MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs (18-23 nucleotides (nt)) that regulate gene expression. MiRNAs exist widely in animals, plants and humans, and play fundamental roles in many biological processes, such as growth, development, differentiation and reproduction, etc. MiRNA is believed to be involved in the regulation of nearly 30% of all human genes and its expression level is closely related to some major diseases of mankind. Thus, quantitive detection and expression analysis of miRNA are significant to the understanding of functional mechanism of miRNAs, the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, and the development of the correlated gene drugs, etc. MiRNA detection is mostly based on the hybridization and amplification techniques of nucleic acids, which includes northern blotting technique, microarray, in situ hybridization, real-time reverse transcription PCR, isothermal rolling circle amplification and conjugated polymer-based miRNA detection. With the discovery of miRNA in different species and the thoroughly functional research of miRNA, the detection methods have been improved continuously and the new techniques, involving amplification, labeled probe and detection, have been developed successively. This paper summarizes the progress of miRNA detection, reviews the advantages and the disadvantages of all kinds of methods and prospects the miRNA detection of trends.

Contents 
1. Introduction 
2. Northern blotting technique 
3. Microarray 
3.1 Isotope labeling detection
3.2 Fluorescence labeling detection 
3.3 Chemiluminescence labeling detection 
3.4 Nanoparticle labeling detection 
3.5 Electrochemistry detection 
4. In situ hybridization 
5. Real-time Reverse Transcription PCR 
6. Isothermal rolling circle amplification 
7. Conjugated polymer-based miRNA detection 
8. Conclusion and prospects

Aptamers are a new class of nucleic acid probes, which are ssDNA/RNA molecules selected to target a wide range of ions, molecules and even cells through SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) technique. This paper presents aptamers and traditional selection approaches; summarizes recent efforts in developing new aptamer selection strategies; reviews new approaches for biomedical analysis, disease biomarker discovery and target therapy. Finally, the potential of aptamers in biomedicine is also discussed.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 Aptamers generated from SELEX 
2.1 Classical selection method 
2.2 Improved separation approaches in SELEX 
2.3 SELEX with modified nucleotides 
3 Aptamers for biomedical applications 
3.1 Detection of ions and small molecules 
3.2 Biomolecules monitoring 
3.3 Analysis of tumor cells 
3.4 Discovery of biomarkers 
4 Aptamer-based target therapies 
5 Conclusions and prospects

Methanol to olefins( MTO) reaction is the key process of olefins production from coal or natural gas as resources, which is a substitute of oil route. SAPO-34 molecular sieve exhibits excellent performance in MTO reaction, due to its small pore, suitable acidity and good thermal/hydrothermal stability. Research on the modification of SAPO-34 can not only help to improve its catalytic properties, but also benefit to better understand the reaction mechanism. The present article reviews various modification methods of SAPO-34 used as MTO catalyst, such as steam treatment, selective poisoning of acid sites, metal modification, ship-in-a-bottle method, silanization modification, F^- ion modification, nitridation modification, etc. The further research directions are also discussed.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 Structure and acidity of SAPO-34 
3 Modification of SAPO-34 molecular sieve used for MTO reaction 
3.1 Steam treatment 
3.2 Selective poisoning of acid sites 
3.3 Metal modification 
3.4 Ship-in-a-bottle method 
3.5 Silanization modification 
3.6 F^- ion modification
3.7 Nitridation modification 
3.8 Phosphorous compounds modification 
4 Conclusions and perspective

The current research progresses about influences of promoters on constructing active centerS on noble metallic catalysts and their catalytic performances for CO preferential oxidation (PROX) in H2-rich stream have been reviewed. Effects of alkali (alkaline earth) metals, transitional-metallic and rare earth oxides on the catalytic performance of Au catalysts and Pt group catalysts for PROX reaction were compared in detailed. In addition, the reaction mechanism for CO preferential oxidation, the reasons for supported noble metallic catalysts deactivation in different storage and reaction conditions have been summarized. Finally, some problems unsolved and need studied further are advanced. The prospects for develodpment of catalysts for PROX reaction are also discussed.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 Noble metallic catalysts 
2.1 Au catalyst 
2.2 Pt group catalysts 
2.3 Catalysts deactivation 
2.4 Research of CO oxidation reaction mechanisms 
3 Prospects

Electro-catalysts for oxygen reduction with low cost, high activity and high durability have been a focal point of research for fuel cells. Recently, the findings on the significant function of nitrogen-doped to the electrocatalytic performance of nano-carbons and their composites have received widespread great attention. It has pioneered a new space on the research of electrocatalytic materials for fuel cells. On this aspect, some breakthroughs have been obtained. The nitrogen-doped methods, the up-to-date research evolution on the use of non-Pt nitrogen-doped nano-carbons and their composites as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction were reviewed. Factors that influence the electrocatalytic activities of above catalysts were discussed and theoretic explanations about nitrogen-doped were given. Finally, the prospects of application and development trends in this field were also brought forward.

