The family of endohedral fullerenes has been significantly expanded by the discovery of endohedral mixed metal nitride clusterfullerenes (MMNCFs). MMNCF is a special family of endohedral fullerenes which encage a nitride cluster comprising of two to three different metal atoms. In this review, the discovery, syn-thesis and separation methods of MMNCFs together with a brief classification of MMNCFs are first given. Then the structure elucidation methods for MMNCFs reported up to date are introduced, and  the molecular structures of MMNCFs are iscussed in detail. Finally the special electronic, physical and chemical properties of MMNCFs are focused. Furthermore, an outlook for the potential applications of MMNCFs is proposed, given that two to three metal atoms with different physical properties are encaged within MMNCFs, thus formed MMNCFs may achieve the superior property as the combination of their different properties, and hence become a multifunc-tional materials.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Synthesis of the endohedral mixed metal nitride clusterfullerenes (MMNCFs)

2.1 Trimetallic nitride template process

2.2 Solid nitrogen source

2.3 Reactive gas atmosphere route

2.4 CAPTEAR method

2.5 Other methods

2.6 Classification of MMNCFs

3 Separation of MMNCFs

4 Molecular Structure of the MMNCFs

4.1 Structure determination of the cages

4.2 Structure of the cluster

5 Properties of the MMNCFs

5.1 Electronic absorption property

5.2 Electrochemistry

5.3 Chemical reactions

5.4 Magnetic properties
6 Conclusions and outlook

More attention to manganese oxide-based catalysts has been paid due to their excellent catalytic activities in low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO_x by NH₃ (NH₃-SCR) in recent years. The progress of low-temperature NH₃-SCR on manganese oxide-based catalysts is reviewed in this paper. The effects of oxidation states, bulk and surface structures of manganese oxides together with the nature of the doping cations and the supports on catalytic activities are extensively analyzed, and according to these results, the general conclusions can be drawn that both higher oxidation state of manganese and higher surface areas favor for the reaction of NH₃-SCR at low temperatures, the doping cations such as Ce⁴⁺, Cr³⁺, Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺ and Sn⁴⁺ can enhance NO_x conversion and/or N₂ selectivity of manganese oxide-based catalysts in low-temperature NH₃-SCR, and the supports with excellent features like TiO₂ and silicon-aluminum zeolites can facilitate the improvements of hydrophobic ability and sulfur-resistant performance. Meanwhile, the mechanisms of low-temperature NH₃-SCR according to activations of NH₃ and NO alone or both are systematically discussed, and depending on the reaction conditions, Eley-Rideal and Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanisms as well as Mars-van Krevelen one possibly simultaneously occur in low-temperature NH₃-SCR reactions over manganese oxide-based catalysts. Finally, the general proposal for developing high active manganese oxide-based catalysts in low-temperature NH₃-SCR is put forward.

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Manganese oxide-based catalysts for low-temperature NH₃-SCR
2.1 Unsupported manganese oxide-based catalysts
2.2 Supported manganese oxide-based catalysts
3. Mechanisms of low-temperature NH₃-SCR on manganese oxide-based catalysts
3.1 Eley-Rideal mechanism
3.2 Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism
4. Conclusions and prospect

Silica aerogels are the lightest materials with a typical interconnected nanostructure. They have received much attention due to their extraordinary properties and their potential applications in many fields. Conventionally silica aerogels have been made by supercritical drying process which is complicated, expensive and unsafe to a certain extent. In order to promote the production of silica aerogels on a large scale and for commercial applications, it is urgently necessary to probe the preparing technique of silica aerogels via ambient pressure drying at a reasonable cost. In recent years, significant developments in the ambient pressure drying technique have been obtained. This article gives an overview of the recent research progresses in preparation methods of silica aerogels via ambient pressure drying technique and the most updated information in preparation of silica aerogel composite materials. Silica aerogel composite materials reinforced by fiber and polymer improve the mechanical properties and further widening the application areas of silica aerogels.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Drying methods
2.1 Drying principle
2.2 Supercritical drying technique
2.3 Ambient pressure drying technique
3 Studies in silica aerogel composites
3.1 Silica aerogel composites reinforced by fibers
3.2 Silica aerogel composites reinforced by polymers
4 Summarization

