The detections of metal ion and chemical small molecule are of great importance in view of their influences on human health, environment pollution, and food safety. Thus, considerable researches have been conducted toward designing and developing highly sensitive chemical sensors. In the past few decades, due to the superior electrical properties, conjugated polymers (CPs) have aroused great attentions and numerous revolutionary advances have emerged. More recently, facilitated by their signalamplifying response to sensing events, the possibility of CPs to be used as fluorescent probes toward designing novel chemical and biological sensors have been exploited. This mini account highlights the recent progress of CPs in our group for the detection of metal ion and chemical small molecule based on fluorescence technique. Three different signal transduction mechanisms, including electron transfer, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and analyteinduced aggregation or conformational change, are involved in this account and concretely elaborated with corresponding examples. Finally, challenges confronted by CPs and their future directions are discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 CP-based metal ion detection
3 CP-based chemical small molecule detection
4 Conclusions and outlook

Pressure has been used for investigating the unfolding of proteins and for revealing their folding pathways and intermediates, even aggregate states. Since pressure can stabilize partially unfolded states and molten globules of proteins, which plays an important role both in chemical and biological phenomena in the aqueous solution. Here, we review several spectral methods developed for the study of pressure-induced conformation changes of proteins in solution, focus on infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering and so on, which can offer conformational information of proteins in solution in detail. The developing trends in this field are discussed and the outlook of the research area is also provided.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 FT-IR spectroscopic study on pressure-induced structure change of protein
2.1 Pressure-induced hydration change and reversibility of protein
2.2 Pressure-induced conformation transition of protein
2.3 Disulfide effect on pressure-induced conformation change of protein
2.4 Chaotropic and kosmotropic cosolvents effect on pressure-induced conformation change of protein
3 Fluorescence spectroscopic study on pressure induced conformation change of protein
4 Study of pressure induced conformation change of protein by small angle X-ray scattering and other methods
5 Conclusion and outlook

As one of the most important families of intelligent colloidal materials and soft matters, smart wormlike micelles are those whose macroscopic properties change dramatically with minor variation in the external environmental stimulus. The progress of smart wormlike micellar systems triggered by temperature-, light-, pH-, and redox-stimuli was reviewed following the “formulation-microstructure-property” relationship, respectively. The future development and perspectives of smart wormlike micellar systems were outlooked.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The classification of smart wormlike micelles
2.1 Temperature-responsive wormlike micelles
2.2 Light-responsive wormlike micelles
2.3 pH-responsive wormlike micelles
2.4 Redox-responsive wormlike micelles
3 Conclusion and perspectives

Increasing attention has been drawn on the synthesis and application of homogeneous, continuous and dense zeolite membranes. By the use of separation and catalysis performance of zeolite membrane, the traditional particle catalyst coated with a zeolite film can act as a zeolite membrane reactor and enhance catalytic effects obviously. In this paper, preparation methods and applications of zeolite encapsulated catalysts were reviewed. The recent progresses on the study of zeolite-coated catalysts based on different supports were also introduced. And the technical trends in zeolite encapsulated catalysts were prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation methods of encapsulated catalysts
2.1 Direct hydrothermal synthesis
2.2 Secondary growth on seeded supports
2.3 Dry gel conversion
2.4 Dip-coating
3 Preparation and applications of encapsulated catalysts on different supports
3.1 Silica
3.2 Alumina
3.3 Cordierite honeycomb monoliths
3.4 Activated carbon
4 Conclusion and prospects

