Asymmetric organocatalysis has attracted a considerable amount attention for organic chemists. Due to the α-acidic hydrogen, β-ketoesters could be functionalized in the presence of organic base or metal Lewis acid. Recent development of organocatalytic asymmetric α-functionalization of β-ketoesters reactions is reviewed, and various electrophiles of these reactions are described.

Contents 
1 Introduction
2 The formation of carbon-carbon bond
2.1 The asymmetric α- alkylation of β-keto esters
2.2 The asymmetric addition of β-keto esters
2.3 The asymmetric conjugate addition of β-keto esters to α, β-unsaturated compounds
2.4 The asymmetric α-alkynylation of β-keto esters
2.5 The asymmetric  α-arylation and vinylic substitution of β-keto esters
2.6 The asymmetric domino reaction of β-keto esters
2.7 The asymmetric ring-opening of β-keto esters and aziridines 
3 The formation of carbon-heteroatom bond
3.1 The asymmetric amination of β-keto esters
3.2 The asymmetric hydroxylation of β-keto esters
3.3 The asymmetric α-sulfenylation of β-keto esters
3.4 The asymmetric α-halogenation of β-keto esters 
4 Conclusion and prospects

Steam reforming of the renewable resource, bio-oil or its model compounds, for hydrogen production has attracted much attention due to shortage of energy resources and serious environmental problems. This paper summarize the main developments in steam reforming of bio-oil and its model compounds including ethanol, acetic acid, ethylene glycol, glycerol, glucose and phenol. The typical reforming catalysts such as the noble catalysts and transition metal catalysts have been focused on. Some novel reforming processes such as aqueous-phase reforming are also introduced in a detailed manner. In addition, the reaction routes in steam reforming of ethanol, acetic acid, ethylene glycol and glucose have been analyzed. Furthermore, the main problems encountered in steam reforming reactions, which include the production of by-products and the formation of carbon deposits, are also analyzed in detail, and some possible solutions are proposed.

Contents 
1 Introduction
2 Production of hydrogen from biomass
2.1 Steam reforming of bio-oil for hydrogen production
2.2 Steam reforming of ethanol for hydrogen production
2.3 Steam reforming of acetic acid for hydrogen production
2.4 Steam reforming of ethylene glycol for hydrogen production
2.5 Steam reforming of glycerol for hydrogen production
2.6 Steam reforming of glucose for hydrogen production
2.7 Steam reforming of other bio-oil derived compounds for hydrogen production
3 Conclusions and outlook

The diminishing quality of oil feedstocks coupled with increasingly more stringent environmental regulations limiting the content of sulfur in transportation fuels have given rise to a need for improved hydroprocessing technology. Transition metal phosphides have attracted attention not only because they have excellent reaction catalytic selectivity for deep hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation, but also because they are much more stable than metal carbides and nitrides with regard to hydrogen sul?de. The present article intends to review recent progress in the fabrication, catalytic performance and active phase of transition metal phosphides. A surface phosphosul?de phase may be formed while the bulk structure of the phosphides is retained under hydrodesulfurization reaction conditions. The surface phosphosul?de phase may be responsible for the high and stable activity of the phosphide catalyst. These phosphide based catalysts are becoming an interesting and promising replacement for the traditional bimetallic systems such as Mo or W sul?de catalysts promoted with Ni or Co in this type of reaction. This approach provides considerable economical advantages as well as enhanced catalyst life times and higher activity. Contents 1 Introduction 2 The synthetic methods of the transition metal phosphides 2.1 The transition metal phosphides prepared by the hydrothermal method 2.2 The transition metal phosphides prepared by the temperature-programmed reduction 2.3 The transition metal phosphides prepared by the decomposition of hypophosphite precursor 3 The catalytic performance of the transition metal phosphides 4 Summary and perspective

Single-molecule magnets (SMMs) are molecules that can be magnetized in a magnetic field and retain the magnetization when the external field is switched off. It is currently stimulating abundant research in relation to potential applications in information processing and storage. In this paper, the advantages of 3d-4f single molecule-magnets are discussed. The synthesis strategies and magnetic properties of 3d-4f SMMs are reviewed. Factors affecting the magnetic properties of 3d-4f SMMs are summarized.

