Microwave heating has many advantages such as rapidness, short reaction time, high efficiency and energy saving. The microwave-assisted syntheses usually exhibit order-of-magnitude enhancements in chemical reaction rate as compared to the conventional syntheses. As a result, the microwave heating as a novel heat source allows the rapid production of inorganic nanostructured materials in liquid phase, thus advancing rapidly toward its practical applications. On the other hand, the rich varieties of liquid solvents and their smart combinations will provide a great freedom for the rapid preparation of various calcium phosphate nanostructured materials, and more importantly for the control over the chemical composition, structure, size, morphology, and self-assembly. In recent years, to investigate new strategies for the preparation, control over structure/size/morphology, properties and applications of calcium phosphate nanostructured materials have become a hot topic in the biomedical research field. Up to now, various calcium phosphate nanostructured materials have been prepared by the microwave-assisted method in liquid phase, including nanoparticles, one-, two- and three-dimensional nanostructures. In addition, calcium phosphate nanostructured materials can be further functionalized through doping or adding different functional components by the microwave-assisted method. The as-prepared calcium phosphate based nanostructured materials are promising for applications in various fields, including drug delivery, protein adsorption, metal ion adsorption, bioimaging, and so on. This review discusses the advantages of microwave-assisted synthesis of nanostructured materials, and reviews the recent progress of microwave-assisted preparation of calcium phosphate nanostructured materials in liquid phase.In addition, some future research trends and directions of microwave-assisted synthesis of calcium phosphate nanostructured materials are proposed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Advantages of microwave-assisted preparation of nanostructured materials
3 Microwave-assisted preparation of calcium phosphate nanostructured materials using inorganic phosphate as phosphorus source in liquid phase
3.1 Structural control over calcium phosphate
3.2 Preparation of calcium phosphate nanostructured materials using the ultrasound-microwave combined method
4 Microwave-assisted preparation of calcium phosphate nanostructured materials using organic biomolecules as phosphorus source
5 Microwave-assisted preparation of multifunctional calcium phosphate nanostructured materials in liquid phase
5.1 Doped/composite calcium phosphate nanostructured materials
5.2 Multifunctional calcium phosphate nanostructured drug carriers
6 Conclusion

Bimetallic nanoparticles usually have more excellent catalytic, optical and electrical properties than that of corresponding monometallic nanoparticles. Co-reduction, successive reduction, galvanic replacement reaction, chemical vapor deposition, microemulsion and microwave assisted heating method are widely used for the preparation of bimetallic nanoparticles. Alloy, core@shell and hollow-structured bimetallic nanocatalysts with controllable structure and uniform particle size that prepared under mild conditions via galvanic reaction, usually possess highly catalytic activities. Recently development of bimetallic nanoparticles prepared by galvanic replacement reactions with structure of alloy, core@shell and hollow are introduced in present paper, and the effects of preparation condition such as the kind and composition of template nanoparticles, protective agents, reaction medium, reaction time and temperature, precursor concentration on the structure, and the catalytic activity of the as-prepared bimetallic nanoparticles are reviewed in detail. The present problems and potential development directions on bimetallic nanocatalysts with different structures synthesized by replacement reaction are also proposed.

Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Application and structure of bimetallic nanocatalysts
1.2 Synthesis methods of bimetallic nanocatalysts
1.3 Galvanic replacement reaction
2 Alloy-structured bimetallic nanocatalysts prepared by replacement reaction
2.1 Catalytic property of alloy-structured bimetallic nanocatalysts
2.2 Formation mechanism of alloyed bimetallic nanocatalysts prepared by replacement reaction
2.3 Control synthesis of alloyed bimetallic nanocatalysts by replacement reaction
3 Core@shell-structured bimetallic nanocatalysts prepared by replacement reaction
3.1 Catalytic property of core@shell-structured bimetallic nanocatalysts
3.2 Formation mechanism of core@shell nanocatalysts prepared by replacement reaction
3.3 Control synthesis of core@shell nanocatalysts by replacement reaction
4 Hollow-structured bimetallic nanocatalysts prepared by replacement reaction
4.1 Catalytic property of hollow-structured bimetallic nanocatalysts
4.2 Formation mechanism of hollow nanocatalysts prepared by replacement reaction
4.3 Control synthesis of hollow nanocatalysts by replacement reaction
5 Conclusion and outlook