Room-temperature ionic liquids (ILs), which have excellent properties, such as extremely low vapor pressure, high thermal and chemical stability and tunable structures, are regarded as environmentally benign solvents. Due to their tunable structures and properties, ILs can be designed to endow with a high solvent power for SO₂ absorption and separation, and they have been widely investigated in SO₂ absorption and separation by many researchers. The paper briefly introduces the characters of ILs used for SO₂ capture and separation from flue gas or mixed gas, the capacity of SO₂ absorption in these ILs, the ways to enhance the absorption of SO₂, and the mechanism of the absorption. Furthermore, the application prospect of the absorption by ILs is presented, and the existing problems and the further studies are discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Ionic liquids for absorption and separation of SO₂ and their improvements
2.1 Guanidinium based ionic liquids
2.2 Hydroxyl ammonium based ionic liquids
2.3 Imidazolium and pyridinium based ionic iiquids
2.4 Quaternary ammonium based ionic liquids
2.5 Supported ionic liquids
2.6 Polymerized ionic liquids
3 Mechanism of SO₂ absorption by ionic liquids
4 Effects of the components of flue gas on desulphurization by ionic liquids
5 Conclusions and outlook

Electrode materials are important building blocks of lithium ion batteries. The capacity of the anode material is usually more than 300 mAh/g while that of the cathode is still around 150 mAh/g. The capacity of the cathode materials has become a bottleneck to the improvement of the electrochemical performances of lithium ion battery. Li-rich layer-structured Li_1+xA_1-xO₂ (A = Mn, Ni, Co, Ti, Zr, etc.) cathode materials caught the attention of the scientists in the past decade due to high reversible capacity (200 mAh/g or more). These materials can also be written as xLi₂MO₃·(1-x)LiM'O₂ (M = Mn, Ti, Zr; M' = Mn, Ni, Co; 0≤x≤1). In this review, we introduce the synthesis methods, structure and the charge-discharge mechanism of this type of materials. More attention will be paid to the improvement to their electrochemical properties by surface (coating) and bulk (doping) modification. At the end of this review, the problems and prospects of the research on these cathode materials are commented.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Structure of Li-rich layer-structured cathode materials
3 Synthesis of Li-rich layer-structured cathode materials
4 Charge-discharge mechanism
5 Surface and structural modification
5.1 Surface modification
5.2 Acidic treatment
5.3 Fluorine doping
5.4 Pre-cycling treatment
6 Prospects

Compared with the traditional carbon materials for lithium-ion batteries, 3d transition-metal oxides (M_xO_y, where M is Co, Fe, Cu or Ni) as anode materials have been attracting intensive attention in recent years due to their higher energy capacity, higher recharging rates and safety to meet the ever-going demand for lithium-ion batteries with energy density, power density, cyclability and safety to be more suitable for its new applications in many fields, which include portable electronic consumer devices, electric vehicles, large-scale electricity storage in smart or intelligent grids, etc. In this review, firstly a general introduction is given to the charge-discharge mechanism of 3d M_xO_y anode materials. Then, a discussion in detail is made to the relationship between the electrochemical properties and a variety of structural characteristics of 3d M_xO_y and composite anode materials, in light of the structural characteristics of 0 dimensional (0 D), 1D, 2D, 3D nano-structures, hollow, core/shell, micro/nano-structures, and so on. More over, some analyses are focused mainly on various strategies used to fabricate different 3d M_xO_y anode materials. Finally, it is highlighted to the future trends and prospects in the development of 3d M_xO_y anode micro/nano- materials.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Mechanisms of Li-storage
3 Nano-structures
3.1 0 D structures
3.2 1 D structures
3.3 2 D structures
3.4 3D porous structures
4 Micro/nano-structures
4.1 Single micro/nano-structures
4.2 Multi micro/nano-structures
5 Special structures
5.1 Hollow structures
5.2 Core/shell structures
6 Summary and prospects