Contents:
1 Introduction
2 Advantages of 3d-4f Single molecule-magnets
3 Synthetic strategies and magnetic properties of 3d-4f Single Molecule-Magnets
3.1 Synthetic strategies of 3d-4f SMMs
3.2 Magnetic properties of 3d-4f SMMs
4. Factors affecting the magnetic properties of 3d-4f SMMs
4.1 Effect of metal ions
4.2 Effect of Ligands
5 Conclusion and Outlook

Direct borohydride fuel cell (DBFC) is a potential power supplier in portable applications using alkali metal borohydride as fuel. The anodic oxidation reactions of BH₄^- is involved with a novel and complex reaction system of three hydrogen valence state transformation among protide (H^-) - protium (H^o*) -proton (H⁺), which related to borohydride direct electrochemical oxidation and hydrolysis reaction with hydrogen evolution followed hydrogen electrochemical oxidation reaction. The character of anodic oxidation of borohydride depends on not only the electrocatalyst but also reaction conditions. The key for DBFC developing is to depress hydrogen evolution and reduce costs of anode catalysts. In this article, reported anode electrocatalysts of DBFC’s as well as mechanism details of borohydride oxidation reaction are reviewed, and main issues for further research works are summed up .

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Noble metal catalyst
2.1 Pt catalyst
2.2 Pd catalyst
2.3 Au catalyst
2.4 Ag catalyst
3 Non-noble metal catalyst
3.1 Ni catalyst
3.2 Cu catalyst
4 Hydrogen storage alloy catalyst
5 Alloy catalyst
6 Conclusions and outlook

The bismuth (V)-contained photocatalysts have aroused wide concern due to their unique electronic/energy band structures. In this paper, the preparation methods, physical-chemical properties, photocatalytic activities and chemical-stabilities during photocatalysis of the bismuth (V)-contained photocatalysts(as represented by NaBiO₃) are reviewed. Some of these photocatalysts have excellent catalytic performance, but nevertheless, their chemical instabilities during photocatalysis have been found gradually and further studied. At last, the trend of Bismuth (V)-contained photocatalysts research is prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Bi(V)-contained semiconductor compounds and their application in heterogeneous photocatalysis
2.1 Preparation method of typical Bi(V)-contained semiconductor compounds
2.2 Heterogeneous photocatalytic activity of Bi(V)-contained semiconductor compounds
3 Chemical stability of Bi(V)-contained semiconductor compounds
4 Conclusion and outlook

Microcapsules are multifunctional materials with applications in various fields related to biomedical research. In the previous studies, lipids and polymers were intensively used as microcapsule shell construction materials. Recently, the self-assembly of nanoparticles at emulsion interfaces have showed great potential as an alternative for microcapsule fabrication. The construction of microcapsule shells using nanoparticles as building blocks incorporated the unique physiochemical properties of nanoparticles into the functional capabilities of the microcapsules. The new properties derived from nanoparticles, such as enhanced mechanical strength, controllable permeability, readily surface modification and controlled release, making the microcapsules of great interest in bio-delivery applications. In this paper, the recent scientific advances in the self-assembly of nanoparticle protected microcapsules including the theories for nanoparticle interfacial assembly, the strategies for the fabrication of stable microcapsule shells, and the reduction of polydispersity of microcapsules were reviewed. The challenges for the self-assembly of nano-sized capsules were discussed and a proposal for the development of nano-sized capsules was concluded.

Contents 
1 Introduction
2 Self-assembly theories for microcapsule shell construction
3 Fabrication of nanoparticle shells
3.1 Cross-linked nanoparticles as microcapsule shell
3.2 Nanoparticle/protein conjugates as microcapsule shell
3.3 Janus nanoparticles as microcapsule shell
4 Reduce the polydispersity of microcapsules
5 Conclusions and Outlook

As one of the most toxic heavy metals, mercury ion causes severe environmental and healthy problems. Hence, its sensing methods have been widely studied. Due to their unique advantages, such as high sensitivity, low cost and fast detection, fluorescent probes have been one of the most important sensing methods of mercury ion. The mercury ion could be coordinated with specific receptors of fluorescent probes. Such complexation causes the changes of photophysical properties and realizes highly selective mercury ion detection. Herein, fluorescent probes for mercury ion based on small molecules reported in recent years have been reviewed. The design principles of probe materials, as well as their sensing mechanisms and applications are summarized. The structure-property relationships are also elucidated. Finally, the development and prospect are foreseen in the field of mercury ion probes.

