Perplene bisimides (PBIs) and its derivatives, a rohust class of n-type organic materials, have attracted intense interest because of their intriguing π…π stacking and outstanding optoelectronic properties. The construction of well-defined nanoscopic supramolecular architectures through combining macrocyclic hosts and PBIs is a fascinating topic of interdisciplinary researches on chemistry, materials science, and nanotechnology, which is expected to gain new nano-materials with unique electronic and photonic properties in this mini review, we mainly summarize our recent progresses in directing the formation of the desirable PBI superstructures through introducing macrocyclic hosts into PBI systems by covalent or non-covalent methods. The combination of macrocyclic hosts and PBIs may not only modulate photophysical behaviors of PBIs but also endow corresponding assemblies with novel physicochemical properties, which show a wide range of intriguing applications in sensory materials and optoelectronic devices. Thus, these researches extend the construction of desired functional supramolecular architectures from PBI building blocks, it is hopeful that this review can provide a sophisticated pathway for further designing fascinating PBI-macrocyclic systems.

Choline-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are considered as a new class of ionic liquids. Comparing to traditional ionic liquids, choline-based DESs are low-toxic, biodegradable, and the price is generally low, which make them more and more attractive in green chemistry and industrial chemistry. In the current work, the properties of choline-based DESs, such as freezing point, melting point, solubility, viscosity, surface tension and conductivity, were collected and summarized. The dependences of these properties with different factors, such as temperature, mole ratios and water content, and the models which can be used to predict the properties were studied and discussed. The applications of choline-based DESs in the area of lubrication, functional material preparation, electrochemistry, organic synthesis and catalytic conversion of biomass were introduced. Finally, the problems and difficulties in research and applications were illustrated and then prospective was provided. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Properties of choline-based deep eutectic solvents
2.1 Freezing point and melting point
2.2 Solubility
2.3 Viscosity
2.4 Surface tension
2.5 Conductivity
3 Applications of choline-based deep eutectic solvents
3.1 Lubrication
3.2 Preparation of functional materials
3.3 Electrochemistry
3.4 Organic synthesis
3.5 Catalytic conversion of biomass
4 Conclusion and outlook

With the development of investigations in mesoscopic systems such as the cellular systems, growing attention has been focused on the corresponding reaction dynamics simulation methods. For one thing, fluctuations are significant in these systems, chemical reactions are essentially discrete stochastic processes, classical deterministic algorithms are not feasible, stochastic simulation methods are required. For another, there are multiscale characters in these systems. The coexistence of fast and slow sub-reactions produce multi-time scales and the different molecular abundance of various reactants exhibit multi-population scales, These multiscale characters will considerably reduce the simulation efficiency of stochastic algorithms. Therefore, there are even higher requirements for accurate but efficient reaction dynamics simulation algorithms. In this paper, we first summarize the basic stochastic simulation algorithms developed by Gillespie, then review the recently proposed improved stochastic algorithms and hybrid methods which are developed to circumvent the multiscaled problems. The special characters, the technical problems involved in the implementation and the advantages and disadvantages of these algorithms are introduced. Contents
1 Stochastic algorithms for chemical reaction
2 Improved stochastic algorithms for stiff systems
2.1 Implicit numerical methods
2.2 Approximate algorithms based on quasi-steady-state assumption and partial equilibrium assumption
3 Hybrid algorithms
3.1 Partition criterion
3.2 Synchronous transformation

Baeyer-Villiger reaction can take control of the stereochemical structure of the product. It is significant in organic synthesis for the conversion of functional groups and ring expansion.The oxide product of Baeyer-Villiger reaction can be widely used in the synthesis of many natural products and pharmaceutical intermediates, as well as some polymer material monomer. With the further research on Baeyer-Villiger reaction, the types of catalysts are increasing continuously, including homogeneous catalysts, heterogeneous catalysts, biocatalysts. Homogeneous catalyst often brings excellent conversion rate and good selectivity, but has lower recycling rate than the heterogeneous catalyst. And the environmentally-friendly biocatalysts are still the focus of the study. In this review, we provide an overview of the latest achievements in Baeyer-Villiger reaction from the aspects of homogeneous catalysis, heterogeneous catalysis and biocatalysis, especially with an emphasis on the clarification of the relationship between catalysts and substrates in different catalyst systems. The mechanisms of the reaction are summarized in detail in the review. And the future advance of Baeyer-Villiger reaction is prospected. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Homogeneous catalysis
2.1 Transition metal complexe catalysts
2.2 Acid catalysts
3 Heterogeneous catalysis
3.1 Liquid-liquid two-phase catalysis
3.2 Solid-liquid two-phase catalysis
4 Biocatalysis
4.1 Lipase
4.2 Monooxygenase (BVMOs)
5 Conclusion and outlook