As a kind of transition metal nanoclusters, gold nanoclusters have potential applications in catalysis, optics, electronics and biotechnology due to the advantages of their special physical and chemical properties that are different from other nanomaterials. The progress in liquid-phase synthesis of gold nanoclusters is summarized here, which includes the synthetic method and crystal structure of gold clusters protected by phosphides or thiols. We hope that this paper could be helpful for the scientists to research the gold nanoclusters in future.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Gold nanoclusters protected by phosphides
2.1 [Au₅(dppmH)₃(dppm)](NO₃)₂
2.2 [Au₈(PR₃)₇](NO₃)₂
2.3 [Au₉(PR₃)₈](BF₄)₃
2.4 Au₁₀Cl₃(PCy₂Ph)₆(NO₃)(Cy=cyclohexyl)
2.5 Au₁₁(PAr₃)₇X₃(X:Cl or I)
2.6 [Au₁₃(dppmH)₆](NO₃)₄
2.7 [Au₃₉ (PPh₃)₁₄Cl₆]Cl₂
2.8 Au₅₅(PPh₃)₁₂Cl₆
3 Gold nanoclusters protected by thiols
3.1 Au₂₅(SCH₂CH₂Ph)₁₈^q (q= -1 or 0)
3.2 [Au₂₅(PPh₃)₁₀(SC_nH_2n+1)₅Cl₂]²⁺ (n=2-18)
3.3 Au₃₈(SC₂H₄Ph)₂₄
3.4 Au₁₀₂(p-MBA)₄₄
4 Summary and outlook

Over the last two decades, numerous dimeric pyrrole-imidazole alkaloids have been isolated from marine sponges, and exhibit exciting bioactivities. This may lead to new ideas for biomimetic total synthesis of this group of natural molecules even in advance of their identification and characterization. The interest of organic chemists in the total synthesis of the pyrrole-imidazole alkaloids has strongly increased because of their structural novelty, molecular diversity, and promising biological activities. Challenges are also plentiful from a synthetic point of view. Architectural complexity, unusually high nitrogen content (N/C ≈ 1 ∶2), unknown absolute stereochemistry are just some of the dreadful aspects one has to take into account while planning a total synthesis of these alkaloids. This article will account for the recent progress in achieving the total synthesis of these pyrrole-imidazole dimers.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Classification of pyrrole-imidazole alkaloids
3 Synthesis of pyrrole-imidazole dimers
3.1 Nagelamide D
3.2 Mauritiamine
3.3 Sceptrin
3.4 Ageliferin
3.5 Axinellamines and massadine
3.6 Palau'amine
3.7 New dimers without reports
4 Conclusions and outlook

With the decrease of fossil fuel reserves, looking for renewable liquid fuels from biomass have attracted increasingly interest. 2,5-Dimethylfuran (DMF) from renewable biomass with special advantages of high energy density, high boiling point, high octane number, and immiscible with water has been considered as a kind of promising liquid fuel. In this paper, the chemical pathways, the production methods, the reaction mechanisms and the combustion performance of DMF from biomass are mainly summarized, and the future research trends are prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Chemical pathways of production of DMF from biomass
3 Pathways and reaction mechanisms of production of DMF from biomass
3.1 DMF production in biphasic system
3.2 DMF production in N,N-dimethylacetamide
3.3 DMF production in ionic liquids
3.4 DMF production in formic acid
4 The combustion performance of DMF
5 Perspective

Microporous organic polymers (MOPs) are a new type of porous materials, which have advantages with synthetic diversity, chemical and physical stability, pore size controllability, and pore surface modifiability. In recent years, MOPs have attracted an enormous attention in energy gas storage and greenhouse gas capture due to their great potential physisorptive gas storage. This paper describes the structure and characteristics of MOPs. The four different kinds of MOPs, such as polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs), hyper-crosslinked polymers (HCPs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) are introduced respectively, including the recent research progress and the relationship between structures and properties. The applications of MOPs such as catalysis, separations and gas storage are discussed briefly. We also discuss the development of MOPs in future.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Polymers of intrinsic microporosity
2.1 Insoluble PIMs
2.2 Soluble PIMs
3 Hyper-crosslinked polymers
4 Covalent organic frameworks
5 Conjugated microporous polymers
6 Prospects