With the rapid development of computer science, theoretical computation, especially molecular dynamic simulation plays a unique role in the investigation of confined fluids. This review surveys the progress in the study of the transport and diffusion of water, alcohols and their mixture in nano-pore materials, including the behavior of pure water, methanol and ethanol, and the absorption and separation of methanol/water, ethanol/water mixtures, etc., through carbon nanotubes and zeolites. The influences of system temperature, molecular concentration and the structural property of nano-pore materials on the transport and diffusion of water and alcohols are also summarized.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Outline of molecular simulation
3 Transport and diffusion of pure water in nano-pore materials
3.1 Natural biological water channel
3.2 Synthetic nanoscale water channel
4 Transport and diffusion of pure alcohols in nano-pore materials
4.1 Methanol
4.2 Ethanol
4.3 Other alcohols
5 Transport and diffusion of alcohols/water mixtures in nano-pore materials
5.1 Methanol/water mixture
5.2 Ethanol/water mixture
6 Transport and diffusion of alcohol mixtures in nano-pore materials
7 Conclusion

More concerns to iridium complexes are recently put on light-harvesting applications due to its fast spin-orbital coupling and long triplet lifetimes. The strategies and rules on how to tune the emission energy and improve emission efficiency of the iridium complexes are well established after active investigations in the past two decades. However, the knowledge on how to extend the absorption response of the iridium complexes toward lower energy of the visible region, and improve quantum yields and lifetimes of the excited triplet state by rational molecular design are still deficiency for scientists. Meanwhile, these parameters are crucial important for iridium complexes to be efficient photosensitizer. In this review, the general photophysical process of the iridium complex, the developed strategies/rules for tuning the absorption properties,triplet lifetimes and quantum yield of the iridium complexes are discussed. The relationships between the molecular structure of the iridium complexes and their photophyscial characteristics related to photosensitization behavior are elucidated. Also the recent development of the dye-sensitized solar cells, triplet-triplet annihilation energy upconversion, and photoinduced hydrogen production using iridium complexes as photosensitizer are reviewed.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 The photophysical characteristics of the iridium complexes and their regulation
2.1 The photophysics of the iridium complexes
2.2 The basic rules for improving absorption capacity of the iridium complexes in visible-light region
2.3 The management of triplet lifetime of the iridium complex
3 Applications of the iridium complex
3.1 Dye-sensitized solar cells
3.2 Triplet-triplet annihilation energy upconversion
3.3 Photoinduced hydrogen production
4 Conclusion

Zeolites have been widely used as adsorbents, heterogeneous catalysts and ion-exchange materials due to their unique pore structure, strong acidity and high hydrothermal stability. At present, most of zeolites are synthesized by hydrothermal method, involving the use of commercial silicon- and aluminum-containing reagents and organic templates, which leads to high cost, low efficiency and seriously environmental pollution. Therefore, the research of highly efficient and green routes for synthesis of zeolites is of great significance. Three aspects including the greenization of the raw materials, synthesis conditions and synthesis methods are reviewed in this paper. The existing problems and future direction of development are also put forward.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The greenization of raw materials
2.1 Synthesis of zeolite from kaolin
2.2 Synthesis of zeolite from diatomite
3 The greenization of synthesis conditions
3.1 Directed method
3.2 Seed solution-assisted method
3.3 Crystal seed-directed method
4 The greenization of synthesis methods
5 Conclusion

TM²⁺ :Ⅱ-Ⅵ compounds have become the most potential materials used for infrared laser due to the advantage of wide tunable range, small excited state absorption, high absorption and emission cross section and high quantum efficiency at room temperature. The research progress of TM²⁺:Ⅱ-Ⅵ laser materials are retrospect in this paper. Both the applications of TM²⁺:Ⅱ-Ⅵ materials in laser devices and their preparation methods are reviewed, respectively. The laser performance of typical TM²⁺:Ⅱ-Ⅵ mid-infrared materials are summarized in detail, and the preparation methods for monocrystalline and polycrystalline of these materials are listed systematically. At last, the existing problems in this field are pointed out, and the development prospects and research trends are prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The structure and species of TM²⁺:Ⅱ-Ⅵ compounds
3 The laser properties of TM²⁺:Ⅱ-Ⅵ materials
3.1 Cr²⁺:ZnSe
3.2 Cr²⁺:ZnS
3.3 Fe²⁺:Ⅱ-Ⅵ materials
4 Preparation method of TM²⁺:Ⅱ-Ⅵ material
4.1 Preparation method of TM²⁺:Ⅱ-Ⅵ single crystal
4.2 Preparation method of TM²⁺:Ⅱ-Ⅵ poly-crystalline and ceramic materials
5 Conclusion