Metalloenzyme catalyzed dioxygen activation is a key process for many metabolisms and signal transmissions in bio-systems. Heme enzymes and non-heme enzymes are the two groups with the dioxygen activation functions. Model compounds of these enzymes are introduced into catalyzed reactions to illustrate the mechanisms of dioxygen activation through characterizations of intermediates and final products. Study on reactivity and electronic effects of the model compounds can guide the design of novel catalysts. Besides, some heme enzymes and non-heme enzymes can selectively activate C-H bonds, which is a difficult transformation in chemistry. Thus, these model compounds can be applied as catalysts to overcome some ineradicable difficulties in drug discovery, chemical engineering and energy transformation areas. This review introduces the recent development in mechanism study on dioxygen activation of heme and non-heme enzymes. The design of porphyrinoid and 2-His-1-carboxylate facial triad models, and the electronic structures of high-valent metal-oxo complexes are analyzed. The relationship between reactivity and the electronic effects of ligands in models is summarized. In addition, some existing problems in the area and prospects of enzyme model compounds in research and further applications are also proposed in this review. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Study of models
2.1 Model design
2.2 Mechanism research through models
2.3 Theoretical studies of models
2.4 Reactivity principles of models
3 Application of models
4 Conclusions and outlook

Research progress of MV₃O₈ (M=Li⁺, Na⁺, NH₄⁺) as lithium intercalated materials for lithium ion batteries in recent years are reviewed,especially with emphasis on their crystal structures, charge-discharge mechanisms, synthesis methods and electrochemical properties. The advantage and disadvantage of the involved three kinds of vanadium-related materials are well compared on the basis of our group's research. Till now, LiV₃O₈ has been widely studied and large progress has been made via employing the novel preparation strategies, effective doping or modification methods. However, the intrinsic inferior structure has become a big challenge for its further study and applications. Due to the relatively stable layered structure, NaV₃O₈ has good cycling stability and excellent rate capability, thus it exhibits a great potential to be used as a high-power and long-cycling life cathode material for non-aqueous lithium ion battery, as well as high performance anode material for aqueous lithium ion battery. In comparison with LiV₃O₈, NH₄V₃O₈ shows comparable capacity, much easier preparation and better cycling stability probably due to its formation of intra molecular H-bond. It is believed that NH₄V₃O₈ could become a new research topic in vanadates as intercalated materials for lithium ion batteries. Contents
1 Introduction
2 LiV₃O₈
2.1 Crystal structure
2.2 Charge-discharge mechanism of LiV₃O₈ used as cathode material for Li-ion battery
2.3 Synthesis methods
2.4 Effect factors of electrochemical performance
2.5 Modification studies
2.6 LiV₃O₈ as anode material for aqueous Li-ion battery
3 NaV₃O₈
3.1 Crystal structure
3.2 Charge-discharge mechanism of NaV₃O₈ used as cathode material for Li-ion battery
3.3 Synthesis and electrochemical performance
4 NH₄V₃O₈
4.1 Crystal structure
4.2 Charge-discharge mechanism of NH₄V₃O₈ used as cathode material for Li-ion battery
4.3 Synthesis and electrochemical performance
5 Conclusions and outlook

Ionic liquids have emerged as excellent solvents for synthesis and catalysis in the past decades due to their special properties. However, their relatively high cost and potential risks to human health and environment make their function as catalysts rather than solvents more popular. Incorporating specific functional group(s) into one or both ions of ionic liquids to make them catalytic is highly important. Numerous so-called task-specific or functionalized ionic liquids are designed and successfully applied in catalyzing various reactions. In this review, we present the latest achievements in the carbon-heteroatom bond formation reactions catalyzed by task-specific ionic liquids. The contents are arranged according to the specific types of carbon-heteroatom bond formation reactions. As for the type of task-specific ionic liquids, this review focuses on acidic ionic liquids, basic ionic liquids, organometallic ionic liquids, acid-base bifunctional ionic liquids and chiral ionic liquids. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Formation of carbon-oxygen bonds
2.1 Formation of esters
2.2 Formation of ethers
2.3 Protection of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups
2.4 Oxidation of olefins
2.5 Related carbonylation reactions
2.6 Synthesis of oxygen-containing heterocycles
3 Formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds
3.1 Formation of β-amino carbonyl compounds
3.2 Formation of amides
3.3 Formation of carbon-nitrogen double bonds
3.4 N-Alkylation reaction
3.5 Hydroamination reaction
3.6 Protection of amino groups
3.7 Nitration reaction
3.8 Asymmetric aza Diels-Alder reaction
3.9 Related carbonylation reactions
3.10 Synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles
4 Formation of other carbon-heteroatom bonds
4.1 Formation of carbon-sulfur bonds
4.2 Formation of carbon-halogen bonds
5 Conclusion and outlook