Contents
1 Introduction 
2 Nitrogen-doped nano-carbon catalysts 
2.1 Nitrogen-doped for nano-carbons 
2.2 Study on performance of catalysts 
3 Nitrogen-doped nano-carbon and non-Pt metal composites 
3.1 Preparation methods 
3.2 Influencing factors 
3.3 Catalyzing mechanism
4 Conclusion

In the process of water oxidation in photosystem II (PS II), water is split into four protons and O₂ via a series of four redox steps in a catalytic site called oxygen-evolving complex (OEC), which consists of a manganese cluster and a redox-active tyrosine residue, Y_Z. During the assembly of PS II to its functional state, the manganese cluster of photosynthetic OEC is formed by a process called photoassembly. In this paper, based on the current research progresses, a complete introduction on the photoassembly of the manganese cluster of photosynthetic OEC was presented as follow: (1) Kinetic model for photoassembly of the manganese cluster complex OEC; (2) Proteins and external ligands related to the formation of the manganese cluster in photoassembly; (3) The binding properties of manganese in the apo-OEC-PS II; (4) Role of cofactors in photoassembly; (5) Mechanism for the photoassembly of the manganese cluster of photosynthetic OEC. In addition, the photoassembly of the manganese cluster by using synthetic manganese complex and apo-OEC-PS II was reviewed and discussed on the bases of our research results. In the end of this paper, some open questions from the present research on the structure and function of the manganese cluster of photosynthetic OEC were pointed out and the future application from this research is introduced.

Contents 
1. Introduction 
2. Photoassembly of manganese cluster of photosynthetic oxygen-evolving complex 
2.1 Kinetic model for photoassembly of the manganese cluster complex 
2.2 Proteins and external ligands related the formation of manganese cluster in photoassembly 
2.3 Manganese and manganese binding with the apo-OEC-PS II in photoassembly 
2.4 Role of calcium ion in photoassembly 
2.5 Role of chloride ion in photoassembly 
2.6 Role of bicarbonate ion in photoassembly 
2.7 Role of other cofactors from PS II in photoassembly 
3. Mechanism for photoassembly of manganese cluster of photosynthetic OEC
4. Photoassembly of manganese cluster by using synthetic manganese complex and apo-OEC-PS II 
5. Perspectives

The magnetic Fe₃O₄ nano-crystalline has widely been investigated and applied due to its special structure and magnetic properties. In this paper, the preparation method of the magneticFe₃O₄ nano-crystalline, such as the co-precipitation, solvothermal, sol-gel, micro-emulsion, and microwave ultrasonic method, are summarized and reviewed. The effect of different factors on the structure and performance ofFe₃O₄ nano-crystalline have been analyzed in detail. The application of magneticFe₃O₄ nano-crystalline in many fields, such as in ferrofluid, microwave adsorption materials, water treatment, catalysts, drug carriers, bio-enzyme immobilization, and biosensors, are described and discussed. The development trends of magnetic Fe₃O₄  nano-crystalline are also reviewed.

Contents 
1. Introduction 
2 The preparation of Fe₃O₄  nano-crystalline
2.1 Precipitation 
2.2 Solvothermal 
2.3 Sol-gel 
2.4 Microemulsion 
2.5 Microwave ultrasound 
3 The application of Fe₃O₄  nano-crystalline 
3.1 Ferrofluid 
3.2 Microwave absorbtion 
3.3 Adsorption removal of water pollutants and precious metals recycling 
3.4 Catalyst 
3.5 MRI contrast agent 
3.6 Targeted Drug Delivery 
3.7 Gene therapy 
3.8 Hyperthermia 
3.9 Bio-Protein separation 
3.10 Biosensors 
3.11 Bio-enzyme immobilization 
4 Conclusions and outlook