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Design principles
3. The progress of fluorescent probes on mercury ion
3.1 Turn-off  fluorescent probes on mercury ion
3.2 Turn-on  fluorescent probes on mercury ion
3.3 Radiometric  fluorescent probes on mercury ion
4. Conclusion and outlook

Vaccines provide a powerful tool to combat devastating human disease. The identification of distinct glycoprotein and glycolipid constructs that are over expressed on the cell surfaces of malignant cells has spurred intense research into exploiting these tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACA) for the development of anticancer vaccines. Recently, some synthetic immunogenic carbohydrate-protein conjugates have been advanced to clinical trials. In this review, progress of TACA based vaccine molecules will be demonstrated, which including design strategies of vaccines, structure and total synthesis of TACA molecules, vaccine carrier protein and vaccine adjuvants. Problems and solutions related to total synthesis of oligosaccharides, components of vaccine candidates and pre-clinical results are going to be discussed too.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Attractive antitumor molecules
3 Difficulties for TACA based vaccine design
4 Vaccine design strategies
5 Carrier protein and adjuvants
6 Outlook

Chiral sulfoxides have a wide range of applications, one of which is used as chiral drugs. The sulfoxides used as chiral drugs mostly contain a structure with amino groups or nitrogen-containing heterocycles. The enantioselective oxidation of their sulfide precursors, titanium catalyst systems can achieve good results compared with other catalyst systems. This paper briefly introduces the progress of titanium-catalyzed enantioselective sulfide oxidation at first; these catalyst systems include titanium/tartarate, titanium/BINOL and other diols, titanium/salen, and other titanium catalyst systems. Then this paper further describes the research advance of synthesis of various chiral sulfoxide medicines catalyzed by titanium in detail. These chiral sulfoxide drugs were mainly used as proton pump inhibitors, anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-cancer drugs, antibiotics, platelet adhesion inhibitors, antipsychotic drugs, lipid regulators, potassium channel openers, neurokinin inhibitors, etc.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Introduction of titanium-catalyzed sulfide oxidation
2.1 Titanium/DET catalyst system
2.2 Titanium/BINOL and other diols catalyst system
2.3 Titanium/salen catalyst system
2.4 Other Titanium-catalyst systems
3 Titanium-catalyzed enantioselective sulfoxidation in the synthesis of chiral drugs
3.1 Proton pump inhibitors
3.2 Anti-inflammatory drugs
3.3 Anti-cancer drugs
3.4 Antibiotics
3.5 Platelet adhesion inhibitors
3.6 Antipsychotic drugs
3.7 Lipid regulators
3.8 Potassium channel openers
3.9 Neurokinin inhibitors
4. Conclusion and outlook

As a kind of one-demensional materials with special structure and properties, carbon nanotubes provide a wider prospect for the development of drug delivery system, medical imaging, and disease detection. The research on the specific mechanisms and forms of interactions between carbon nanotubes and biomolecules has also become popular. This article puts forward a summarization of the latest research progress on the interactions between carbon nanotubes and various biological molecules, such as amino acids, peptides, proteins, enzymes and DNA . The progressive directions of biological distribution and toxicity of carbon nanotubes are also prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Interactions between carbon nanotubes and biomolecules
2.1 Interactions between carbon nanotubes and amine acids, peptides
2.2 Interactions between carbon nanotubes and proteins, enzymes
2.3 Interactions between carbon nanotubes and DNA
3 Biological effects of carbon nanotubes
4 Conclusions and outlook