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been extensively investigated due to their potential applications in flat-panel displays and lighting source. OLEDs show excellent properties such as high light-emitting efficiency, high brightness, low driving voltage, fast response and potential for large-area fabrication. Compared with fluorescent OLEDs, phosphorescent OLEDs (PhOLEDs) show very high internal quantum efficiency (up to 100%) because phosphorescent dyes can utilize both singlet exciton and triplet exciton,which overcomes the limitation of 25% efficiency of conventional fluorescent OLEDs with the nature of emission from pure singlet excitons. However, the relatively long lifetime of phosphorescent heavy metal complexes may lead to dominant triplet-triplet (T1-T1) annihilation at high currents, and may also cause a long range of exciton diffusion that could get quenched in the adjacent layers of materials in OLEDs. Therefore, heavy metal complex phosphors have to be widely dispersed into the host matrix to reduce these competitive factors. In this review, we summarized recent progress of blue phosphorescent host materials. Hole transport-type, electron transport-type, and bipolar transport type host materials are presented according to their different functional groups. The molecular design concept, molecular structures and physical properties such as triplet energy, HOMO/LUMO energy levels, thermal and morphological stabilities, and the applications of host materials in PhOLEDs are reviewed as well. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Hole-transport-type host materials
2.1 Carbazole derivatives
2.2 Triphenylamine derivatives
2.3 Aryl silanes
3 Electron-transport-type host materials
3.1 Phenylphosphine oxide/sulfide
3.2 1,3,5-Triazine
3.3 1,3,4-Oxadiazole
4 Bipolar transport hosts with different electron-transport group
4.1 Phenylphosphine oxide/sulfide
4.2 Benzimidazole
4.3 1,3,4-Oxadiazole
4.4 1,2,4-Triazole
4.5 1,3,5-Triazine
4.6 Phenanthroline
5 Conclusion and outlook

Conjugated polymers with large, delocalized molecular structure have been widely used in the field of organic electronics, biological and/or chemical sensing, diagnosis and bioimaging due to their unique optical absorption and emission characteristics. Conjugated polymers functionalized by special groups, such as glycosyl, biotin, carboxyl, amino acid, peptide, nucleic acid, antibody, amino, thiol and so on, have ability to recognize certain biomolecules or heavy metal ions. Here, we review the recent development of functionalized conjugated polymer and their application in the biological and/or chemical analysis on the basis of functional groups of different types. Methods for functionalization of conjugated polymers, the application in the detection of proteins, pathogens, Hg²⁺ and Pb²⁺, and future development of this area are also included. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Functionalization of conjugated polymers and their application in the biological and/or chemical analysis
2.1 Glycosyl functionalization
2.2 Biotin functionalization
2.3 Carboxyl functionalization
2.4 Functionalized with amino acid, peptide, nucleic acid and antibody
2.5 Functionalized with other groups (amino, thiol, and crown ether)
3 Summary and outlook

The dye sensitized solar cells (DSC) have been regarded as a promising candidate for next generation solar cells and attracted much attention owing to their low cost, low energy consumption, simple fabrication process and high power conversion efficiency. As a major component of the DSC, electrolyte has important impact on the performance and stability of DSC. In this paper, the operating principle of DSC and research progress of electrolyte, including liquid, solid state and quasi-solid-state electrolyte are described briefly. In addition, the application of low molecular mass organogelators (LMOG) in quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells is reviewed in details, and the application of LMOG in quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells is predicted. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Electrolytes and their category
2.1 Liquid electrolyte
2.2 Solid state electrolyte
2.3 Quasi-solid state electrolyte
3 Application of low molecular mass organogelators in quasi-solid state dye-sensitized solar cells
3.1 Low molecular mass organogelators (LMOG)
3.2 Application of LMOG in organic solvent electrolyte
3.3 Application of LMOG in ionic liquid electrolyte
4 Conclusion and outlook