Star polymer is a kind of polymer with special topological structure, which is in connection radiate out three or more than three linear polymer chains from a single branch core by junction points. It has become one of the hottest research topics in polymer science since its unique spatial shape, clear structure, narrow molecular weight distribution, low viscosity and versatility compared with that of linear polymers with similar chemical compositions and molecular weights. Developing star polymer with stimuli-responsive segments, which can sensitively change their structure in response to external environmental variation such as pH, temperature, redox and so on, has attracted considerable attention over the past few years for its significant application value in controllable drug release. Among them, pH and temperature stimuli-responsive star polymers have been considerably investigated because they are relatively convenient and effective drug carriers in controllable drug release. Herein, we mainly focus on the recent research work related on stimuli-responsive star polymers applied in controllable drug release, and classify them according to different types of environment stimulus. Thus pH-responsive, thermo-responsive, dual or multi stimuli-responsive star polymer systems are relatively investigated. Furthermore, the synthetic methods, self-assembly behavior in aqueous solution, stimuli-responsive behavior and functionality of controlling drug release are introduced, which are necessary to develop more desirable stimuli-responsive star polymers and self-assembly aggregations, promote the mechanism of response to stimulus and expand their applications. Finally, the improvement and development of stimuli-responsive star polymer systems are also prospected.

Contents
1 Introdution
2 Overview of synthesis and controllable drug release of stimuli-responsive star polymer
2.1 pH-responsive star polymer system
2.2 Thermo-responsive star polymer system
2.3 Dual or multi stimuli-responsive star polymer system
3 Conclusion

Silicone materials have been investigated widely in broad fields for their versatile and excellent structure and performance. With highly selective and simple orthogonal reactions that do not yield side products and give heteroatom-linked molecular systems with high efficiency under a variety of mild conditions, click chemistry is of great interest in novel material research. The current review is made of the recent research progress in preparation and modification of silicone materials by means of click chemistry, and especially, it introduces the synthesis of polysiloxane based amphiphilic polymer and elastomer and functionalization of polysiloxane. In addition, the applications of these silicone materials in fields of biomedical materials and photoelectric materials are summarized. Finally, we present the trend and future prospects of novel silicone materials based on click chemistry.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of silicone materials by click chemistry
2.1 Functional polysiloxane
2.2 Polysiloxane-based elastomer
2.3 Organosilicon surfactant
2.4 Photoelectric materials
2.5 Other applications
3 Conclusion

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), as a new type of controllable/living polymerization reaction, has been applied in many fields widely, such as the structure design of the polymer,the surface modification of inorganic materials, protein detection, biopolymer separation, antibacterial and antifouling, etc. Three major factors are involved in the reaction process:monomer, initiator system (initiator, catalyst, complexant), and reaction medium, the core element of which is the choice of ATRP initiator. The microstructure and performance of the initiator are the key factors for the ATRP reaction. In this paper, we firstly introduce the types and properties of the micromolecule initiator and the reaction mechanism of the ATRP briefly. Then,we emphatically summarize the latest advances about the preparation methods of the ATRP macromolecular initiator in recent years, such as functional group reaction, coupling reaction and free radical polymerization. Moreover, we also review the latest application of the macromolecular initiator through ATRP reaction in the structure design of the polymer, the surface modification of inorganic materials and biological materials. Finally, an outlook for the prospective development of the ATRP initiator system is given.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Small molecular initiator
3 Preparation of the macromolecular initiator
3.1 Functional group reaction method
3.2 Coupling reaction method
3.3 Free radical polymerization method
4 Application
4.1 Structure design of the polymer
4.2 Surface modification of inorganic materials
4.3 Surface modification of biomolecular
5 Conclusion