In supramolecular host-guest systems, recognition promoted by specific interaction such as multiple H-bond, topological trapping, metal-ligand interaction is generally highly selective. But the host should be rigorously tailored in size, morphology and electronic environment so that completely complementary interaction is possible, meanwhile, mainly those guests with topological or electronic feature can be well recognized. Such a mechanism is called static molecular recognition (SMR). On the other hand, core-shell amphiphilic macromolecule (CAM) derived from hyperbranched polymer is readily available but shows wide guest affinities. Recent research, however, shows that appropriate core engineering of a CAM can lead to highly selective guest encapsulation because the difference of the guest species can be amplified, while CAM is featured by the dense and randomly distributed functional groups in the core, which render it readily tailorable. Such a recognition mechanism which is based on the nonlinearity of a complex system does not need to be promoted by a specific interaction,and is applicable to the recognition of complex molecules, thus is called supramolecular fuzzy recognition. Experiments have shown that a variety of ionic guest species can be effectively separated, including those which are topologically and electronically similar species. In this article, the mechanism, feature and application of supramolecular fuzzy recognition are reviewed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Highly specific molecular recognition promoted by specific interaction
3 Supramolecular fuzzy recognition
4 Conclusions and outlook

In the past ten years, biomimetic single nanopores as single-molecule analytical nanodevices have been well studied, which was facilitated by controllable fabrication and engineering of various nanopores. The current used single nanopores originating from protein ion channels include two kinds of systems: gene engineered protein nanopore and solid-state nanopore. In comparison with gene engineered protein nanopore, solid-state nanopores have higher mechanical stability and can be easily functionalized with tremendous amount of chemical groups. Two methods including resistive-pulse sensor and ionic-current rectification are developed for nanopore technology, which are widely used for single molecule analysis and ionic-current modulation. FIB(focused ion beam) fabricated nanopore in SiN, SiO₂ and graphene film is mainly used as resistive-pulse sensor.Conical-shaped nanopore made in tracked polymer membrane as well as with quartz capillary glass can be used as both resistive-pulse sensor and ionic-current rectifier. In the review, we comprehensively describe the recent progress and the challenging problems in this field.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Application of protein nanopore
3 Application of FIB fabricated solid-state nanopore
4 Application of track-etched nanopore
5 Application of glass nanopore
6 Conclusions and outlook

Porphyrins are important classes of conjugated organic molecules,which could mimic the active site of many important enzymes. A series of porphyrin molecules,such as planar porphyrin,picket-fence porphyrin,macroporphyrin and triphyrin,have been synthesized to mimic the catalytic activity of biological protein. Many metalloprotein enzymes usually self-assemble in vivo to form nanosized supermolecular structure to realize their biocatalysis. The order nanoassembly of porphyrins on nanomaterials by covalent or noncovalent way can mimic metalloprotein enzymes and realize their functions. Metalloporphyrins have been well used as electron transfer mediators and exhibited good electrocatalytic activity toward the reduction or oxidation of many small molecules related to life process. Thus,the nanocomposites of metalloporphyrin-nanomaterials have been good candidates to construct novel electrochemical biosensors. Meanwhile,owing to the good photophysical and photochemical properties,the nanocomposites of metalloporphyrin-nanomaterials have also been employed to develop novel photoelectrochemical biosensing platforms for detection of biomolecules. In this review,the systhysis and nanoassembly of porphyrins,and biosensing application of the formed nanocomposite are highlighted to provide the reference information for the development of novel electrochemical and photoelectrochemical biosensors.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of porphyrins
3 Ordered nanoassembly of porphyrins
4 Biosensing of porphyrin nanocomposites
4.1 Electrochemical biosensors
4.2 Photochemical biosensors
4.3 Photoelectrochemical biosensors
5 Conclusions and outlook