Organic light emitting diode（OLED）has been the subject of intense research in the past decades because of its potential applications for large area ?at panel displays and solid state lighting. One of the import challenges on the path to developing the high-performance OLED is the design and synthesis of the readily processible and thermally robust charge transport materials. Because a high electron-mobility material can adjust the balance of the injection of electrons and holes and increase the probability of excitons’ formation, which can reduce the leakage current in the device caused by excess holes penetrating through from the anode to cathode, then enhance the luminescence and efficiency of OLED. Many metal organic complexs not only have a high flourescence quantum efficiency, but also have many others merits, such as stability and easily conjoint with the electrode. So they are can be a electron transporting materials and luminescent materials. In this paper we report the recent progress of metal-organic complex as electron-transporting materials in electroluminescent, which were divided by the central metal ions, such as the main group metals of Al, Be, etc and the vice group metals of Cu, Zn, etc and the rare-earth metals, respectively. The potential developments of metal-organic complex electron-transporting materials are also prospected.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 Organic electron-transporting materials based on main group metal elements 
2.1 Organic electron-transporting materials based on aluminum 
2.2 Organic electron-transporting materials based on gallium and indium
2.3 Organic electron-transporting materials based on beryllium 
3 Organic electron-transporting materials based on vice group metal elements 
3.1 Organic electron-transporting materials based on zinc 
3.2 Organic electron-transporting materials based on Copper 
3.3 Organic electron-transporting materials based on other vice group metal elements 
4 The design and prospect of electron- transporting materials

Nucleosides analogs may participate and interfere in some way with DNA or RNA replication,transcription or reverse transcription in bacteria or virus, which made them potential antibacterial or antivirus drugs. Some natural nucleosides behave biologically active in vitro, however, instability to enzyme and poor selectivity in vivo restrict their application in medicinal field. Synthesis of chemically modified nucleosides and their derivatives as biologically active molecules has been an important topic in nucleic acid medicinal chemistry. Metathesis reaction, an inter- or intramolecular exchange reaction of alkylidene catalyzed by metal-carbene complex, makes the synthesis of nucleosides analogs go into a new stage, and becomes one of the main routes for the synthesis of nucleosides analogs. Driven by the discovery and improvement of metathesis catalysts, such as Schrock catalysts, Grubbs catalysts etc., olefin-metathesis reactions, especially olefin ring-closing metathesis (RCM) and cross-metathesis (CM) reactions, are widely used in constructing functionalized sugars (or pseudo sugars) in nucleosides analogs structures or connecting two nucleosides to form nucleotide dimers or trimers. Application of olefin metathesis reaction in the synthesis of nucleosides analogs, including carbocyclic nucleosides, 2’, 3’-dideoxynucleosides, acyclonucleosides, polycyclic nucleosides, and nucleosides or nucleotides dimers or trimers, is reviewed in this paper.

Contents: 
1 Introduction 
1. 1 The development of nucleoside chemistry in medicinal chemistry 
1. 2 Metathesis reaction and its catalysts 
2 Application of olefin metathesis in the synthesis of nucleosides analogs 
2. 1 Carbocyclic nucleosides 
2. 2 2’, 3’-Didehydro-2’, 3’-dideoxynucleosides
2. 3 Acyclonucleosides 
2. 4 Polycyclic nucleosides 
2. 5 Nucleoside or nucleotide dimers or trimers 
3 Outlook

“Click chemistry” is a new synthetic method which has being developed in recent years. Due to its numerous advantages, its applications have been paid close attentions and developed rapidly including the synthesis of lead compound database, proteome, bioconjugate technology and biomedicine. Recently, click chemistry, and in particular the Cu⁺-mediated 1,3-dipolar [3+2] cycloaddition between azides and alkynes, has also entered the field of radiopharmaceutical science. In this paper, the conception, characteristics and reaction mechanisms of “click chemistry” are reviewed. Particularly, the recent developments of click chemistry applied in synthesizing various radiotracers，radiopharmaceuticals，labelled compounds and PET imaging are addressed. The radionuclides include ¹⁸F and ¹¹C used for PET imaging and ^99mTc, ¹⁸⁸Re, ¹²⁵I, ¹¹¹In for SPECT imaging. The prospects of this application in radiopharmaceutical science are analyzed.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 Overview of “Click chemistry” 
3 Cu⁺-mediated 1,3-dipolar [3+2] cycloaddtion 
4 Application of “Click chemistry” in radiopharmaceuticals 
4.1 Click chemistry and synthesis of PET imaging tracers 
4.2 Click chemistry and metal radioactive nuclides 
5 Conclusion

In this article, the recent research progress in the dehydration of Carbohydrates for preparation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(5-HMF) is summarized, including its dehydration mechanism and product distribution, catalysts and solvents used, the separation of 5-HMF, as well as a brief prospective on this research field. At present, the most effective catalyst is CrCl2/[EMIM] system, but separation the 5-HMF product is worthy to be concerned, especially the separation of 5-HMF from ionic liquid medium to make the latter reused.

