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Progress in Chemistry 2012, No.9 Previous issue Next issue

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Professor Yao-Zeng Huang - An Active Pioneer in the Newly Emerged Areas of Organic Chemistry
Tang Yong, Dai Lixin
2012, (9): 1623-1631 |
Published: 24 September 2012
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Abstract
Prof. Yao-Zeng Huang was a famous organic chemist and a Member of Chinese Academy of Science. He was the pioneer in organofluorine chemistry and organometallic chemistry in China. He worked as a research associate, associate research fellow in Academia Sinica before 1949 and as an associate professor, research professor and deputy director of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences since 1950. He also served as a member of Standing Committee and the Deputy Director of the Chemistry Division, CAS. He was a member of the Standing Committee of Chinese Chemical Society, the Editor in Chief of Organic Chemistry, member of the Advisory Board of Heteroatom Chemistry. His research activities not only promoted significantly the development of organic chemistry but also contributed outstandingly to the national defense and economic development of our country. He had been awarded numerous awards and honors: Award of National Science Conference (1978); First class, Reward of National Science and Technology Progress (1985); Certificate with Honor for the Dedication to National Defense (1988); Second class (2001,1993) and third class (1982), National Natural Science Award; The Chemical Award of the Third World Academy of Science (1994); The Chemistry Prize of HOLEUNG and HOLEE Foundation (1997). He published more than 230 research papers and authored or co-authored nine books (including translations). Among his students, 20 were conferred with Ph. D. degree, they are either excellent research scientists, successful entrepreneurs or the Member of CAS.
Multi-Functional Molecular Switches Based on Photochromic Dithienylethenes
Zou Qi, Zhang Junji, Tian He
2012, (9): 1632-1645 |
Published: 24 September 2012
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Abstract
Photochromic materials are those which can undergo reversible photo-switches between two different states or isomers upon alternative irradiation with different wavelengths of light accompanied by distinct photophysical and photochemical properties. Inspired by their special photo-switchable characteristics, a variety of light-driven functional materials have been exploited, such as ultrahigh-density optical data storage, molecular switches, logic gates, molecular wires, optic/electronic devices, multi-photon devices, surface/nanoparticle devices, liquid crystals, bio-imaging and so on. Apart from these, further creation of optoelectronic and photo-optical devices based on photochromic molecular switches which operate at both molecular and supramolecular levels have recently attracted many attentions. Thus photo-switchable compounds also have played an important role in sensing, self-assembly, aggregation-induced enhanced emission and photo-controlled biological systems. In particular, dithienylethene derivatives are one of the most promising families of photochromic compounds due to their excellent thermal-stability, remarkable fatigue-resistance, rapid response and fairly high photocyclization quantum yields as well as reactivity in the solid state. According to our recent research achievements, this article provides an overview of recent exciting progress mainly in the field of photochromic dithienylethene derivatives, from systems in solution to modified functional surfaces. Furthermore, based on current development of these photo-switchable systems, further development as well as existing challenges are also discussed and put in prospect. Contents 1 Introduction
2 Photochromic systems in solutions
2.1 Photochromic switches as multi-addressable materials and logic gates
2.2 Photochromic switches with ion recognition ability
2.3 Self-assembly based on photochromic units
2.4 Dithienylethenes with gated photochromic properties
2.5 Photochromic switches as multi-level molecular machines
2.6 Photochromic switches for potential biological applications
2.7 Dithienylethenes featuring new ethene bridges
3 Photochromic materials on the surfaces
4 Conclusion and outlook
Treatment of Waste Water Using Metal-Organic Frameworks
Tong Minman, Zhao Xudong, Xie Liting, Liu Dahuan, Yang Qingyuan, Zhong Chongli
2012, (9): 1646-1655 |
Published: 24 September 2012
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Abstract