Phosphaphenanthrene group has characteristics of heterocycle containing phosphorus, molecular non-coplanar, interaction with intermolecular and intramolecular groups, molecular polarity ,etc. Therefore, it can be used as a modification group to construct compounds with novel structure and properties. In this thesis, the synthesis methods of compounds based on phosphaphenanthrene group, properties of functional materials containing phosphaphenanthrene group and the influence law of the group on properties of materials are reviewed. The preparing method and mechanism of phosphaphenanthrene derivatives from that P-H bond of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide react with unsaturated groups including quinine bond、aldehyde bond、ketone bond、C=C double bond、C=N bond and C≡N triple bonds by adding reaction are introduced . The fire retardant properties of materials containing phosphaphenanthrene group including epoxy resins，polyesters，coating and additive, and the mechanism of phosphaphenanthrene group enhancing fire retardant properties of materials are mainly summarized . Phosphaphenanthrene group also  influence liquid crystal behavior of thermal liquid crystal polymers for its interaction with intermolecular and intramolecular groups, and the interaction lead to aggregation-induced emission enhancement behavior of some compounds. Finally, we mention that the polarity of phosphaphenanthrene group can increase the molecular polarity of polyester and polyamides compounds, and make compounds get better organic solubility.

Contents 
1 Introduction
2 Construct novel compounds containing phosphaphenanthrene group by utilizing the easily reacting property of P-H bond
3 Fire retardant property of compounds containing phosphaphenanthrene
3.1Fire retardant epoxy resins
3.2 Fire retardant polyesters
3.3Fire retardant coating and additive
4 The effect of phosphaphenanthrene group on molecular aggregation state
4.1The thermal liquid crystal behavior of compounds containing phosphaphenanthrene group
4.2The Luminescent behavior of compounds based on phosphaphenanthrene group
5 Molecular polarity
6 Prospects

Ordered honeycomb-patterned films have important applications in patterned templates, photonic or optoelectronic devices, catalysis, sensors, and so on. Among those techniques for the fabrication of honeycomb structured films, the breath figure is proved to be an effective dynamic template method through providing a humid condition to the surface of polymer solution in a volatile solvent. The condensed water droplets caused by rapid cooling due to solvent evaporation self-organize into a well ordered hexagonal array that acts as the template directing the formation of ordered honeycomb-patterned structure. The breath figure technique has attracted considerable attention over recent years due to its facility, speedness, cheapness, and the automatic remove of the condensed water droplets. And the size of the pore structure can be easily adjusted by changing the correlative experimental parameters. This paper reviews the breath figure method, discusses the formation mechanism and the effects of the correlative experimental parameters on the structures of the formed honeycomb-patterned films, and summarizes the diverse functional materials applied in this breath figure method, the methods used to enhance the stability of the porous films, the introduction of substructures into the honeycomb-patterned films in view of the further applications of the honeycomb-patterned films. Finally, the development trend of this breath figure method for the preparation of ordered honeycomb-patterned films is prospected.

Contents 
1 Introduction
2 Method and mechanism
3 Influence factors
4 Applied materials
4.1 Polymers
4.2 Nanomaterials
4.3 Biomaterials and biocompatible polymers
4.4 Organometallic materials
5 Honeycomb-patterned films with substructure
5.1 Amphiphilic block copolymers
5.2 Mixtures
6 Enhancement of the stability
7 Applications
7.1 Template
7.2 Superhydrophobic surface
7.3 Cell growth substrate
8 Conclusions and outlook

Controlled radical polymerization and living ring-opening polymerization can be combined by mechanism transformation to synthesize various copolymers with novel well-defined macromolecular architectures. This method has received much attention. This article summarizes recent research progress on the preparation of well-defined copolymers by mechanism transformation between controlled radical polymerizations, including atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), reversible addition–fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization, and stable free-radical polymerization (SFRP), with living ring-opening polymerization.

