activated delayed fluorescence properties
5 Problems and outlook

Nanosheets zeolite is a brand new type of pseudo 2-dimensional zeolite, possessing distinctive growth trend in the (010) crystal surface and hierarchical micro-mesoporous texture, which has triggered an immense interest in the development of nanosheets and its application. The specific morphology can be obtained and dominantly controlled by using multi-quaternary ammonium surfactants as the structure directing agent. Due to its predominant micro-mesoporous property, optimized surface acidity and lower restriction of the diffusion of macro-molecule with respect to conventional bulk zeolite, nanosheets zeolite has tremendous application potential in adsorption and catalysis fields. This review summarizes the advances in the synthesis and the characterization of ZSM-5 zeolite nanosheets with novel morphology. Furthermore, nanosheets zeolite exhibits premium advantages in many applications. Some different reactions that MFI nanosheets zeolite has been applied to are discussed in detail, including methanol conversion to hydrocarbons and macro-molecules involved reaction, i.e. Beckman rearragement reactions. Additionally, newly developed metal-modified nanosheets zeolite has been applied to isomerization, hydroxylation reaction and the epoxidation of olefins etc. Although nanosheets zeolite possesses a large number of strong points compared with conventional zeolite, there is still a long way to go for MFI nanosheets zeolite in improving the synthesis in a more facile/economical way as well as expanding the applications. The outlook section cast great expectation on nanosheets for enlightening the innovative design of other materials.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of nanosheets zeolites by quaternary ammoniums
2.1 MFI nanosheets zeolite
2.2 Nanosheets zeolite with two different framework intergrown
2.3 Hierarchical zeolite with other kinds of topologies
3 Properties of MFI nanosheets zeolite
3.1 2-Dimensional growth orientation
3.2 Ordered mesoporosity
3.3 Acid properties
3.4 Adsorption properties
4 Application of MFI nanosheet zeolite
4.1 Methanol conversion to hydrocarbons
4.2 Beckman rearrangement reaction
4.3 Applications over the metal-modified MFI nanosheets
5 Conclusion and outlook

Over the past decades, much attention has been paid to develope novel approaches towards water treatment, in particular the membrane filtration, to deal with the severe environmental crisis. One of the research foci is the organic-inorganic composite membranes for their advantages from both polymers and inorganics. In this review, we focus on the composite porous membranes and outline the advances in this field. In recent years, numerous of methods have been developed to fabricate such membranes, including blending, in situ generation, surface modification, atomic layer deposition, and biomineralization. The membranes can be categorized into two models according to the distribution of inorganics in the membrane: the embedding model and enveloping model. In addition, we summarize the practical applications of organic-inorganic composite membranes in anti-fouling and anti-bacterial uses, oil/water separation, catalysis, absorption, battery separator and enzyme immobilization. We suggest the “enveloping model” a better choice to construct the novel organic-inorganic composite membranes with high performance for its high surface mineral coverage.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Types and fabrication methods
2.1 “Embedding” model
2.2 “Enveloping” model
2.3 Comparison of two models
3 Applications of organic-inorganic porous membranes
3.1 Anti-fouling and anti-bacterial applications
3.2 Oil/water separation
3.3 Catalytic membranes
3.4 Absorption
3.5 Battery separator
3.6 Immobilization of enzymes
4 Conclusion and outlook