Harmful compounds and heavy metal ions in waste water are often biologically toxic and/or carcinogenic. Thus, removal of these substances from waste water in an efficient way has drawn considerable social and scientific concern in recent years. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), commonly recognized as “soft” analogues of zeolites, is a new class of nanoporous materials with various topologies, adjustable pore size, controllable properties, large surface area, as well as acceptable thermal stability. MOFs have received much attention in the fields of chemistry and materials science and have shown potential applications with well performance compared to the traditional porous materials including zeolites and activated carbons, especially in separation. Though gas phase separation using MOFs has been extensively studied and reviewed, studies on liquid phase separation are scarce. This review introduces the research progress on waste water treatment using MOFs, in which different harmful substances such as organic dyes, pharmaceuticals, alcohols, aromatic compounds, heavy metal ions and inorganic ions are included. Detailed analysis of the effect of the pore structure, framework charge and functional group on separation is provided. In addition, future studies that should be focused in this field are proposed based on the existed works combined with the research results in our group. Contents 1 Introduction
2 Metal-organic frameworks for waste water treatment
2.1 Removal of organics
2.2 Removal of inorganics
3 Conclusions and outlook
Electrochemical-Based MicroRNA Sensors
Wen Yanli, Lin Meihua, Pei Hao, Lu Na, Fan Chunhai
2012, (9): 1656-1664 |
Published: 24 September 2012
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, non-coding single-stranded RNAs that regulate gene expression via degradation or translational repression of their targeted mRNAs. MiRNAs control cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis at a post-transciptional level. Recent evidence has shown that impaired miRNAs expression correlates with various human cancers and indicates that miRNAs can function as tumour suppressors and oncogenes, which provides a type of promising biomarkers for cancer diagnositics. Therefore, more and more researchers are interested in developing novel miRNAs detection methods. Because electrochemical methods are rapid, sensitive and electrochemical detectors are inexpensive and portable, there has been intense interest in developing new electrochemical sensors for miRNA detection. Here, studies on electrochemical miRNA biosensors are reviewed which contains the principle of DNA biosensor, several signal amplification technologies for biosensor, design of probe for miRNA biosensor and existing electrochemical methods for miRNA detection. Contents 1 Introduction
2 Principle and signal amplification technology for DNA biosensors
3 Design of capture probe for miRNA biosensor
3.1 Locked nucleic acids (LNA) probe
3.2 Peptide nucleic acids (PNA) probe
3.3 DNA nanostructural probe
4 MiRNA direct labeled detection technology
5 Label-free miRNA detection technology
5.1 Direct electrochemistry of miRNA based detection
5.2 Enzyme-based electrocatalytic amplification detection
5.3 Nano-electrode based detection
6 Conclusions and outlook
Review
Applications of Graphene Nanocomposites in Electrochemical Biosensors
Song Yingpan, Feng Miao, Zhan Hongbing
2012, (9): 1665-1673 |
Published: 24 September 2012
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Abstract
Construction of graphene-based nanocomposite system is an effective approach for the expansion and enhancement of applications of graphene. Owing to the synergy effect of different constituents, the electrical, chemical and electrochemical properties of graphene can be greatly improved, leading to the expansion and enhancement of the electrochemical effects of graphene. Graphene nanocomposites provide a novel and efficient electrochemical platform for the immobilization of oxidoreductase and the realization of direct electrochemistry, which can apply in the design and preparation of third-generation electrochemical biosensors, showing excellent sensitivity and selectivity towards the detection of glucose, cholesterol, Hb, DNA, H2O2, O2 and small biomolecules. This paper reviews the progress of graphene nanocomposites applying in electrochemical biosensors, including the nanocomposites of graphene with precious metal, metal oxide/semiconductor nanoparticle, polymer, dye molecule, ionic liquid and biomolecule. The future development and application prospect of graphene in electrochemical fields are also discussed. Contents 1 Introduction
2 Graphene-inorganic nanocomposite modified electr-odes
2.1 Graphene-precious metal nanoparticle modified electrodes
2.2 Graphene-metal oxide/semiconductor nanop-article modified electrodes
3 Graphene-organic nanocomposite modified electr-odes
3.1 Graphene-polymer modified electrodes
3.2 Graphene-dye molecule modified electrodes
4 Graphene-other nanocomposite modified electrodes
4.1 Graphene-ionic liquid modified electrodes
4.2 Graphene-biomolecule modified electrodes
5 Conclusion and outlook
Computational Peptidology
Ren Yanrong, Tian Feifei, Zhou Peng
2012, (9): 1674-1682 |
Published: 24 September 2012
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Abstract