Contents 
1 Introduction
2 Mechanism transformation from controlled free radical polymerization to living ring-opening polymerization
2.1 Mechanism transformation from ATRP to ROP
2.2 Mechanism transformation from RAFT to ROP
3. Mechanism transformation from ROP to controlled free radical polymerization
4. Double functional initiator
4.1 Double functional initiator for ATRP and ROP
4.2 Double functional initiator for RAFT and ROP
4.3 Double functional initiator for SFRP and ROP
5. Conclusions and outlook

Electrospinning is considered as a simple and effective technology for producing polymer nanofibers, which has been widely used in tissue engineering, drug release and sensors etc. The nanofiber membranes obtained from electrospinning exhibit many extraordinary properties including high surface-to-volume ratio, porous structure and reusability. Due to these excellent features, electrospun nanofiber membranes become the outstanding candidates for enzyme immobilization, and have attracted extensive attention. On the base of briefly clarifying the preparation technique of electrospun nanofiber membranes, this review mainly summarized the recent advances in using electrospun nanofiber membranes as supports for enzyme immobilization by two different methods, i.e. surface immobilization and encapsulation. Surface immobilization refers to physical adsorption or chemical attachment of enzymes on pristine or modified electrospun nanofiber membranes, and encapsulation means immobilizing enzymes in electrospun nanofiber membranes through electrospinning a mixture of enzyme and polymer. The advantages and disadvantages of different immobilization methods were analyzed. The applications of the enzyme immobilized electrospun nanofiber membrane in bioreactors, biosensors and the treatment of environmental pollutants were discussed, and the prospects of this research field were also presented.

Contents 
1 Introduction
2 The preparation of electrospun nanofiber membranes
2.1 Electrospinning apparatus
2.2 The basic principle of electrospinning
2.3 Influence factors of electrospinning
3 Methods of enzymes immobilizing on/in electrospun nanofiber membranes
3.1 Surface immobilization method
3.2 Encapsulation method
4 Applications
5 Conclusions

Molecular imprinting technology is a bordine subject newly developed from combined high polymer chemistry, biochemistry, etc. Molecularly imprinted polymer  prepared by molecular imprinting technology   is a new polymer material with many advantages, such as excellent selectivity, high adsorption, high efficiency in chromatography and easy design. It is being increasingly used for several high technology fields, for instance, solid-phase extraction, chromatographic separation, bio- and chemo-sensors, targeted drug delivery, catalysis, immunoassays and artificial enzyme , etc. As a kind of novel functional material, magnetic polymer microspheres developed in recent years have been widely used in the collection or separation of bioactive matter, targeted drug delivery, and disease’s diagnoses or therapy. The core-shell magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres  prepared by surface molecularly imprinting on magnetic particles have combined the advantages of both molecularly imprinted polymer and magnetic polymer microspheres, especially good superparamagnetic and high selective adsorption. This review focuses on the preparation, structure and properties of core-shell magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres, as well as their application in chemical analysis, biological separation, and targeted drug delivery in recent years. The problems and challenges that still should be resolved are pointed out and the development tendency in these researches are discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Structure and characteristics of core-shell magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres
3 Preparation of core-shell magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres
3.1 Surface modification of magnetic particles
3.2 Surface molecularly imprinting on magnetic particles
4 Application of core-shell magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres
4.1 Chemical analysis
4.2 Biological separation
4.3 Targeted drug delivery
5 Outlook

In the study of therapies for liver diseases, the in vitro culture of hepatocytes is one of the key issues since these cells are apt to lose their normal phenotype and liver-specific functions as a result of the change of culture microenvironment in vitro. It has been shown that the hepatocyte spheroidal aggregates can better maintain the normal structures and functions of hepatocytes, and thereby are more attractive for therapeutic applications. In this article, the recent progress on hepatocyte spheroidal aggregates is reviewed. It starts with the introduction of the status of hepatocytes in sinusoids and cellular architecture of the liver , following with detail discussion on influences of biomaterials on the hepatocyte spheroidal aggregates in terms of morphology and functions. These factors include chemical composition like galactose and RGD, charging property, hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, surface topology, and three-dimensional scaffolds. Other factors such as culture environment, addition of bioactive factors, and co-culture with other types of cells are also introduced briefly. Finally, perspectives of study on the spheroidal aggregates are suggested.