Surface plasmon resonance sensing and imaging methods have been developing very fast during recent years, especially in applying to the study of biomolecular interactions and/or recognitions and determination of kinetic and thermodynamic constants. These progresses are broadly interesting but remain short of reviewing. This paper is thus designed and dedicated to the methodization of the very recent, critical developments in the study of molecular reaction kinetics and measure of their constants. In the end, their prospect is given, in addition to a brief summary of other research progresses.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Basic principles
2.1 SPR/SPRi principle
2.2 Kinetics principle
2.3 SPR/SPRi approach
2.4 Parameter calculation
3 Practical Methods
3.1 Multi-cycle
3.2 Improved multi-cycle
3.3 Kinetic titration
3.4 Steady state
3.5 Arraying
4 Conclusion and prospect

As an excellent hydrogen-bond donor, urea is a kind of ideal unit for constructing anion recognition receptors based on multiple hydrogen bonds. Electrochemical technology has been widely applied in anion binding in recent years due to its rapid, sensitive and convenient measurement. This review summarizes some distinctive aspects of electrochemical analyses of anion recognition based on urea derivatives:(i) we aim to illustrate the mechanisms and methodologies of electrochemical experiments about the interactions between urea receptors modified by the redox-active center and anions in solution, (ii) the most recent advances in the field are also detailed including design, synthesis and the interpretation of the solution behavior, and (iii) the trends of development in this field are discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Mechanism of electrochemical analyses of anion recognition
3 Anion receptors with redox unit
3.1 Anion receptors based on ferrocene
3.2 Others
4 Prospects

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectroscopy (MALDI-MS) is a routine analytical characterization method, which was initially applied in the analysis of biological macromolecules, such as protein, polypeptide, polysaccharide and nucleic acid. However, MALDI-MS does not allow the sensitive detection of analytes in the low mass region (m/z < 700) because of strong background signals arising from the matrix. Recently, the organic matrix-free laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry based on nanomaterials (which is also known as surface-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry, SALDI-MS) has effectively solved the above problem. With the use of nanomaterial-based MS technique, the detectable mass range of SALDI-MS has been extended from the low-mass region for the analysis of small molecules to the high-mass region for the analysis of large molecules. The nanomaterial-based MS technique transfers energy through the nanometer material with no interference peaks between the matrix and analyte in the low molecular weight. In addition, SALDI-MS also affords several advantages, such as simple sample preparation, high signal-to-noise ratio, high salt tolerance, the improved reproducibility of peak intensities and the possibility of quantitative analysis, showing good prospects. In this paper, we mainly describe and review in detail four types of nanomaterials developed for application in SALDI-MS detection and imaging that were reported in recent years, including carbon nanomaterials (fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene and graphene oxide), silicon nanomaterials (porous silicon, silicon nanofiber, silica nanoparticles), other nanoparticles (including metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles and quantum dots) and nanoporous materials. Besides, the energy transfer mechanism of nanomaterials in the application of SALDI-MS is discussed. Finally, the future research content and direction as well as the important problem to be studied are discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Application of different nanomaterials in SALDI-MS
2.1 Carbon-based nanomaterials for SALDI-MS
2.2 Silicon-based nanomaterials for SALDI-MS
2.3 Other nanoparticles for SALDI-MS
2.4 Hybrid nanoporous materials for SALDI-MS
3 Mechanism of SALDI-MS
4 Conclusion and outlook

Glucose sensors have made great progress during decades of development and recently graduated into the fourth generation of nonenzymatic glucose sensors after experienced three generations of enzymatic glucose sensors. In this paper, the detecting principles of both enzymatic and nonenzymatic glucose sensors are introduced. The research advances for the application of nanomaterials in nonenzymatic glucose sensors are reviewed. The preparation methods of different nanomaterials together with the sensitivity, selectivity, detection range and stability of the constructed sensors are remarked extensively. Moreover,the main causes for the restriction of the commercial application of nonenzymatic glucose sensors are analyzed. Among them, precious metal nanomaterials involve platinum, gold and palladium, transition metal nanomaterials involve nickel, copper and their oxides, double metal nanomaterials involve alloy and compound, carbon nanomaterials involve single or multi-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene. In addition, the outlook of future development directions and trends of nonenzymatic glucose sensors are given.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Classification and detecting principle of glucose sensors
2.1 Glucose oxidase glucose sensors
2.2 Nonenzymatic glucose sensors
3 Research advances of nonenzymatic glucose sensors
3.1 Nonenzymatic glucose sensors based on metal and metal oxides
3.2 Nonenzymatic glucose sensors based on bimetal
3.3 Nonenzymatic glucose sensors based on carbon materials
4 Conclusion and outlook