Peptide is traditionally recognized as an important kind of biologically active substance, which involves in various physiological processes associated with the growth and development of organism. In recent years, however, since it was found that peptide plays a central role in cell signaling and could be exploited as therapeutic drugs targeting protein-protein interaction networks, researchers have redirected their interest to peptide-related topics. In particular, rapidly increasing efforts have been addressed on the use of computational and theoretical methods to investigate the physicochemical properties and biological implications underlying peptide recognition and interaction with protein. Here, we engage the theme “computational peptidology” to cover the field where the methods, strategies and protocols of computational chemistry and bioinformatics are employed to study peptides and peptide mimics. A systematic discussion is also addressed on the database configuration, function inference, molecular docking, dynamics simulation, structure analysis, design and modification, and systems biology of peptides. Through this perspective, we lay our emphasis on protein-peptide recognition and binding which are the basis of peptide-mediated protein interactions and peptidic drug discovery. We also rise the potential applications of computational peptidology in exploring and designing new peptide-based nanomaterials and biological surfactants. Contents 1 Introduction
2 The branches of computational peptidology
2.1 Peptide database
2.2 Peptide function prediction
2.3 Peptide docking
2.4 Peptide dynamics simulation
2.5 Peptide structure analysis
2.6 Peptide design and modification
2.7 Peptide systems biology
3 Conclusions and outlook
Structure and Supramolecuclar Properties of Arylacetylene Macrocycles
Li Jie, Huang Pengcheng
2012, (9): 1683-1695 |
Published: 24 September 2012
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Abstract
Arylacetylene macrocycles (AEMs) that contain shape-persistent backbones and allow the attachment of (functional) side groups at defined positions have attracted much attention since their invention. Due to the large π-conjugated system and the flexible bonding points at the ring, arylacetylene macrocycles are especially valuable candidates for the construction of complex supramolecular architectures. This review covers the recent progress in the research on the supramolecular properties of arylacetylene macrocycles, including aggregation in solution, liquid crystal behavior, one-dimensional self-assembly and supramolecular-assembled monolayer at the substrate surface or at the solid-liquid interface. The investigation method is introduced. The relationship between the molecular structure and the supramolecular property of AEMs are elaborated, and potential applications of AEMs are indicated. It will be helpful for the preparation of novel materials with desired size, shape and functionality through rational molecular design. Contents 1 Introduction
2 Aggregation of arylacetylene macrocycles in solution
3 Liquid crystal behavior of arylacetylene macrocycles
3.1 Nematic liquid crystal
3.2 Columnar liquid crystal
4 One-dimensional self-assembly of arylacetylene macrocycles
4.1 Influence of molecular structure
4.2 Influence of fabrication conditions
5 Monolayer of arylacetylene macrocycles at the substrate surface or at the solid-liquid interface
5.1 Influence of molecular structure
5.2 Influence of solvent and substrate
5.3 Influence of guest molecule
6 Conclusion and outlook
Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Catalytic Reforming of Methane to Synthesis Gas
Wang Li, Ao Xianquan, Wang Shihan
2012, (9): 1696-1706 |
Published: 24 September 2012
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Abstract
The natural resources of methane are abundant,and methane also can be produced from biomass by fermentation process. It is an effective way to use two kinds of greenhouse gases simultaneously through preparation of synthesis gas by CH4-CO2 catalytic reforming, so this technique has a great significance to clean energy and environment protection. In recent years, a great attention has been paid to the catalysts, reaction mechanism and some unconventional means of this process due to their greater advantages compared to other methane conversion techniques. The recent studies in catalysts of this process including catalytic active components, supports,additives, carbon deposition of catalyst and catalyst preparation methods are reviewed in this paper. A series of influencing factors in the resistance to carbon deposition are summarized. The emphasis is on the activity and stability of supported bimetallic catalysts, metal composite oxide catalysts and metal oxide carrier, the influence of preparation methods on catalytic activity and the resistance to carbon deposition, as well as the method of catalyst resistance to carbon deposition and the plasma technologies for CH4-CO2 reforming. The reaction mechanism most researchers considered that the reaction process is principally affected by the surface oxygen atoms, surface hydrogen atoms and the catalyst surface actives, is introduced. Finally, the development trend and future prospects of the bimetallic catalysts, the perovskite type catalysts, the mesoporous type catalysts, the plasma synergetic catalysis technology and the study on the mechanism are given. Contents 1 Introduction
2 Catalysts
2.1 Loaded catalysts
2.2 Metal composite oxide catalysts
2.3 Carbide catalysts
2.4 Mesoporous catalysts
2.5 Preparation methods and conditions of catalysts
2.6 Resistance to carbon deposition