Contents 
1 Introduction
2 Dehydration mechanism and product distribution 
2.1 Dehydration mechanism of fructose 
2.2 Dehydration mechanism of glucose 
3 Catalysts for carbonhydrates dehydration 
4 Solvent media for carbohydrate dehydration 
5 Separation of 5-HMF from reaction media 
6 Conclusion and perspective

Conducting polymers (polyaniline, polypyrrole and polythiophene) as electrode materials for supercapacitor have been attracted great interest due to their low cost, high capacity, rapid charge and discharge, environmental friendliness and safety. In this paper, conducting polymers and hybrid materials of conducting polymers and inorganic materials (carbon materials / metal oxide materials) as electrode materials for supercapacitor have been reviewed, it is believed that the conducting polymers with nanostructures and the hybrid materials of conducting polymers and inorganic nanomaterials are the important research directions of electrode materials for supercapacitor.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 The mechanism of storge energy of supercapacitor 
3 Electrode materials of supercapacitor based on polyaniline 
4 Electrode materials of supercapacitor based on polypyrrole 
5 Electrode materials of supercapacitor based on polythiophene 
6 Electrode materials of supercapacitor based on hybrid materials 
7 Conclusions and outlook

Due to the wide important application of the polymer-based composites with both high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss in such fields as electrical and electronic engineering, this paper reviews almost all the state-of-the-art research work focusing on them. In the attempt to establish the principles to design and prepare the polymer-based composites with high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss, the effects of functional fillers, polymer matrix, and their interaction on the dielectric properties of the polymer-based composites were discussed in details. As a consequence, the future research trends are pointed out involving the development of the innovative approaches to prepare functional fillers with controlled structures, morphologies and sizes, facile advanced composite process techniques to adjust the interfaces, the theoretical models to correlate dielectric properties with the structure of the functional fillers, etc. 

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 The effect of the functional fillers on the dielectric properties of the polymer-based composites 
2.1 The types of the functional fillers 
2.2 The size and morphology of fillers 
3 The effect of the polymer matrix on the dielectric properties of the polymer-based composites 
4 The effect of the interface between the functional fillers and the polymer matrix on the dielectric properties of the polymer-based composites 
5 The engineering applications of the polymer-based composites with high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss 
6. Conclusion

The composites which are made of intelligent hydrogels, ploy ( N-isopropyl acrylamide) ( PNIPAM ) and Au nanoparticles ( AuNPs ), have drawn great attentions because they have thermo-responsive behavior of PNIPAM with optical properties of AuNPs. Here, the preparation methods of the composites and their traits are reviewed, which include direct dispersion, in-situ polymerization approach, in-situ synthesis of nanoparticles, template methods, et al. Furthermore, the applications of these composites are introduced in aspects of photothermally modulated drug delivery, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, catalysis, on-off valve, sensing and supramolecular self-assembly. Finally, the current problems and the prospect of the future researches on the composites are proposed.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 Preparation of Au-PNIPAM 
2.1 Direct Dispersion (Mixed together) 
2.2 In-situ Polymerization 
2.3 In-situ Synthesis of  Au Nanoparticles 
2.4 Template Methods 
2.5 Other Methods 
3 Applications of Au-PNIPAM 
3.1 Photothermally modulated drug delivery
3.2 Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering 
3.3 Catalysis 
3.4 On-Off Valve 
3.5 Sensing 
3.6 Supramolecular self-assembly 
4 Conclusion

The alterations of locally environmental parameters (e.g., polarity, pH, viscosity and temperature) in biosystems correlate closely with some physiological function disorders. Therefore, the precise measurements of these parameters are of great importance for the explanation of complicated biological processes and diagnoses of some related diseases. Because of their high spatial and temporal resolution capability, many environment-sensitive fluorescent probes have been developed and used in life sciences. In this paper, a brief review is given on the progress and applications of various biologically environment-sensitive fluorescent probes, including some of the related results from our laboratory.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 Polarity-sensitive fluorescent probes 
2.1 Nile red and its derivates
2.2 Acrylodan
2.3 Aladan 
2.4 Pyrene and its derivates
2.5 Neutral red and its derivates
2.6 Others
3 pH-sensitive fluorescent probes 
4 Viscosity-sensitive fluorescent probes
5 Temperature-sensitive fluorescent probes 
6 Prospects