With the rapid development of world economy and the exponentially growing population, both freshwater shortages and energy crises have plagued many communities around the world. The ocean is expected to mitigate the problems because seawater desalination has shown strong vitality. Forward osmosis is becoming a potential technology of producing both clean energy and clean water due to its low energy consumption and less pollution. However, the internal concentration polarization in the support layer is the main barrier to restrict the performance of forward osmosis membrane. This paper focuses on the internal concentration polarization to introduce the materials and structure of the support layer, in particular, the optimization of traditional support layer (traditional phase inversion support layer and fabrics support layer) and the characteristics and preparation methods of the novel support layer (electrostatic spinning support layer, nanoparticles doped support layer and novel phase inversion support layer). Meanwhile, the paper prospects the development trend of support layer, so that the forward osmosis technology can further expand in different fields.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The internal concentration polarization and membrane structure parameters of forward osmosis membranes
2.1 The internal concentration polarization
2.2 Membrane structure parameters
3 The improvement of traditional support layer structure
3.1 Phase inversion support layer
3.2 Fabrics support layer
4 The novel forward osmosis membrane support layer
4.1 Electrostatic spinning support layer
4.2 Nanoparticles doped support layer
4.3 Novel phase inversion support layer
5 Conclusion and outlook

Superhydrophobic surfaces are characterized by their high water repellency and self-cleaning properties, which is potentially applicable in areas where anti-wetting and anti-fouling properties are highly desired. Membrane distillation (MD) is driven by the vapor pressure gradient across a porous hydrophobic membrane, and is versatile in desalination and water reclamation processes. However, membrane wetting and fouling are two major issues in the application of MD. Based on the state-of-art development of MD, this mini-review provides an overview on the preparation of superhydrophobic membranes and their application in MD. The merits of application of superhydrophobic membranes are illustrated, in addition to the shortcomings of superhydrophobic surfaces. This review is critical in pointing out new research directions and schemes for the development of the MD membrane.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Membrane distillation (MD)
2.1 MD operation modes
2.2 Characteristics of MD process
2.3 MD membranes
3 Superhydrophobic membranes
3.1 Theoretical background of wettability
3.2 Preparation of superhydrophobic membranes
4 Application of superhydrophobic membranes in MD process
4.1 Advantages of using superhydrophobic membranes
4.2 Problems to be solved
5 Conclusion

Ordered mesoporous carbon-based metal composite materials have attracted much research interests due to their large surface area, uniform pore size, high thermal stability and chemical inertness, and the loaded active metal components with small particle size and high dispersion, which have been widely used in heterogeneous catalysis. The common preparation methods include impregnation method, “one-pot” method, and metal component transfer method. This paper reviews the research progress of the application of ordered mesoporous carbon as catalyst and support in the field of heterogeneous catalysis, focusing on the structure control, surface properties control, confinement effect of the carbon support that influence on dispersion, particle size, the diffusion of reactant and product. The particle size and dispersion degree of the active metal combine with unique ordered mesoporous carbon support, which contribute to improve the catalytic performance in gas-phase catalytic reactions, liquid-phase catalytic reactions, and photoelectric catalysis, can be controlled by modification of the mesoporous carbon carrier and various preparation strategies. Furthermore, remarks on the challenges and perspectives of research directions are proposed for further development of the order mesoporous carbon based metal composite materials.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of ordered mesoporous carbon based composites
2.1 Impregnation method
2.2 “One-pot” method
2.3 Metal component transfer method
3 Structure control
3.1 Pore size control
3.2 Metal particle size control
3.3 Surface physical-chemical property control
4 Catalysis applications
4.1 Gas-phase catalytic reactions
4.2 Liquid-phase catalytic reactions
4.3 Photoelectric catalysis
5 Conclusion

Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticles have received considerable attention for recent years because of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). At present, Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticles have been widely used in applications related to photonics, catalysis, information storage, chemical/biological sensing. Due to the well controlled size and morphology of Ag shell, seed-mediated growth method has become the most practical approach to synthesize Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticles. This review provides a short summary of some main factors, such as the morphology and concentration of Au seeds, concentration of AgNO₃, capping agents, reductants and some other factors, which affect the size, morphology, the thickness and uniform coating of Ag shell during the seed-mediated growth of Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticles. Recent studies have shown that Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticles would benefit the further development of the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS).