G-quadruplex-Hemin DNAzymes are a kind of peroxidase-like artificial enzymes formed by nucleic acid G-quadruplexes and Hemin. As an kind of important DNAzymes, G-quadruplex-hemin DNAzymes have attracted more and more attention in analytical chemistry in these years. G-quadruplex-hemin DNAzymes have been used in the design of several sensors, such as metal ion sensors, aptasensors, enzyme sensors, DNA sensors and drug sensors. This paper provides an overview of the progress of G-quadruplex-hemin DNAzyme-based sensors and the design strategies are introduced in detail. In addition, the future development of this kind of DNAzymes is prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Metal ion sensors
2.1 K⁺ sensors
2.2 Hg²⁺ sensors
2.3 Ag⁺ sensors
2.4 Pb²⁺ sensors
2.5 Cu²⁺ sensors
3 Aptasensors
4 Enzyme sensors
4.1 Telomerase sensors
4.2 Methyltransferase sensors
5 DNA sensors
5.1 Homogenous DNA sensors
5.2 Heterogenous DNA sensors
6 Drug sensors
7 Prospect

Room-temperature ionic liquids(ILs)have aroused considerable interest recent years. They have been widely applied in biological catalysis and proteins and nucleic acids separation due to their good compatibility and unique properties. The interaction of ionic liquids and biological macromolecules is the foundation of their theory and application study. In this paper, the types of common used ILs, the principle of interaction between ionic liquids and protein, and ionic liquids and nucleic acid are introduced respectively. Furthermore, the recent application of ILs in biological catalysis, biological molecules separation electrochemical analysis as well as capillary electrophoresis analysis is reviewed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Type of ILs
3 Interaction between ILs and protein
3.1 Electrostatic interaction
3.2 Hydrophobic interaction
3.3 Hydrogen bond interaction
3.4 Coordination interaction
4 Interaction between ILs and nucleic acid
4.1 Electrostatic interaction
4.2 Hydrophobic interaction
4.3 Hydrogen bond interaction
5 Application of ILs based on the interaction between protein and nucleic acid
5.1 Enzyme-catalyzed reaction
5.2 Extraction separation
5.3 Electrochemical analysis
5.4 Separation and analysis in CE
6 Outlook

Molecular imprinting separation technique can effectively separate the target molecules from impurities by specially binding the target molecules based on imitating the way of interaction between antigen and antibody. It is a very promising separation technique. In the traditional molecular imprinting techniques, imprinted polymers are usually prepared for selectively adsorbing the template molecule in organic solvents. However, most of the practical applications of molecular imprinting technique are in aqueous media. Thus, molecular imprinting separation technique in aqueous media receives more and more attention by scientific researchers in recent years. This review covers the recent progress of molecular imprinting separation technique from the following directions: design principle and synthesis methods of imprinted polymers in aqueous media; separation mechanism of water-compatible molecularly imprinted polymers; applications of water-compatible molecular imprinting separation technique in analytical chemistry. Moreover, the existing problems and the outlook of this technique are discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation of molecularly imprinted polymers in aqueous media
2.1 Water-compatible bulk polymerization
2.2 Water-compatible spherical polymerization
2.3 Water-compatible surface molecular imprinted polymerization in water system
2.4 Preparation of water-compatible molecularly imprinted polymer nanowires
3 Recognition mechanism of water-compatible molecularly imprinted polymers
3.1 Water-compatible molecularly imprinted polym-ers based on electrostatic interaction
3.2 Metal-ion imprinted polymers
3.3 Cyclodextrin molecularly imprinted polymers
4 Application of water-compatible molecular imprin-ting technique in analytical chemistry
4.1 Water-compatible molecularly imprinted sample preparation techniques
4.2 Application in the analysis of trace constituents
4.3 Application in the chiral separation
5 Conclusion and outlook