Synthesis of well-defined functional molecules through highly effective reactions has been one of development tendencies of modern chemistry. Diels-Alder (D-A) reaction between furan and maleimide (MI) derivatives as an important reaction of click chemistry provides a possible synthetic method for biomedicine carriers and functional materials, which overcomes the disadvantage of using toxic heavy metal in the copper catalyzed Huisgen type (3+2) dipolar cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC). In addition, the furan/MI D-A reaction has the following advantages, such as easily availability, mild reaction condition and thermal reversibility (retro Diels-Alder, rD-A), so it has been widely used to prepare environmentally responsive materials. In this paper, the applications of furan/MI D-A reaction in preparation of responsive polymers, smart materials, biomolecules and surface modification are emphasized. Furthermore, the prospects of D-A click reaction are also discussed. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of topological polymers via D-A reaction
2.1 Synthesis of linear polymers via D-A reaction
2.2 Synthesis of star polymers via D-A reaction
3 Synthesis of self-repairing materials via D-A reaction
4 Synthesis of smart hydrogel via D-A reaction
5 Synthesis of smart materials via D-A reaction
6 Modification of biomacromolecules via D-A reaction
7 Surface modification via D-A reaction
8 Conclusions

In recent years, due to an attractive application prospect of intelligent hydrogel in drug controlled release, gene transfer, tissue engineering and other fields, the research about intelligent hydrogel is very active. The synthetic hydrogels are mainly prepared by acrylic acid and its derivatives, acrylamide and its derivatives. Synthetic hydrogel has good stability, but its biodegradability and biocompatibility are poor. The raw materials of natural hydrogel include chitosan, sodium alginate, cellulose, starch, etc. These polysaccharides have good biocompatibility and biodegradability, and at the same time, they are cheaper and easier to manufacture. As a result, the natural hydrogels are superior to synthetic hydrogels for drug controlled release. Sodium alginate is an anionic linear polysaccharide composed of (1→4)-β-D -mannuronic acid (M) and (1→4)-α-L -guluronic acid (G). Each uronic acid unit contains a carboxyl group, under neutral or basic conditions, sodium alginate shows the properties of the polyanion electrolyte. In this review, the preparation methods of sodium alginate hydrogel are introduced in detail, including physical crosslinking, chemical crosslinking, enzymatic crosslinking, interpenetrating polymer network. The application of sodium alginate hydrogel in drug release is also introduced, including oral administration, subcutaneous administration, mucosal administration, pulmonary administration, transdermal administration. Finally, the problems in research and prospect of sodium alginate hydrogels are discussed. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation of sodium alginate hydrogels
2.1 Physical crosslinking
2.2 Chemical crosslinking
2.3 Enzymatic crosslinking
2.4 Interpenetrating polymer network
3 The application of sodium alginate hydrogel in drug release
3.1 Oral administration
3.2 Subcutaneous administration
3.3 Mucosal administration
3.4 Pulmonary administration
3.5 Transdermal administration
4 Problems and outlook

Because of their unique pendant-side chain structures, zwitterionic polymers present excellent chemical properties, preferable thermal stability and hydration capacity, especially the anti-polyelectrolyte behavior in solution, have attracted broad attention in the world in recent years. Due to the hydrophilic functional groups such as -OH, -COOH and -SO₃H present in the molecular structure, zwitterionic polymers are capable of resisting non-specific protein adsorption,bacterial adhesion and blood coagulation even from undiluted blood plasma and serum.Many novel and functional zwitterionic polymers have been synthesized and attracted a great deal of interest in such fields as petroleum industry, biomedical materials, drug synthesis and sewage treatment. In this review, recent progress in the structure, properties, synthesis methods, applications and developing prospects of zwitterionic polymers are summarized, specifically their synthesis methods and applications. We hope it can be helpful for the research and development of the zwitterionic polymers. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Characteristic and classification of polymers
3 Preparation of zwitterionic polymers
3.1 Copolymerization of one or more monomers
3.2 Functionalization of the polymers
4 Application of zwitterionic polymers
4.1 Application of zwitterionic polymers in the petroleum industry
4.2 Application of zwitterionic polymers in the anti-protein pollution
4.3 Application of zwitterionic polymers in drug controlled release
5 Conclusion and outlook