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Classification of Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticles
3 Preparation of Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticles by seed-mediated growth method
3.1 Precursors
3.2 Capping agents
3.3 Reductants
3.4 Some other factors
4 Conclusion

Polyoxometalates (POMs), being one kind of molecular metal oxides, have structural variety and special physicochemical properties. They have showed broad applications in catalysis, molecule-based functional materials and molecular magnetism. In recent years, POMs can be used as electron acceptor to capture the photogenerated electrons from semiconductors. This facilitates charge separation and restrains electron-hole recombination. Thus the light-to-electricity conversion efficiency is obviously improved, which demonstrates the potential applications in both semiconductor devices and solar cells. In this review, based on our studies and recent literature, we summarize the advance of improving light-to-electricity conversion efficiency by POMs and their application in solar cells, and then make a prospect of future development in this area.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The promotion to the light-to-electricity conversion efficiency of inorganic semiconductors by POM
3 The promotion to the light-to-electricity conversion efficiency of organic semiconductors by POM
4 The application in solar cells of POM
5 Conclusion

Because of the two functional groups in their polymer chain ends, telechelic polymers are usually used for the preparation of copolymers with special structures, such as block, graft, star-like, hyperbranched copolymers. Telechelic polymers are mainly prepared by traditional radical polymerization, controlled/“living” radical polymerization, anionic polymerization, cationic polymerization, metathesis polymerization, and condensation polymerization, etc. In comparison with traditional polymerization methods, olefin metathesis polymerization can be conducted in milder conditions and the molecular weight and structure of products are more controllable. In this review, the preparation of telechelic polymers via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization in the presence of chain transfer agents are introduced. And the preparation of block copolymers via the combination with other living polymerization methods (such as NMRP, ATRP, RAFT, ROP, etc.) will be also included.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Catalysts for olefin metathesis polymerization
3 Telechelic polymers via olefin metathesis polymerization
3.1 ROMP
3.2 ADMET polymerization
4 Block copolymers via the combination with other living polymerization methods
4.1 Combination of ROMP and NMRP
4.2 Combination of ROMP and ATRP
4.3 Combination of ROMP and RAFT
4.4 Combination of ROMP and ROP
5 Conclusion

The catalytic chemistry of Lewis pairs has attracted an explosive level of interest since the “frustrated Lewis pairs” (FLPs) concept was uncovered through the seminal works of Stephan and Erker. Recently, FLPs has been shown to efficiently promote the polymerization of lactones and polar vinyl monomer. Lewis pairs are highly active for polymerization of polar vinyl monomer, affording typically high molecular weight polymers with relatively narrow molecular weight distributions. Especially effective systems are the Lewis pairs (LPs) consisting of the LA Al(C₆F₅)₃ (or B(C₆F₅)₃) and strong LBs, such as phosphines and N-heterocyclic olefins, N-heterocyclic carbenes and phosphazene superbases, for polymerization of methacrylates, acrylamides, 2-vinyl pyridine, 2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline, α-methylene-γ-butyrolactones, diethyl vinylphosphonate, as well as renewable dissymmetric divinyl polar monomers. Chain initiation involves cooperative addition of LPs to the monomer to generate zwitterionic active species, chain propagation proceeds via a bimetallic, activated-monomer addition mechanism, and chain chain-termination via two pathways: one that proceeds via intramolecular backbiting cyclization involving nucleophilic attack of the activated antepenultimate ester group of the growing chain by the C-ester enolate active chain end to generate a cyclic β-ketoester chain end, and the other that proceeds via intramolecular backbiting cyclization involving nucleophilic attack of the activated adjacent ester group of the growing chain by the O-ester enolate active chain end to generate a δ-valerolactone chain end. Lactones are also polymerize to produce linear or cyclic polymer using FLPs consisting of the LB amine and LAs, such as Zn(C₆F₅)₂, alkylaluminum, and indium chloride.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Thedevelop of Lewis acid and Lewis base polymerization systems
3 The kind of FLP polymerization systems
4 The polymerizationmechanism of FLP polymerization systems
4.1 Chain initiation and chain propagation
4.2 Chain termination
5 Conclusion and outlook