Protein S-nitrosylation (SNO) is a dynamic and reversible oxidative post-translational modification, widespread in mammals, plants and microorganisms. Previous mechanistic investigation with high-level quantum calculations indicated that many meta-stable intermediates present in the reaction pathway. On the other hand, S-nitrosylation level significantly changes in various human diseases, including tumor, inflammation, aging, Alzheimers disease (AD) and Parkinsons disease (PD). More intensive study has become an urgent need for drug and therapy development. In this paper, molecular mechanism and site-specificity of SNO are summarized, the biological functions are discussed, and especially the correlation between SNO and human diseases are presented.

Contents
1 Formation mechanism of S-nitrosylation (SNO)
2 Site specificity of SNO
3 Detection methods of SNO
4 Biological functions of SNO
5 SNO and diseases
5.1 SNO and transportation of blood
5.2 SNO and diabetes
5.3 SNO and neurodegenerative diseases
5.4 SNO and asthma symptoms
5.5 SNO and cancers
6 SNO and cell apoptosis
7 Conclusion

Fe₃O₄ nanomaterials have attracted tremendous attention in the field of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) because of their low cost, good biocompatibility, favorable superparamagnetic properties. This article focuses on the controlled preparation methods of superparamagnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, and provides an in-depth discussion of the key factors and their influence rules for particle size, crystallinity and magnetic properties. The current status of available methodologies and mechanisms for the assembly and surface modification of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles are highlighted to generate high performance and multifunction. We also systematically summarize the effect of particle size, morphology and surface properties on the magnetic and toxic properties of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. Finally, the future opportunities and challenges of Fe₃O₄ nanomaterials used as MRI contrast agents are addressed to our understanding.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Controllable preparation of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles
2.1 Thermal decomposition
2.2 Coprecipitation
2.3 Solvothermal
2.4 Sol-gel
2.5 Microemulsion
2.6 Sonochemical
3 Assembly of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles
3.1 Zero-dimensional sphere
3.2 One-dimensional nanochain
3.3 Multidimensional assembly
4 Surface functionalization of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles
4.1 Modified by SiO₂
4.2 Modified by polymer
4.3 Multifunctional modification
5 Toxicity
6 MRI applications
6.1 Cell imaging
6.2 Tissue/organ imaging
7 Conclusion

Parabens (p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters) which have been widely applied in the processing of foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics for more than 50 years, include methyl-paraben, ethyl-paraben, propyl-paraben, butyl-paraben, heptyl-paraben and benzyl-paraben. The major metabolite of parabens in human body is p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Nowadays, these chemicals are commonly detected in blood and urine samples. Recent studies show that the happening of breast cancer is likely related to parabens. Animal experiments indicated that parabens maybe have estrogen activities. Therefore the occurrence, pollution, and toxicity of parabens in environment and human tissue attracted much more attention recently. Publications on parabens in environment matrix (external exposure routes) and human tissues (internal exposure) are comprehensively reviewed in this review. Firstly, the concentrations of parabens in food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, air, dust, water and soil are summarized, and the dose of external exposure is estimated accordingly. Then, the published concentrations of parabens in human blood, urine and adipose tissue are applied for the estimation of internal exposure. The external exposure dose and the internal exposure dose are compared and discussed, which provide the new insight into the main exposure route of parabens for general population. Finally, the critical areas of research on parabens that warrant further attention are discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Exposure pathways and metabolic process
3 External exposure routes
3.1 Food
3.2 Personal care products
3.3 Medicine
3.4 Other environmental sources
4 Internal exposure routes
4.1 Urine
4.2 Blood
4.3 Adipose tissue
5 Comparison of internal and external exposure
6 The deficiencies of recent studies
7 Outlook