As an important II-VI group semiconductor material, CdSe nanocrystals have drawn much attention recently due to its unique size-dependent fluorescence tunable across the visible spectrum. CdSe semiconductor nanocrystals exhibit great potential used as a new type of fluorescence materials and labeling material for biological research. Various preparation methods have been developed to synthesize differently size and morphology CdSe nanocrystals. With the different preparing methods, the diameter, phase structure, morphologies uniformity, and properties are also different accordingly. In this paper, the seven typical methods of preparation and control of morphology of CdSe nanocrystals are summarized in detail. Meanwhile, their corresponding strongpoints and weaknesses are also reviewed. The challenges about preparing CdSe nanocrystals are figured out and the future directions are also proposed.

Contents
1　Introduction
2　Preparation methods of CdSe nanocrystals
2.1 Organic liquid synthesis method
2.2 Low temperature water solution method
2.3 Template electrochemical deposition method
2.4 Vapor deposition method
2.5 Hydrothermal and solvothermal methods
2.6 Irradiation chemical method
2.7 Self-assembly technology
3　Conclusions and prospects

The hydrocarbon products distribution of traditional Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is controlled by Anderson-Schulz-Flory (ASF) kinetics. This leads to extensive carbon number distribution and nonselective products. How to break Anderson-Schulz-Flory kinetics is one of the front and hot topics in the research field of selective synthesis hydrocarbon via FTS. In this paper, we review the recent progress of the above area by discussing the relationship between the cobalt-based catalyst’s active sites and pore structure and product distribution.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Controlling the hydrocarbon products distribution of F-T Synthesis by designing the catalyst’s active sites
2.1 Physical mixed bi-functional catalyst
2.2 Zeolite loaded bi-functional catalyst
2.3 Bi-functional catalyst with core-shell structure
3 Controlling the hydrocarbon products distribution of F-T Synthesis by changing supports’ pore structure
4 Conclusions and outlook

The popularity of ionic liquids has significantly increased over the last decade. Among reported studies on ionic liquids, the preparation and application of supported ionic liquid are of great importance due to the combination of both advabntages of  ionic liquids and those of hetergeneous support materials. The viability of this concept has recently confirmed by many studies which have successfully supported various ionic liquids on the surface of porous silicas and explored their potential applications in various fields. The  preparation of these compostes was mainly achieved by using two kinds of silica-based materals,namely  xerogels and ordered mesostructures,via two different immobilization approaches of covalent  attachment and simple deposit. Utilizing and application of ionic liquids/porous silicas associated with dual advantages is an attractive research direction, recently. In this respect, the recent research progress on the objective composites are summarized on the basis of the effectiveness of the synthesis pathways. Meanwhile, the potential applications are also prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation and applications of supported ionic liquids/silica-xerogel catalysts
3 Preparation and application of supported ionic liquids/OMS(ordered mesoporous silicas) catalytic materials
3.1 Directly used as catalysts in various reactions
3.2 Supports for active metal nanoparticles or metal complex
4 Conclusions

Rhodamine dyes have excellent photophysics and photochemistry properties such as high molar extinction coefficient, high stability against light and chemical reactions, high fluorescence quantum yields, and long absorption and emission wavelength, etc. Therefore, they have become one of perfect materials for making fluorescent probes. Rhodamine-based fluorescent probes are nonfluorescent and colorless in visible range (400–700 nm). However, upon the addition of specific metal ions, the chelating or reaction of metal ions with probe molecules will open the spirolactam ring and gives rise to strong fluorescence emission and a pink color above 500 nm. The last progresses in the field of the rhodamine-based fluorescence probes for cations were reviewed in the past five years. The further biological applications of the rhodamine-based fluorescence probes for cations were introduced. The developing trends in the future in this field are also discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Rhodamine-based fluorescent probes for cations
2.1 Fluorescent probes for Cu²⁺
2.2 Fluorescent probes for Hg²⁺
2.3 Fluorescent probes for Fe³⁺
2.5 Other fluorescent probes for cations
3 Conclusions and outlook