Gene therapy has been regarded as a potential treatment for many diseases, including inherited or acquired ones and cancers. Safe, efficient and stable expression of exogenous genes in target cells is the key issue of gene therapy, which depends on the gene delivery system remarkably. Generally, there are two types of gene carriers: viral and non-viral vectors. The transfection efficiency of viral vectors is always higher than that of nonviral ones, but the side effects of viral vectors, such as immune response and random insert of the genes into the host chromosomes, are inevitable during the gene therapy. As the new gene transfer system, non-viral vectors make up for the defects of viral ones and play an irreplaceable role in gene therapy. With the emergence and vigorous development of nanotechnology, vectors based on nanomaterials named nanocarriers have gained more and more attentions for their potential advantages in gene delivery: easily being prepared and multifunctional modified; possessing good biocompatibility and causing less immune response; easily passing through tissues and being absorbed by the target cells with higher gene delivery efficiency; effectively protecting the exogenous genes from being quickly destroyed by the enzymes in tissues or cells. In the review, we mainly focus on the investigations of nanocarriers based on metal, inorganic and non-metal, cationic polymer and liposome nanoparticles and prospect the potential development of the nanocarriers.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Nanocarriers based on metal nanoparticles
2.1 Magnetic nanoparticles
2.2 Gold nanoparticles
3 Nanocarriers based on inorganic and non-metal nanoparticles
3.1 Carbon nanotubes
3.2 Silica nanoparticles
4 Nanocarriers based on cationic polymers
4.1 Polyethyleneimine nanoparticles
4.2 Chitosan nanoparticles
5 Nanocarriers based on liposomes
6 Conclusion

Proteins are an important part of life, of which enzymes perform vital roles in biological systems. Rational protein design is a key approach for investigating the structure and function relationship of enzymes. This review summarizes the progresses in rational design and functional study of artificial hydrolases in protein scaffolds, including reuse of natural proteins, reconstruction of natural proteins, molecular design based on 3-α-helix, 4-α-helix or zinc-finger proteins, and fine-tuning the hydrolysis activity of heme proteins such as cytochrome b₅ and myoglobin mutants. It illustrates the basic idea and approaches of artificial hydrolase design, which provides valuable clues for rational construction of artificial hydrolase or other enzymes. The progress in rational design of artificial hydrolases not only enriches our understanding of the structure-property-reactivity-function relationship of native enzymes, but also enhances our ability to construct artificial enzymes with advanced functions.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Mechanisms of hydrolases
3 Hydrolases containing no metal ions
3.1 Reuse of natural proteins
3.2 Reconstruction of natural proteins
4 Hydrolases containing metal ions
4.1 Molecular design based on 3-α-helix
4.2 Molecular design based on 4-α-helix
4.3 Molecular design based on zinc-finger protein
5 Hydrolases containing metal complex
5.1 Explore hydrolysis activity of heme proteins
5.2 Tune hydrolysis activity of heme proteins
6 Conclusion and outlook

Graphite has been used as the negative electrode in lithium ion batteries for more than a decade. But it cant meet the needs of power battery application due to the low specific capacity. To attain higher energy density batteries, tin, which can alloy reversibly with lithium, has been considered as a replacement for graphite. However, tin anodes always suffer from high volume changes during charge/discharge cycling, leading to premature degradation of the anode. Since carbonaceous materials exhibit high electrical conductivity, good mechanical compliance, and stable lithium storage capacities with a small volume expansion, people have paid more attention to them. In order to make full use of the advantages of both tin and carbon, different matrix phases are evaluated for tin-carbon (Sn-C) nanocomposites in this paper. Several carbonaceous materials including amorphous carbon, graphite (G), graphene (GP), carbon nanotubes (CNT), and carbon nanofibers (CNF) have been exploited as an inert and conductive matrix in Sn-based anode materials, thus providing various tin-carbon composite anode materials. After reviewing that , the focus turns to alloys of tin with metal (M) and carbon,forming ternary and multiple composite anode materials. Based on the progress that has already been made on the relationship between the properties and microstructures of Sn-carbon-based anodes, it is believed that manipulating the multi-phase and multi-scale structures could offer important means for further improving the capacity and cyclability of Sn anodes. Overall, the Sn-Co-C-based composite anode materials may open the door to application.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Sn-C binary composites
2.1 Sn-amorphous carbon
2.2 Sn-G
2.3 Sn-carbon nanomaterials
3 Sn-M-C
3.1 Sn-Co-C
3.2 Sn-Cu-C
3.3 Sn-Sb-C
4 Sn-Ms-C multiple composites
5 Conclusion