3 Plasma technologies for CH4-CO2 reforming
3.1 CH4-CO2 reforming by plasma
3.2 Plasma synergetic catalysis technology
3.3 Catalyst preparation by plasma
4 Mechanisms
5 Conclusion and outlook
Multinuclear Anticancer Platinum Complexes
Xu Gang, Jiang Pingyuan, Gou Shaohua
2012, (9): 1707-1719 |
Published: 24 September 2012
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Abstract
Multinuclear platinum anticancer complexes have been investigated intensively due to their novel structures and promising anticancer activities. Moreover, they are able to overcome cisplatin resistance because of their abilities to form different adducts with DNA compared with those formed by cisplatin. The research status of dinuclear and multinuclear anticancer platinum complexes is reviewed. Based on the different linking ligands, dinuclear and multinuclear are divided to six types, namely, alkyl diamines and their derivatives, heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atom(s), carboxylates, haloid anions, ligands containing sulfur atom(s) and other ligands. The possible anticancer mechanism and structure-activity relationship of these multinuclear platinum complexes are also discussed in this paper. Contents 1 Introduction
2 Diamines and their derivatives as linking ligands
2.1 Flexible diamines
2.2 Polyamines
2.3 Semi-rigid diamines and polyamines
3 Heterocycles containing nitrogen atom(s) as linking ligands
3.1 Pyrazole and its derivatives
3.2 Pyrazine and its derivatives
3.3 Bipyridine and its derivatives
3.4 Pyrimidine and its derivatives
3.5 Macrocyclic polyamines
4 Haloid anions as linking ligands
5 Carboxylates as linking ligands
6 Linking ligands containing sulfur atom(s)
7 Other linking ligands
8 Conclusions and outlook
64Cu Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry
Ma Lei, Liu Yu, Chai Zhifang
2012, (9): 1720-1728 |
Published: 24 September 2012
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Abstract
Copper-64, as a radionuclide, can be simultaneously used for both imaging and potential therapy, because of its specific nuclear characteristics, such as the half-life (12.7 h) and decay properties (β+, 0.653 MeV, 17.8%; β-, 0.579 MeV, 38.4%). In the past two decades, with the well-established copper coordination chemistry, more and more novel ligands for copper-64 have been designed and synthesized, like DOTA, TETA, NOTA, CB-TE2A, C3B-DO2A, etc. Nowadays, copper-64 is able to bind not only with biologically relevant small molecules, but also with some antibodies, proteins, and nanoparticles. From another point of view, the stability of the copper-64-labeled radiopharmaceuticals has been significantly improved in both vitro and vivo tests. Thus, the exploration of novel ligands and receptors with new labeling strategies has become a hot issue in the copper radiopharmaceutical chemistry. Up to now, many new copper-64-labeled radiopharmaceuticals have been synthesized, some of which exhibit excellent biodistributions, as 64Cu-ATSM is an effective radiopharmaceutical in imaging of hypoxic tissues and 64Cu-PTSM is a good blood flow tracer, etc. This paper will selectively review some new labeling methods for copper-64-labeled radiopharmaceuticals, and some potential applications of these coordination compounds in both imaging and therapy. The perspectives of this field is addressed as well. Contents 1 Introduction
2 The ligands for copper-64
2.1 Azamacrocyclic ligands
2.2 Cross-bridged ligands
2.3 KTS/PTSM/ATSM
3 Application
3.1 Radiopharmaceuticals for imaging
3.2 Radiotherapy
4 Conclusion and outlook
Immobilized Proline and Its Derivatives Employed in the Catalysis of Asymmetric Organic Synthesis
Hou Chen, Zhu Hao, Li Yijing, Li Yanfeng
2012, (9): 1729-1741 |
Published: 24 September 2012
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Abstract
During the past several years, poline and its derivatives were widely used as a kind of chiral organocatalysts in asymmetric organic synthesis. Due to their simple structure, high efficiency and superior stereoselectivity, poline and its derivatives are considered as one of the most promising chiral organocatalysts in asymmetric organic synthesis. However, a large amount of catalyst is necessarily used in reactions. The recovery and reuse of the catalysts are also impracticable. Since the immobilization of proline and its derivatives could simplify the separation of the products and facilitate catalyst recovery and reuse, the immobilization of proline and its derivatives and their applications in asymmetric organic synthesis are caused highly concern. A great deal of research focused on the immobilized proline and its derivatives achieved satisfactory achievement in recent years. The preparation of immobilized proline and its derivatives and their applications in asymmetric organic synthesis, such as Aldol reaction, Michael reaction and Mannich reaction, etc. are summarized in this review. Contents 1 Introduction
2 Aldol reaction
3 Michael reaction
4 Asymmetric hydrogenation reaction
5 Mannich reaction
6 Baylis-Hillman reaction
7 Conjugate addition reaction
8 Ullmann reaction
9 Asymmetric diethylzinc addition
10 α-Aminoxylation reaction
11 Conclusion and outlook