Molecular group internal rotation and dynamics are of great significance in the expression of the activity and function of the molecules. Microwave spectroscopy which is capable of investigating the internal dynamics of molecular systems, the systematic structure of molecules, the conformation equilibria, weakly bound interactions, large amplitude motions, and quantum solvation mechanism, is a kind of technique with high sensitivity and resolution for studying group internal rotation dynamics and hyperfine structure of molecules. The large amplitude internal motions of molecular systems can be observed in their rotational spectra are reviewed in this paper. The typical motions are internal motion of methyl groups, internal motion of OH groups, inversion of amines and amides, organic ring motions and pseudorotation. Some our investigations are also discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Internal large amplitude motion of symmetric group
2.1 Internal large amplitude motion of single methyl group
2.2 Internal large amplitude motion of two and three methyl groups
2.3 Interplay of internal motion of methyl group with other motions
3 Internal motion of hydroxyl group
3.1 Internal large amplitude motion of hydroxyl group in organic ring
3.2 Internal motion of hydroxyl group in spherical top molecules
3.3 Internal motion of hydroxyl group in transient chiral molecules
4 Inversion of amines and other internal motions
5 Organic ring motions
5.1 Four- and five-membered ring puckering
5.2 Pseudorotation of organic ring
6 Conclusion and outlook

Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine uses seed cells and biodegradable scaffolds to realize tissue regeneration. Interactions between the cells, especially the stem cells, biomaterials take a pivotal factor in regulating structures and functions of the regenerated tissues. Recent focus has been moving to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in terms of biomedical applications because of their ease of isolation and expansion, multipotency and low immunogenicity. However, in order to better utilize their therapeutic potentials it is extremely important to stimulate the desired differentiation while avoid undesired differentiation. The differentiation of BMSCs is regulated by the cell microenvironment or niche. Meanwhile, the biomaterials acted as the carriers or scaffolds of BMSCs with different properties will have a great impact on their differentiation, and in some cases control the fate of BMSCs. The surface charge, hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity as well as surface morphology have an ability to define the differentiation of BMSCs to osteoblasts or chondrocytes. A surface coating or grafting technique is employed to promote the differentiation of BMSCs to targeted cells. More recent results show that the differentiation of BMSCs is also induced by viscoelasticity and geometry of the biomaterials. This article reviews the recent progress in BMSCs differentiation governed by different properties of biomaterials, which may provide a reference to design the scaffolds for accommodation and applications of BMSCs in regenerative medicine.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Modulating the differentiation of BMSCs by biomaterials' properties
2.1 Influence of surface charge of biomaterials on the differentiation of BMSCs
2.2 Influence of surface wettability of biomaterials on the differentiation of BMSCs
2.3 Influence of functional groups and surface coating of biomaterials on the differentiation of BMSCs
2.4 Influence of peptides in biomaterials on the differentiation of BMSCs
2.5 Influence of biomaterials elasticity on the differentiation of BMSCs
2.6 Influence of biomaterials' morphology on the differentiation of BMSCs
3 Conclusion and perspectives

With the increasingly severe energy and environmental problems, biodiesel from microalgae has become a hot topic. Compared with traditional oil crops, microalgae have advantages of rapid growth, high lipid content, non-occupation of arable land, etc., which have been considered as a highly potential feedstock of biofuels. Although neutral lipids, especially triacylglycerols (TAG) which are the main feedstock of biodiesel production, can be accumulated in many algal cells under stress conditions, little is known about microalgal lipid synthesis and metabolic regulation so far. In order to better understand and manipulate microalgal lipid metabolism for improvement of lipid production, we present an overview of advances of lipid biosynthesis and metabolic regulation in microalgae, including TAG biosynthesis pathway, biochemical regulation and genetic engineering strategies. Effects of nutrition on lipid production are represented. Five genetic engineering strategies are summarized including enhancement of fatty acids synthesis pathway, enhancement of Kennedy pathway, regulation of alternative pathway of TAG, inhibition of competing pathway of lipid biosynthesis and lipid catabolism. The prospects of research on microalgal lipid metabolism are also discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 TAG biosynthesis pathways
2.1 Fatty acids synthesis pathway
2.2 Kennedy pathway
3 Biochemical regulation of lipid accumulation
4 Genetic engineering strategies of lipid accumulation
4.1 Enhancement of fatty acids synthesis pathway
4.2 Enhancement of Kennedy pathway
4.3 Regulation of alternative pathway of TAG
4.4 Inhibition of competing pathway of lipid biosynthesis
4.5 Inhibition of lipid catabolism
5 Conclusion and prospects