Conventional Fenton process is one of the promising advanced oxidation technologies (AOTs) for the treatment of organic pollutants in water. In Fenton process, hydroxyl radical (^·OH), a kind of strong oxidant, is formed through Fenton's reaction and then degrades organic pollutants. Similar to conventional Fenton process, transition metal ions (Fe²⁺, Co²⁺, Ag⁺, etc.) can also activate persulfate (PS) and generate sulfate radicals (SO₄^·-, SR). Sulfate radical is a powerful oxidant and can oxidize most of organic pollutants. This process is named as “Fenton-like process”. There are some disadvantages existed in conventional Fenton and Fenton-like process. For example, a high concentration of Fe²⁺ is required and a large amount of iron sludge is generated. In order to solve these problems, electro-Fenton and SR-based electro-Fenton-like processes are proposed. Fe²⁺ can be regenerated via cathodic reduction in electro-Fenton and electro-Fenton-like processes. Therefore, the Fe²⁺ concentration used in these processes is much lower than that in Fenton and Fenton-like processes. This paper provides an overview of mechanism and research progress of electro-Fenton and SR-based electro-Fenton-like processes. The types and improvements for electro-Fenton and electro-Fenton-like processes are summarized. Moreover, the prospects of the research areas meriting further investigation and developed trends are pointed out.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Electro-Fenton process
2.1 Types of electro-Fenton processes
2.2 Improvements in electro-Fenton processes
3 Electro-Fenton-like process
3.1 Types of electro-Fenton-like processes
3.2 The effect of important parameters on electro-Fenon-like processes
3.3 Improvements in electro-Fenton-like processes
4 Comparison of oxidation mechanism
5 Conclusion and perspective

Graphene aerogels(GA) are three-dimensional(3D) graphene-based macrostructures with well-defined interconnected porous networks. Their excellent features, including large surface area, controllable porous structure, ability of electronic transmission and unique interconnected networks, make them an ideal material for water treatment. Up to now, there are many fabrication methods for preparing GA which differs in performance and structure. However, their methodology and relationships between different methods, structures and features haven't been reported systematically. This review aims to describe the fabrication methods for preparing GA absorbents as well as their applications in water treatment and perspective. Thus, the structural features of GA, especially those related to adsorption and relationships between structures and adsorption are analyzed. The methodology and key factors in preparing process which have an influence on structures of GA are also summarized. Based on the methodology, the synthesis methods for preparing GA can be classified to five types, namely template method, intercalation method, self-supporting method, substrate-casting method and gelation, which are described and exampled in detail. Applications as well as mechanisms in water treatment, including adsorption of organic pollutants and heavy metals, oil-water separation, photocatalysis and capacitive deionization are systematically reviewed. Finally, the problems in environmental applications and prospects of further research are discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Structures and adsorptional features of GA
3 Fabrication methods
3.1 Template method
3.2 Intercalation method
3.3 Self-supporting method
3.4 Substrate-casting method
3.5 Gelation
4 Methodology and key factors of preparing GA
5 Applications of GA in water treatment
5.1 Capacitive Deionization
5.2 Adsorption
5.3 Photocatalysis
6 Conclusion