Synthesis of Sesquiterpenoids: Englerin A and Its Analogues
Yue Guizhou, Huang Qianming, Zou Ping
2012, (9): 1742-1750 |
Published: 24 September 2012
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Abstract
In 2008, the guaiane sesquiterpene (-)-englerin A, isolated from the genus phyllanthus engleri in East Africa, selectively inhibited the growth of renal cancer cell lines with GI50 values ranging from 1—87nm. It was found to be 1—2 orders of magnitude more potent than taxol against certain cell lines. The promising bioactivity and the structural complexity of (-)-englerin A and its analogues have attracted many organic chemists all over the world. Many studies toward the total synthesis of englerin A and its analogues were reported in three years. The article reviews the progress on the synthesis of englerin A and its analogues,We classified these syntheses according to key strategies for syntheses of englerin A and its analogues and elaboratted the characteristics of these synthetic routes. Contents 1 Introduction
2 Key strategies for syntheses of englerin A and its analogues
2.1 Ring-closing metathesis (RCM)
2.2 Gold(Ⅰ)-catalytic domino reaction
2.3 Oxopyrilium [5+2] cycloaddition
2.4 Rh(Ⅱ)-catalytic [4+3] cycloaddition
2.5 Organocatalytic [4+3] cycloaddition
2.6 Transannular epoxide opening reaction
2.7 SmI2-mediated cyclization
3 Conclusions and outlook
Synthesis of Functional Polymers via Combination of Thiol-Based Click Reactions with RAFT Polymerization
Xiong Xingquan, Tang Zhongke, Cai Lei
2012, (9): 1751-1764 |
Published: 24 September 2012
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Abstract
Due to wide range of monomers, mild polymerization conditions and various established polymerization methods, reversible-addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is a useful living polymerization technique for the design and synthesis of polymers. Click chemistry has been demonstrated as a powerful tool in numerous scientific fields including drugs, polymers and functional materials because of its superior selectivity, modularity and functional group tolerance. At the same time, a series of novel thiol-based click reactions thus emerged. Herein, recent tactics that combine thiol-based click reactions, such as thiol-ene, thiol-yne, thiol-icocyanate, thiol-oxirane and thiol-halo with RAFT technique toward the construction and modification of useful functional polymers are reviewed. The combined thiol-based click reaction/RAFT technique is believed to play a positive role in the design and synthesis of functional polymers. Contents 1 Introduction
2 Combination of thiol-based click reactions with RAFT polymerization
2.1 Thiol-ene click chemistry and RAFT polymerization
2.2 Thiol-yne chemistry and RAFT polymerization
2.3 Thiol-icocyanate chemistry and RAFT polymerization
2.4 Thiol-oxirane chemistry and RAFT polymerization
2.5 Thiol-halo chemistry and RAFT polymerization
3 Combination of thiol-disulfide exchange reaction with RAFT polymerization
4 Conclusions and outlook
Thermoresponsive Dendritic Polymers
Zhang Xiacong, Li Wen, Zhang Afang
2012, (9): 1765-1775 |
Published: 24 September 2012
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Abstract
Thermoresponsive dendritic polymers combine the “smart” property of thermoresponsive polymers and the nano-sized, tunable non-linear architectures of dendritic polymers, which have been found applications from materials science to biology. Recent research progresses on thermoresponsive dendritic polymers including dendrimers, dendronized polymers and hyperbranched polymers are reviewed. In contrast to their linear counterparts, the thermoresponsive behavior of these dendritic polymers can be influenced by the dendritic architecture, which paved a way to fabricate molecule-based nano-devices for encapsulation and recognition. Their synthetic methodology, structural-related thermoresponsive behavior as well as their applications in nanomaterials, sensors and biomaterials are described in details. Contents 1 Introduction
2 Thermoresponsive dendrimers
3 Thermoresponsive dendronized polymers
4 Thermoresponsive hyperbranched polymers
5 Applications of thermoresponsive dendritic polymers
6 Conclusions and outlook
Double Metal Cyanide Complex Catalyst and Its Catalysis for Epoxides-Involved Polymerization
Sun Xueke, Chen Shang, Zhang Xinghong, Qi Guorong
2012, (9): 1776-1784 |
Published: 24 September 2012
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Abstract