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a highly sensitive and selective tool for the identification of biological and chemical analytes based on Raman scattering. Due to its unique characteristics of high sensitivity, no interference from water, high resolution and stability, SERS has been widely used in biological analysis and biomedical research. In recent years, great development has been achieved in the application of SERS in the field of gene assay. This Review  is presented on the latest development of SERS for gene analysis, including label-free detection and label-dye detection. It emphasizes on the metal-nanoparticle- and the tip-enhanced-Raman-scattering-based SERS, and the SERS signal amplification on the basis of Raman-active dyes, PCR technology, molecular beacon, substrates and SERS tags. Finally, the multiplexed SERS detection and the future trends of SERS are outlined.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 Label-free detection of gene based on SERS
2.1 Use of metal nanoparticles 
2.2 Use of tip-enhanced Raman scattering 
3 Label detection of gene based on SERS 
3.1 Raman-active-dye-based SERS signal amplification 
3.2 PCR-based SERS signal amplification 
3.3 Molecular-beacon-based SERS signal amplification 
3.4 Substrate-based SERS signal amplification 
3.5 SERS-tag-based SERS signal amplification 
4 Multiplexed detection of genes based on SERS 
5 Conclusions and Outlook

This review introduces a novel microdot sensing method, surface plasmon resonance imaging( SPRI ), which is a label-free method suitable for in situ and real time monitoring of molecular interaction events simultaneously. It is becoming a new and promising platform for high-throughput study of a huge amount of biological samples with limited volume or resources. In addition to the introduction of its working principle, method development, and applications to the characterization of thin film and biomolecular interaction monitoring, the state-of-art of this method is particularly focused and discussed to have an insight into its future development trends.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 Principle and history of SPRI 
3 Applications 
3.1 Film characterization 
3.2 Study of biomolecular interactions 
4 Technological development 
4.1 Instrumental advancement 
4.2 Signal amplification 
4.3 Coupling of SPRI with other methods
4.4 New technique for preparation and functionalization of gold sensing film 
5 Outlook

The recent research progress of enzyme immobilization on mesoporous materials are reviewed in this paper, focusing the present research of the immobilization of hydrolases，such as lipase, protease and penicillin G acylase, and oxido-reductases, including horseradish peroxidase, chloroperoxidase and laccase. The outlook of potential applications of enzyme immobilization on mesoporous materials is also prospected.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 Research of enzyme immobilization on mesoporous materials 
2.1 Hydrolase immobilization on mesoporous materials 
2.2 Oxido-reductase immobilization on mesoporous materials 
2.3 Other kinds of enzymes immobilization on mesoporous materials 
3 Conclusion and outlook

Kidney stone is the product of pathologic biomineralization, with calcium oxalate (CaOxa) as the main mineral component. The injury of renal tubular epithelial cell (REC) plays an important role in the formation process of kidney stone. In this paper, it is summarized that the functional molecules expressed on the surface of cellular membrane especially the molecules containing acidic groups and promoting crystal adhesion. These functional molecules includes phosphatidylserine, hyaluronic acid, osteopontin, and transmembrane glycoprotein, etc. The mechanism and influence factors of these functional molecules on regulation of nucleation, growth and adhesion of calcium oxalate were discussed at the molecular and supramolecular level. The research direction is also indicated.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Expression of function molecules and changes of biochemical index after injury of renal epithelial cell 
2.1 Surface exposure of acidic phospholipids 
2.2 Expression of hyaluronic acid 
2.3 Expression of proteins 
2.4 Change of biochemical indicators 
3 Effect of injured renal epithelial cells on the formation of renal stones 
3.1 Cell injury to promote nucleation and growth of urinary stone mineral 
3.2 Cell injury to promote adherence of CaOxa crystals 
4 Interaction between cells and crystals
5 Influence factors in modulation process of renal epithelial cell on stones 
5.1 pH
5.2 Inhibitors 
6 Outlook

In this paper, three in-situ passive sampling techniques and devices, including dialysis peepers, diffusive equilibrium in thin-films (DET) technique and diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique,  are introduced. The principles, devices, advantages of three in-situ passive sampling techniques are summarized. The applications of three techniques of three in-situ passive sampling techniques, including the in situ sampling of total dissovled concentrations of heavy metals in water and sediment porewaters by dialysis peepers and DET coupled with DGT technique, and the prediction of bioavailability of heavy metals and its speciation measurement with DGT techniques, are focused. Comparison with the soil chemical extraction method, DGT can be used as a new method for the measurement of bioavailability of heavy metals. The speciation of heavy metals can be measured by DGT coupled with other techniques( e.g. DET, ion selective electrode, competing ligand exchange and HPLC-ICP-MS methods ). The prospects of in-situ passive sampling technique are also assessed. 

Contents 
1. Introduction 
2. Dialysis peeper technique 
3. Diffusive equilibrium in thin-films technique 
4. Diffusive gradients in thin-films technique 
5. Applications 
5.1 Application of dialysis peeper 
5.2 Application of diffusive equilibrium in thin-films technique
5.3 Application of diffusive gradients in thin-films technique
6. Outlook