As a promising analytical technique in recent years, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has received extensive attention due to its low limit of detection, high sensitivity and high specificity. Despite its tremendous potential, SERS was not widely applied in quantitative analysis of chemical and biological samples in the past years. However, the explosive development of nanotechnology and nano-fabrication has assisted the development of SERS as a quantitative analysis tool. As the enhancement of Raman scattering strongly depends on nanoscale surface morphology of the enhancing surface and can be easily influenced by other factors in an experiment, it is still a challenge to obtain reliable results comparable to those obtained from state-of-the-art analysis methods. The fabrication of three kinds of enhancing media including traditional solid substrates, colloidal nanoparticles and plasmonic nanostructures based on nano-fabrication and their respective advantages and drawbacks for quantitative SERS detection are summerized in this review. Furthermore, how to improve the sensitivity and reliability is investigated in aspects of molecular orientation, excitation wavelength, internal standard and data analysis. Meanwhile, several successful cases of quantitative SERS detection are presented. Finally, applications and prospects of its future researches are proposed. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Enhancing media
2.1 Preparation of enhancing media
2.2 Surface modification of enhancing media
2.3 Improve the sensitivity and reliability
3 Experimental factors
3.1 Molecular orientation
3.2 Excitation wavelength
3.3 Internal standard
3.4 Data analyzing
4 Examples of quantitative SERS
4.1 Direct detection
4.2 Indirect detection
5 Conclusions and outlook

Microwave spectroscopy is a kind of technique with high sensitivity and resolution for studying molecular dynamics and hyperfine structure of molecules, and could be applied in the areas of chemistry and physics. Some chemical and physical problems, which were difficult to unravel by other techniques, could be solved successfully by microwave spectroscopy. The researches of internal dynamics of complexes between water and organic/biologic molecules by microwave spectroscopy are reviewed in this paper. The forming of complex, structure, conformation, and internal dynamics of the complexes between water and organic chain molecules, aromatic ring molecules, organic compounds containing halogen and biomolecules are discussed in details. The dynamics of the proton donor or proton acceptor of water, typology of interaction, tunneling motions of the complex and conformation changes are introduced. It is illustrated that the internal motions of the partner molecule of water in the complex influences the tunneling features. Tunneling motions of water and organic molecules in the complex are related to the bond strength of the interaction and the symmetry involved in the water and partner molecules. Future trends of microwave spectroscopy are prospected. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Internal dynamics in complexes of water with organic molecules
2.1 Typology of interaction
2.2 Internal dynamics features in complexes of water with organic molecules
3 The complexes of water with CFCs compounds
3.1 The O-H…X hydrogen bond
3.2 The halogen bond
4 The complexes of water with organic chain compounds
5 The complexes of water with ring organic molecule
5.1 Water as proton donor
5.2 Water as proton acceptor
5.3 Water as proton donor and acceptor
6 The complexes of water with biomolecule
7 Conclusion and outlook

Nano drug delivery system for tumor targeting is composed of drugs for tumor diagnosis or treatment and nanocarriers with targetability to tumor tissues by taking advantage of the physiological and pathological characteristics of tumor. Peptide-mediated nano drug delivery system is a relatively new research direction in the tumor targeted delivery field. In this review, we introduce four important development courses in the research direction: single functional targeted, dual functional targeted, tumor-penetrating and environment-sensitive targeted nano drug delivery system, and the corresponding design principles and typical examples. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of the peptide-mediated nano drug delivery system are discussed. Finally, in view of the current dilemma of active targeting drug delivery systems, we propose a novel tumor-targeted drug delivery strategy: the “systematic targeting” strategy. Temporally, the systematic targeting drug delivery system can stably penetrate through a series of barriers, and efficiently release the drug at the target site. Spatially, it not only kill the tumor cells, but also destroy the tumor microenvironment which is essential to the tumor growth. Ultimately, it can realize the systematic targeting therapy for tumors. With the development of related disciplines and multi-disciplinary subjects, peptide-mediated nano drug delivery system for tumor targeting will play a more important role in cancer therapy. Contents
1 Introduction
2 The physiological basis for tumor targeting
3 Peptide-mediated nano drug delivery system for tumor targeting
3.1 Single functional targeted nano drug delivery system
3.2 Dual functional targeted nano drug delivery system
3.3 Tumor penetrating nano drug delivery system
3.4 Environment-sensitive targeted nano drug delivery system
4 Strengths and weaknesses of peptide-mediated delivery system for tumor targeting
5 Summary and outlook