This review focuses on the recent advances in double metal cyanide complex (DMCC) catalyst and its catalysis for epoxides-involved polymerizations. DMCC is an inorganic coordinated polymer with three- dimensional network, in which the inner metal MⅡ is linked with the external metal MⅠ by several cyano-bridges (MⅡ—C≡N—MⅠ[JG)], generally, MⅠ=divalent metal ions such as Zn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, et al., MⅡ=transition metal ions such as Fe2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Co3+, Ni2+, et al). The external metal MⅠ on the surface of the catalyst is generally considered to be the active site for the polymerizations due to its unsaturated coordinated structure. DMCC catalyst was initially applied to the catalysis of the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of epoxides, and then modified and used as a highly active catalyst for making polyether-polyols with both moderate or high molecular weights and low unsaturation degrees. Later, this catalyst was utilized to catalyze the alternating copolymerization of epoxides and CO2 for producing aliphatic polycarbonates. The productivity of DMCC-catalyzed epoxides/CO2 copolymerization is clearly higher than those of other heterogeneous catalysts, while the polycarbonate selectivity of this catalyst is unsatisfied, e.g.: for propylene oxide (PO)/CO2 copolymerization, the maximum alternating degree of the resultant copolymer was up to ~74%. That is, the copolymer is a poly (ether-carbonate) with random chain structure. However, Zn-CoⅢ DMCC exhibits high activity (TOF: 3 815h-1) for cyclohexene oxide (CHO)/CO2 copolymerization with high alternating degree of >90%. Furthermore, this catalyst can also be applied to catalyze epoxide/cyclic anhydrides for producing polyesters, epoxide/CS2 copolymerization for producing polythiocarbonates, as well as epoxide/cyclic anhydride/CO2 terpolymerization for producing poly (carbonate-ester)s with high productivity. Based on the research work of our group in recent ten years, this review will discuss the possible structure of the active sites of DMCC and related catalytic mechanism, as well as some common problems for DMCC and DMCC catalyzed polymerizations and possible solutions. Content 1 Introduction
2 Preparation and structure of DMCC
3 Ring-opening polymerization of epoxides catalyzed by DMCC
4 Copolymerization of CO2/epoxides catalyzed by DMCC
5 Copolymerization of epoxides/cyclic anhydride and terpolymerization of CO2/epoxide/cyclic anhydride catalyzed by DMCC
6 Copolymerization of CS2/epoxides catalyzed by DMCC
7 Conclusions and outlook
Enrichment Methods of Phosphopeptides in Proteomics
Li Pengzhang, Wang Yuebo
2012, (9): 1785-1793 |
Published: 24 September 2012
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Abstract
The reversible phosphorylation of proteins is recognized as an important branch of proteomics. As one of the most important post-translational modifications, protein phosphorylation plays a very important role in cellular recognition, cellular signal transduction, gene expression and cellular metabolism. Exploration of phosphopeptides using appropriate methods can help us further understand the mechanism of physiology and pathology. However, mass spectra (MS) signals of phosphopeptides are frequently suppressed by the presence of abundant nonphosphopeptides and superabundant of salts which will cause poor selectivity. Therefore, selective enrichment of phosphopeptides is essential to facilitate the MS analysis. This paper summarizes several enrichment techniques of phosphopeptides, including immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC), metal oxide enrichment methods, strong cation exchange chromatography (SCX), strong anion exchange chromatography (SAX) and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) on-plate enrichment methods, especially, the materials used in these enrichment methods have been discussed in detail. At the end of this review, the advantages and disadvantages of each method are summarized, and a prospect of effective enrichment strategies of phosphopeptides is given. Contents 1 Introduction
2 Enrichment methods of phosphopeptides
2.1 Immobilized metal affinity chromatography
2.2 Metal oxide enrichment methods
2.3 Strong anion and cation exchange chromatography
2.4 Phosphopeptide enrichment on MALDI plate
3 Conclusion and outlook
Live Wire: A Review on Electron Transfer Mechanism and Applications of Microbial Nanowires
Xu Jielong, Zhou Shungui, Yuan Yong, Wang Yueqiang, Zhuang Li
2012, (9): 1794-1800 |
Published: 24 September 2012
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Abstract
Microbial nanowires are electrically conductive pilus-like appendages, which are produced under soluble electron acceptor-limiting conditions. The findings of microbial nanowires demonstrate a novel and efficient pathway for extracellular electron transfer. The microbes use these conductive nanowires to transfer electrons over long distances, from the cell surface to the surface of extracellular electron acceptors (such as Fe(Ⅲ) oxides and electrodes), overcoming the requirement of direct physical contact between microbes and electron acceptors. The discovery of microbial nanowires has advanced our understanding of extracellular respiration and the diversity of microbial respiratory systems in nature. It has great significances for electricity production of microbial fuel cell, degradation of organic pollutants and bioenergy generation. Moreover, it will help us to develop the advanced materials and micromodule equipments in the emerging field of nanotechnology. In this review, we introduced the basic characteristics of microbial nanowires and the microorganisms capable of producing nanowires. The studies on their electron transfer mechanisms and applications in bioremediation and bioenergy are reviewed with an emphasis, and the prospects of key researches in the future are discussed. Contents 1 Introduction