Contents 
1 Introduction
2 Influences of biomaterials on hepatocyte spheroidal aggregates
2.1 Culture substrates modified with galactose
2.2 Multifunctional substrates modified with galactose
2.3 charged substrates
2.4 Hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the substrates
2.5 Topographical substrates
2.5 Three-dimensional scaffolds
3 Other factors beyond the biomaterials
4 Conclusions and Perspectives

The catalytic decomposition is one of the effective end-pipe technologies for PCDD/Fs removal from flue gas under mild conditions, which is on the basis of catalytic reduction and oxidation process. So far, the catalysts researched in lab-scale are mainly two categories: noble metal (Pt, Pb, Lr, etc.) and transition metal (V, Cr, W, etc.) oxides. In the field application, the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) with V₂O₅/W(Mo)O₃-TiO₂ as the catalyst is the most popular techniques, which can remove PCDD/Fs and NO_x simultaneously. This paper reviews the wide scale of the catalytic decomposition of PCDD/Fs by noble metals and transition metal oxides. The destruction principles of PCDD/Fs by these two series of catalysts are introduced. The effects of the reaction conditions on the destruction efficiency are discussed such as catalysts and supports, temperature, H₂O vapor, space velocity (SV) and the co-pollutants in the flue gas. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of the destruction for PCDD/Fs by SCR are evaluated as well as the deactivation and poisoning of catalysts in situ applications. Based on the requirements of industrial application for PCDD/Fs and NO_x removal, the research trends of SCR for the future are proposed in order to further improve the destruction efficiency and cost conservation.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Decomposition of PCDD/Fs by Noble metals
2.1 Reaction Mechanism
2.2 Research progress
3 Decomposition of PCDD/Fs by Metal oxides
3.1 Reaction Mechanism
3.2 Research progress
4 Decomposition of PCDD/Fs by Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)
4.1 Application progress
4.2 Application conditions
4.3 Deactivation and regeneration of SCR catalysts
5 Conclusions and prospects

Agricultural and forest residues consisting primarily hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin are abundant, renewable non-food biomass resources. Fermentable sugars origin from this raw material can be converted into ethanol by biocatalystic process. Moreover, Sugars have the potential to serve as precursors of conventional transportation fuels. In this review, the process of hydrolytic conversion of woody biomass into simple sugars with the use of an acidic or enzymatic catalyst is introduced. Then, several novel chemocatalytic methods converting sugars to hydrocarbons are described, such as sugar feed directly reformed over HZSM-5 catalyst, or via Levulinic acid and subsequent esterification/hydrogenation process, polyols and subsequent aqueous-phase dehydration/hydrogenation (APD/H) process, furan derivatives and subsequent aldol condensation/hydrogenation process, monofunctional compounds and subsequent catalytic upgrading steps. These chemical routes have been explored in recent years, in the presence of solid-phase catalysts（including metal and/or acid/base active sites） under carefully controlled conditions that avoid unwanted by-products. The corresponding catalysts, process conditions, chemistries for the selective conversion are summarized in this review. More attention is paid on the current developing of two catalytic approaches for the conversion of sugars to C⁶⁺ alkanes due to targeted high-energy hydrocarbons mixtures can be used directly or blended seamlessly to make conventional liquid fuels. The reactions involved in the catalytic processes, deoxygenation mechanism, as well as the chemical and engineering barriers of industry are discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Sugar production
3 Sugars conversion into fuels
3.1 Sugars route
3.2 Levulinic route
3.3 Polyols route
3.4 Furfural route
3.5 Monofunctional compounds route
4 Current advances and discussion

Complex III is an essential component for cellular respiration chain and one of the most important targets of fungicides. In recent years, the application of fungicide which uses Complex III as a target has been more and more extensive. In this paper, the advancement of structure and functin of Complex III was summerized first, and then different action mechanisms of various Complex III inhibiting-fungicides, including Q_i site inhibitors Antimycin A, Cyazofamid and Surangin B, Q_o site inhibitors strobilurins, Famoxadone, Myxothiazol, Stigmatellin and UHDBT, and double sites inhibitor NQNO were reviewed. A detailed structure-activity relationships discussion about these fungicides was also given.

Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 The structure of complex III
1.2 The function of complex III
2 The complex III-targeted inhibitors
2.1 Q_i site inhibitors
2.2 Q_o site inhibitors
2.3 Both Q_i and Q_o sites inhibitor
3 Structure-activity relationship
3.1 Q_i site inhibitors
3.2 Q_o site inhibitors
4 Conclusions and outlook