Adsorption and conversion of carbon dioxide has called attention worldwidely not only due to the increasing environmental concerns, but also in view of the carbon resource utilization. The research progress on the physical adsorption and chemical conversion of carbon dioxide using organic macrocyclic supramolecular host structures, such as crown ether, cyclodextrin, calixarene and cucurbituril has been overviewed. With intrinsic cavity structure, the organic macrocyclic supramolecular hosts can further form porous materials through self-assembly. On one hand, selective adsorption and separation of carbon dioxide by the organic macrocyclic supramolecular hosts, their derivatives and porous self-assembly materials with specific size and versatile shape is reviewed. On the other hand, the chemical conversion of carbon dioxide involves the reactions with amines, epoxides, alcohols and phenates in the presence of organic macrocyclic supramolecular host structures which act as reactants, catalysts or cocatalysts. These chemical transformations of carbon dioxide enable the utilization of carbon resource and the preparation of functional materials. The review demonstrates the unique applications of molecular recognition and assembly characteristics of organic macrocyclic supramolecular structures on the adsorption and conversion of carbon dioxide. What is more, the outlook of the research area is also provided.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Adsorption of CO2 by organic macrocyclic supramolecular structures
2.1 Adsorption of CO2 by crown ether
2.2 Adsorption of CO2 by cyclodextrin
2.3 Adsorption of CO2 by calixarene
2.4 Adsorption of CO2 by cucurbituril
3 Chemical conversion of CO2 in the presence of organic macrocyclic supramolecular structures
3.1 Reaction of CO2 with amines
3.2 Reaction of CO2 with epoxides
3.3 Reaction of CO2 with alcohols
3.4 Reaction of CO2 with phenates
4 Conclusions and outlook

Proteins and metalloporphyrins are typical biopolymer and metal complexes. Their conjugates, biopolymer metal complexes are very important in vital movement. In this paper, based on introducing structure and major types of proteins and metalloporphyrins, metalloporphyrin-protein conjugates and their functions were reviewed. Firstly, natural metalloporphyrin-protein conjugates were summarized. Such as Cytochrome P450, Hemoglobin, Myoglobin, peroxidase and neuroglobin. They are ubiquitous in organism and play an important role in the process of biological metabolism. Their structure and functions have been characterized. Secondly, artificial conjugates of metalloporphyrin-protein were reviewed. For example, protoporphyrin IX metal complexes and some meso-substituted porphyrin metal complexes had been bound into proteins. Thirdly, recombinant protein, which is prepared by using gene recombination technology, had bound with synthetic metalloporphyrins. The structure and function of recombinant protein are same with natural protein. They also have some advantages, such as large-scale producing and avoiding the pollution. The typical conjugates, such as hemoglobin-based polymer and vesicles, recombinant human serum albumin (rHSA) binding pocket ferrous porphyrin, and protoporphyrin IX Zn(II) complexes / rHSA conjugates, were prepared and applied in blood substitutes ( oxygen carrier), medicine ( drugs treatment of cancer), or photoinduced reduction of water for preparing hydrogen.

Contents
1 The structure and types of protein and metalloporphyrins
2 Natural conjugates of metalloporphyrins and protein - hemoprotein
2.1 Cytochrome-P450
2.2 Peroxidase
2.3 NO synthase
2.4 Hemoglobin
2.5 Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers
2.6 Myoglobin
2.7 Neuroglobin
3 Artificial conjugates of porphyrin and protein
3.1 Natural porphyrin binding with albumin
3.2 Synthetic porphyrin binding with albumin
4 Synthetic porphyrin binding with biosynthetic protein
4.1 Artificial synthetic protein - recombinant protein
4.2 Albumin binding pocket ferricporphyrin - artificial blood
4.3 Metalloporphyrins protein conjugates as drugs.