2 What is microbial nanowire
3 Microorganisms that produce nanowires
4 Electron transfer mechanism of microbial nanowires
5 Applications of microbial nanowires
5.1 Microbial fuel cell
5.2 Environmental remediation
5.3 Bioenergy generation
5.4 Other applications
6 Prospects
Catalysts for Catalytic Decomposition of Nitrous Oxide
Li Mengli, Yang Xiaolong, Tang Liping, Xiong Xumao, Ren Sili, Hu Bin
2012, (9): 1801-1817 |
Published: 24 September 2012
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Abstract
Nitrous oxide(N2O)originating from industrial and automotive emissions is accepted to be a major air pollutant. It contributes to the greenhouse effect and the depletion of stratospheric ozone. In recent years, elimination of N2O has attracted increasing attention for concerns from environment pollution. The necessity to reduce N2O emissions requires the development of catalytic technologies. Direct catalytic decomposition of N2O to N2 and O2 has been recognized as one of the most prospect methods for elimination pollution derived from N2O, since it does not require the addition of any reductant, without causing secondary pollution, and the process it concerned is simple and economical. This paper reviews the advance of several interesting catalysts that have been paid great attention in recent years, including metal oxides, noble metals and ion-exchanged zeolites catalyst systems. The advantages and disadvantages of the catalysts are also discussed in detail. This review also covers the research progress of reaction mechanism, molecular simulation and reaction kinetics on the surface of solid catalysts. Besides, the effects of moecular oxygen, water, sulfur dioxide and other species on the catalysts' activity, life and stability, are also included in this paper. The demerits exist both in these catalysts and theoretical research for the decomposition of N2O are pointed out. Finally, the trends in the catalyst system for direct catalytic decomposition of N2O are prospected. Contents 1 Introducion
2 Catalysts
2.1 Metal oxides
2.2 Noble metals
2.3 Ion-exchange zeolites
3 Reaction mechanism, molecular simulation and reaction kinetics
3.1 Reaction mechanism
3.2 Molecular simulation
3.3 Reaction kenetics
4 The effection caused by other speices
4.1 The effect of NOx
4.2 The effect of O2
4.3 The effect of H2O
4.4 The effect of SO2
4.5 The effect of reductant
5 Conclusion and outlook
Application of Conducting Polymers/Metal Composites for C1 Molecules Electrooxidation
Ren Fangfang, Jiang Fengxing, Zhou Weiqiang, Du Yukou, Xu Jingkun
2012, (9): 1818-1836 |
Published: 24 September 2012
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Abstract
Low-temperature fuel cells as new-style energy devices have attracted great attention because of their high-energy conversion efficiency, low operating temperature, low pollutant emission, the simplicity of handling liquid fuel and quick startup. High efficient electrochemical oxidation of small organic molecules will be directly related to the development and application of low-temperature fuel cells. The current state of the art employs carbon-supported platinum and platinum alloys as anode and cathode catalysts in low-temperature fuel cells. However, carbon material may cause easily Pt particle aggregation and carbon corrosion occurred by electrochemical oxidation, which lower the utilization rate of Pt and the lifetime of fuel cell. CPs have attracted great attention because of their advantages of high anti corrosion, low resistance and high stability. In this paper, we illustrate the recent research progress of some CPs/metal composites proposed as electrode materials for fuel cells. Contents 1 Introduction
2 Preparation of CPs nanostructures
3 Preparation of CPs/ metal composites
4 Application of CPs/ metal composites in electrolysis
4.1 PAN supported metals applied in electrocatalysis
4.2 PPy supported metals applied in electrocatalysis
4.3 PTh supported metals applied in electrocatalysis
4.4 Other CPs supported metals applied in electrocatalysis
5 Conclusion
Nanocrystal/Polymer Solar Cell
Fu Honghong, Luan Weiling, Yuan Binxia, Tu Shandong
2012, (9): 1837-1844 |
Published: 24 September 2012
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Abstract
Hybrid solar cells based on nanocrystals and conjugated polymer are emerging as a suitable alternative to classical solar cells. This kind of solar cell has attracted great attentions, because of the absorption spectra tunable by the size, shape and composition of nanocrystals, and their higher electron transfer velocity than that of polymer. This article reviews the status of the nanocrystal/ polymer hybrid solar cells. The factors affecting the solar cell performance are critically examined including the size and morphology of nanocrystals, the capping ligand, and the interfacial charge transportations between nanocrystals and polymer. Several strategies for increasing the overall efficiency of this hybrid solar cell are discussed. Narrow band gap nanocrystals, structure optimizations and analysis of the mechanism of charge transportations are expected as the routes for future development of this solar cell.
CaZrO3 Based High Temperature Proton Conductors
Han Jinduo, Wen Zhaoyin, Zhang Jingchao, Ma Guoqiang, Chi Xiaowei
2012, (9): 1845-1856 |
Published: 24 September 2012
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Abstract
CaZrO3 based materials have already been extensively applied as refractories, luminescent materials, as well as ferroelectric ones due to their physical and chemical stability, mechanical strength and excellent fluorescent and dielectric properties. Since the discovery of stable proton conductivity at a relatively high temperature by Iwahara in 1991, much progresses on CaZrO3 based materials have been made during the past 20 years. This paper intends to review the progresses, as well as some researches of our group in this field, including powder synthesis method,ceramic sintering process,proton transfer mechanism and the major factors influencing proton conductivity. The problems and further orientation in this research area are also discussed. Contents 1 Introduction
2 Powder synthesis method
2.1 Solid-state reaction method
2.2 Co-precipitation method
2.3 Sol-gel method
2.4 Molten salt method
2.5 Hydrothermal method
2.6 High-energy ball milling method (mechanical activation method)
2.7 Auto-ignition method
2.8 Optimized solid-state reaction method
2.9 Gel-precipitation method
3 Ceramic molding and sintering process
3.1 Traditional ceramic molding and sintering method
3.2 Spin-coating method
3.3 Pulsed laser deposition method
4 Proton transfer mechanism
5 Major factors influencing proton conductivity
5.1 Dopants and dopant concentration
5.2 Temperature
5.3 Gas partial pressure
5.4 Gas flow rate
5.5 Atmosphere
5.6 Grain boundary
6 Conclusion and outlook
Steam Explosion Technology Applied to High-Value Utilization of Herb Medicine Resources
Chen Hongzhang, Peng Xiaowei
2012, (9): 1857-1864 |
Published: 24 September 2012
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Abstract
Utilization of herb medicine requires combination of modern and traditional methods to develop new medicines which are high quality, safe, stable and convenient. At the same time, herb medicine resource is an important biomass resources, can be used to replace petroleum, gas and coal resources for energy, materials and chemicals production. Application of modern technology to enhance the value of the herb medicine resources is an important development direction for herb medicine research. The roles of steam explosion technology for high-value utilization of herb medicine resources are gradually exhibiting: steam explosion treatment can break the barriers of herb medicine plant cell wall structure, as a result, it is conducive to separation and extraction of active ingredients from medicine plant; steam explosion is contributed to the deglycosylation of glycosides in the natural plants and improves the efficiency of extraction and separation of aglycone; steam explosion is used in herb medicine processing and detoxification with several advantages such as efficient, fast, avoiding the loss of active ingredients, etc; steam explosion process is conducive to effective separation and utilization of non-medicinal components such as cellulose and hemicellulose for the production of ethanol, butanol and other energy and chemical products. This paper reviews the research of steam explosion technology for the high-value utilization of herb medicine resources. Contents 1 Introduction
2 Steam explosion contributing to extraction of active ingredients
2.1 Flavonoids extraction from sumac fruits
2.2 Ephedrine extraction from ephedra
3 Deglycosylation of glycosides and extraction of aglycones by steam explosion
3.1 Conversion and extraction of quercetin from sumac fruit
3.2 Production of diosgenin from turmeric
3.3 Steam explosion coupled with solid-state fermentation for converting resveratrol-3-O-glucoside to resveratrol
3.4 Mechanism for deglycosylation during steam explosion
3.5 Advantages of steam explosion for conversion and extraction of aglycones
4 Herb medicine processing by steam explosion
5 Herb medicine detoxification by steam explosion
6 Steam explosion as the key technology for comprehensive utilization of medicinal plants
7 Outlook