Aryl nitriles are important building blocks in modern organic chemistry. They are integral parts of dyes, natural products, materials and agrochemicals. Many transition metals catalyzed or mediated displacements of aromatic halides by the cyanide ion have been developed. The traditional cyanide ion sources are KCN, NaCN, ZnCN, CuCN, (CH₃)₂C(OH)CN and TMSCN. But these cyanide sources have severe drawbacks: KCN and NaCN are highly poisonous, ZnCN₂ and CuCN lead to stoichiometric amounts of heavy metal salt wastes, TMSCN and (CH₃)₂C(OH)CN are sensitive to moisture. In 2004, Prof. Beller and co-workers described for the first time the use of potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) (K₄[Fe(CN)₆]) as cyanating agent for the general synthesis of aryl nitriles from aryl bromides. They also found that all the six cyanide ions bound to the iron(II) center are used in the cyanation reaction. Compared with traditional cyanation reagents, potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) is nontoxic and can be handled without special precautions. Various methods for the synthesis of aryl nitriles with this user-friendly cyanating reagent have been developed. Very recently, direct cyanation reactions through transition-metal catalyzed C-H bond activation were reported. This review present the recent development of Pd and Cu catalyzed cyanation reactions with nontoxic and user-friendly potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) as the cyanating reagent.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Palladium catalyzed cyanation reactions with potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)
3 Copper catalyzed cyanation reactions with potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)
4 Conclusions and outlook

Chiral binaphthol derivatives (BINOLs) have recently attracted considerable attention as active materials in photoelectric applications such as sensors, organic light-emitting diodes (OLED), nonlinear optics, and molecular machines due to their particular C₂-unsymmetry, polysubstitution, and stable chiral conformation. In this review, the design strategies and applications of BINOLs are summarized according to their different molecular modification methods. The relationships between the structures and optoelectronic properties are also elucidated. Mono-substituted and polysubstituted BINOLs are mainly applied to fluorescent sensors based on photo-induced electron transfer (PET) and hydrogen bond interaction mechanisms. Disubstituted BINOLs are widely used in OLEDs, due to their outstanding optoelectronic properties that can be adjusted by changing the conformation and conjugation of the twisty π-conjugated naphthalene of BINOLs. There are also many other applications, such as in nonlinear optics and molecular machines grounding on the C₂-symmetric and chiral character of BINOLs. Further development and prospects of BINOLs are also discussed.

 Contents
1. Introduction
2. Mono-substituted binaphthol derivatives(BINOLs)
2.1 2,2'-substituted BINOLs
2.2 3,3'-substituted BINOLs
2.3 6,6'-substituted BINOLs
3. Disubstituted BINOLs
3.1 2, 3-substituted BINOLs
3.2 2, 6-substituted BINOLs
4. Polysustituted BINOLs
5. Other substituted BINOLs
6. Conclusion and outlook

With the gradually ban of brominated flame retardants, the application of organophosphate esters (OPEs) as flame retardants in various products has greatly increased in recent years. As a class of emerging pollutants, the environmental problems caused by the OPEs are more and more concerned. This article reviewed the current applications, pollution status, toxicity, and analysis methods of OPEs, with the hope of providing references for the studying of OPEs in China.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Pollution status
2.1 OPEs in water and sediment
2.2 OPEs in gas and particle
2.3 OPEs in human body
3 Toxicities of OPEs
4 Analysis methods of OPEs
4.1 Sample pretreatment methods
4.2 OPEs detection methods 
4.3 Internal standard and blank
5 Conclusions and outlook

At present, drug inhibition of angiogenesis has become a hot topic in the treatment of tumor and several tumor angiogenesis inhibitors (TAIs) have been marketed. TAIs can suppress tumor growth and metastasis, and even induce tumor regression. Research and development on TAIs holds the promise of supplying drugs with high potency, low toxicity and broad-spectrum antitumor activity for tumor patients. This review summarized recent research progress in TAIs. First of all, indirect TAIs were introduced. Among indirect TAIs, VEGF inhibitor is the most successful TAI currently. Secondly, direct TAIs, which are unlikely switch on the angiogenic rescue program, were introduced. Thirdly, in the miscellaneous TAIs part, thalidomide and its derivatives, whose mechanisms of activity have not been defined well, were described in detail. Finally, several problems encountered in the research and development of TAIs, such as challenge from novel theory of anti-angiogenenic therapy and resistance, were analyzed and discussed, and future research directions were pointed out.

Organic-inorganic hybrid ion exchange membranes have been developing into a fascinating new field of research since their emergence in 1980s, because of their potential applications in such fields as fuel cells, electrochemical analysis and sensing, electro-membrane separation, diffusion dialysis, etc. Based on the work of our research group, the recent development of the preparation and application technologies (especially during the latest 5 years) is reviewed in this paper. Preparation methods including sol-gel process, blending, in situ in?ltration and precipitation are elaborated, and the applications in fuel cells, electrochemical analysis, sensing, electro-membrane separation, diffusion dialysis, microfiltration, nanofiltration and pervaporation are summarized. Finally, the brief summary and comments on their future development are prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation of organic-inorganic hybrid ion exchange membranes
2.1 Sol-gel process
2.1.1 Sol-gel of organically modified alkoxysilane R'nSi(OR)4-n or (RO)3Si-R'Si(OR)3
2.1.2 In-situ sol-gel in polymer matrix
2.1.3 Sol-gel of functionalized polymer
2.2 Blending
2.3 In situ in?ltration and precipitation
2.4 Other preparation methods
3 Applications of organic-inorganic hybrid ion exchange membranes
3.1 Fuel cells
3.2 Electrochemical analysis and sensing
3.3 Electro-membrane separation and diffusion dialysis
3.4 Adsorption and separation of heavy metal ions and bio-macromolecules
3.5 Other applications
4 Summary and perspective

Herein，the recent progress on the preparation of chiral polydiacetylene (PDA) assembles has been reviewed. It is emphasized that chirality of PDA Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films can be obtained from an achiral azobenzene-substituted diacetylene. Photo-modulation of chiroptical of azobenzene-substituted polydiacetylene LB films and the resulting changes of the optical and other physical properties has been studied in detail. The prospects of the potential applications in the field of photonic devices are also discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation of chiral polydiacetylene assembling
2.1 Self-assembly by chiral diacetylene with chiral pendent groups
2.2 Helicity induction by a chiral guest
2.3 Self-assembly by achiral diacetylene on air/water surface
3 Modulation of chirality for polydiacetylene films
3.1 Chiroptical switch under thermal stimuli
3.2 Chiroptical switch under photic stimuli
4 Conclusions and outlook

At present the cyclicolefin copolymer is one of the most promising alternative products with high level in the comprehensive utilization of C5 field, which has attracted more attention. The development of metallocene catalysts, non-metalocene catalysts and late transition metal catalysts used in ethylene-norbornene copolymerization are promptly reviewed. Developing new half-sandwich catalysts should be the hot spot in the field of metallocene catalysts. Half-sandwich catalysts can be further divided into two kinds, which are constrained geometry catalysts and Cp’MX₃ or Cp’M(R)X₂ (Cp’= cyclopentadienyl group or substituted cyclopentadienyl group; M=Ti, Zr, Hf；X= halogen or alkyl; R=OAr, NR₂, NPR₃). Non-metallocene catalysts have much more electrophilic metal center and more open active site, which lead to higher norbornene incorporation efficiency. In some certain conditions, it is even able to exhibit the characteristics of quasi-living polymerization. Compared to former transition metal catalysts, late transition metal catalysts should be less sensitive to oxygen and lewis acid, and owns better tolerance against the polar groups. Based on the characteristics of the copolymerization, the catalytic performance is analyzed firstly and then effect of ligand’s structure on the catalytic property. Moreover, improving the incorporation efficiency of cyclic olefin and controlling the sequence and molecular weight should be the main focus on this paper. The future research in the area has also been prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Metallocene catalysts
3 Non-metallocene catalysts
4 Late transition metal catalysts
5 Conclusions

Dendrimers possess great potentials in molecular devices due to their special chemical structures, which stimulates photochemical and photophyscial investigation of dendrimers. This paper describes the chemical structure characteristics of reported dendrimers with photoinduced intramolecular energy transfer nature in recent two decades, and presents the effect of the generations, rigidity, symmetry, planarity, energy gradient and multi-photon excitation on the photoinduced intramolecular energy transfer efficiency. This review also shows how to tune photoinduced intramolecular energy transfer efficiency with chemical strategy based on the properties of energy-donor and acceptor. The application of photoinduced intramolecular energy transfer efficiency in dendrimers is generalized. The key scientific problems in the photoinduced intramolecular energy transfer efficiency in dendrimers are summarized. The development prospects of photoinduced intramolecular energy transfer in dendrimers is discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Photoinduced intramolecular energy transfer
2.1 Basic theory in Photoinduced intramolecular energy transfer
2.2 Photoinduced intramolecular energy transfer in dendrimers
2.2.1 Photoinduced intramolecular energy transfer in non-conjugated dendrimers
2.2.2 Photoinduced intramolecular energy transfer in conjugated dendrimers
3 Application
3.1 Sensor
3.2 Biological and medical fields
4 Problems
5 Development direction
6 Conclusions

Electrochromic materials have been attached more and more interests due to their potential applications such as smart windows, display and military camouflage, etc. In this paper, the electrochromic properties and research progress of polyaniline、polythiophene、polypyrrole and hybrid conducting polymers are reviewed briefly. It is believed that the conducting copolymers and organic/inorganic hybrid conducting polymers with multicolors、good stability and film formation properties should be the development direction for electrochromic materials.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The mechanism of electrochromism
3 Electrochromic materials based on conducting polyaniline
4 Electrochromic materials based on conducting polythiophene
5 Electrochromic materials based on conducting polypyrrole
6 Electrochromic materials based on hybrid materials
6.1 Electrochromic materials based on conducting copolymers and hybrid conducting polymers with multilayers
6.2 Electrochromic materials based on organic/inorganic hybrid conducting polymers
7 Conclusions and outlook

Nanocrystalline cellulose has become a hotspot in nanotechnology field for its advantages of abundant, renewable, biodegradable and excellent mechanical properties. The preparation methods of NCC are summarized, especially introducing the chemical and mechanical preparation methods. Meanwhile the surface modification of NCC is reviewed, also the application of the NCC for preparing nanocomposites are summarized and the application of NCC on reinforcing composites are reviewed in detail. Finally, the future development of NCC is prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation of NCC
2.1 Chemical method
2.2 Mechanical method
2.3 Biologic method
2.4 Solvent method
2.5 Electrospinning method
2.6 Ionic liquid method
3 Surface modification of NCC
3.1 Sulfonation
3.2 Carboxylation
3.3 Grafting
3.4 Acetylation
3.5 Silanization
3.6 Surfactant treatment
3.7 Polyelectrolyte treatment
4 Applications of NCC in composites
4.1 High qualities reinforcement composites and film materials
4.2 Medical materials
4.3 Optical materials
4.4 Template materials
4.5 Other applications
5 Outlook

H₂O₂ can obviously be catalyzed by activated carbon (AC) on the AC surface, forming the free radicals of hydroxyl radical (•OH). As is to known,persulfate (PS) is similar to H₂O₂ in structure, so PS may be catalyzed by AC too, involving the formation of free radicals of sulfate radical (SO4−•). AC/peroxide (H₂O₂ or PS) combined system will be an efficient advanced oxidation technology of removing organic pollutants in water or wastewater. This paper, for the first time, reviews the research progress of the combined system in degrading organic pollutants, including AC/H₂O₂, AC/Fenton, AC/H₂O₂/UV light, AC/H₂O₂/microwave, AC/Fenton/microwave, AC/wet H₂O₂ oxidation, as well as AC/PS, AC/PS/metal ion, and AC/PS/ microwave. Both the interaction between AC and peroxide, and the prospects of AC/peroxide technology are also discussed.

Contents
1 Combined systems of AC and H₂O₂
1.1 AC/H₂O₂
1.2 AC/Fenton
1.3 AC/H₂O₂/UV Light
1.4 AC/H₂O₂/Microwave, AC/Fenton/Microwave
1.5 AC/Wet H₂O₂ Oxidation
2 Combined systems of AC and PS
2.1 AC/PS
2.2 AC/PS/metal Ion
2.3 AC/PS/microwave
3 Interaction between AC and peroxide
3.1 Impact of AC on peroxide
3.2 Impact of peroxide on AC
4 Conclusions and outlook