Janus particle refers to particle that possesses two or more sides with different surface chemical compositions or polarities, or is composed of two parts with different geometrical morphologies. With rapid development of the preparation methods of Janus particles, the research attention has been shifted from particles synthesis to applications of the Janus particles in the fields of biomedicine, catalysis, advanced materials and anti-fouling. In this review, research progress of Janus particles is extensively introduced with special focus on functional application of Janus particles. The first part of the review illustrates the progress of synthesizing methods including the selective surface modification, seeded crystallization, microfluidics, self-assembly of block copolymer and electrochemical deposition. The second part gives detailed discussions regarding the applications of Janus particles in biomedicine, interfacial catalyst, surfactants, composite materials, micromotors and anti-fouling. An outlook of Janus particle and its applications in future perspective is also made.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of Janus particles
2.1 Selective surface modification
2.2 Seeded crystallization
2.3 Microfluidic synthesis
2.4 Self-assembly of block copolymer
2.5 Electrochemical deposition
2.6 Other preparation strategies
3 Functional application of Janus particles
3.1 Biomedicine
3.2 Interfacial catalyst
3.3 Surfactant
3.4 Composite material
3.5 Micromotors
3.6 Anti-fouling
4 Conclusion

Ketene N,S-acetals are an important class of organic synthesis intermediates, and the diversity of their functional groups determines the diversity of their reactivities. The main reactions with ketene N,S-acetals are the nucleophilic conjugate addition, the selective addition with the organometallic reagents, cyclization (forming a five-membered ring or a six-membered ring), reduction, condensation and other reactions, so it is of great significance in the research of heterocycle synthesis. This review summarizes the general methods for synthesis of ketene N,S-acetals and the research on synthesis of heterocycles from ketene N,S-acetals in the recent years, including the synthesis of N-heterocyclic compounds (pyrrole, indole, pyridine, pyrimidine), O-heterocyclic compounds (furan, pyran) and multi-component reactions. The reaction generality, reaction mechanisms or derivatization results of various types of reactions are also introduced to better understand ketene N,S-acetals molecules and to expect for the selective synthesis of object heterocyclic compounds by ketene N,S-acetals. This will promote the development and applications of ketene N,S-acetals in heterocycle synthesis. In addition, most of the heterocyclic compounds synthesized by ketene N,S-acetals have potential biological activities, and the purpose of this paper is also to promote the development of ketene N,S-acetals in the field of medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutical synthesis.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 General methods for synthesis of ketene N,S-acetals
3 Application of ketene N,S-acetals in organic synthesis
3.1 The synthesis of N-heterocycles
3.2 The synthesis of O-heterocycles
3.3 Multi-component reactions
4 Conclusion

As a new type of energy storage device, supercapacitors have attracted wide attention because of their excellent performance, such as high charge and discharge speed, high power density, and long cycle life. The electrolytes have been considered as one of the most important factors affecting the performance of supercapacitors, whose ionic type and size, ion mobility, ionic conductivity, viscosity, thermal/electrochemical stability and the operating voltage window have the important influence on the working voltage, energy density and cycle life of the device. In view of recent research status of electrolytes, this paper summarizes the charge storage mechanism, key parameters of performance evaluation and the research progress of electrolytes in supercapacitors. The classification of electrolytes is specially presented, including liquid electrolytes which incorporate aqueous, organic, ionic liquid, redox-active electrolytes and solid-state/quasi-solid-state electrolytes which cover inorganic solid-state electrolytes, solid polymer electrolytes, and gel polymer electrolytes. The latest research and development of various electrolytes are reviewed and discussed, and the influences of electrolyte properties on the performance of supercapacitors are discussed in detail. The methods of design and optimization of electrolytes for supercapacitors are emphasized in this paper. The difficulties of producing high-performance electrolytes are pointed out, and the future research directions are put forward to overcome these difficulties without sacrificing existing advantages.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Electrolytes and their categories
2.1 Liquid electrolytes
2.2 Solid-state/quasi-solid-state electrolytes
3 Conclusion

Poly(ester amide)(PEA) is a class of functional polymers with both amide and ester linkages in the polymer main chains. Due to the outstanding biodegradability, biocompatibility and mechanical property, PEA has broad applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering and thermoplastic elastomer. Polycondensation is the original synthetic method to PEA. Recently, remarkable achievements have been made in synthesis of PEA via ring-opening polymerization(ROP). This review summarizes the progress in ROP of cyclic monomers, ring-opening copolymerization(ROCP) of cyclic monomers and ROCP of cyclic/linear momomers. Moreover, multicomponent polymerization(MCP) is highlighted as a novel synthetic strategy to prepare PEA. The challenge and outlook of PEA are also discussed.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of poly(ester amide)s by ring-opening polymerization
2.1 Homo-polymerization of cyclic monomer
2.2 Co-polymerization of cyclic monomer
2.3 Co-Polymerization of cyclic monomer and linear monomer
3 Synthesis of poly(ester amide)s by multicomponent polymerization
4 Conclusion

As a member of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal chalcogenide compounds (TMDs), molybdenum sulfide (MoS₂) has become one of the most widely studied semiconductors because of its inherent unique physical and chemical properties as well as its abundance in nature. Due to special lamellar structure and adjustable band gap, 2D MoS₂ have received considerable attention in the fields of catalysis, optoelectronic devices, sensing and energy storage and conversion. Solution-based techniques for preparation of 2D MoS₂ nanosheet,such as liquid phase exfoliation methods and wet chemical synthesis methods,are promising for large-scale and high-yield preparation. More importantly, 2D MoS₂ nanosheets obtained by solution-based method can also be used as templates or carriers to fabricate functional composites to further enhance their performance in related applications. In this review, the recent progress of solution-processed MoS₂ nanosheets is presented, with the emphasis on their versatile synthetic strategies, hybridization and their application in photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. Finally, the challenges and opportunities in this research area are proposed.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Solution-based techniques for preparation of 2D MoS₂ nanosheets
2.1 Liquid phase exfoliation method
2.2 Wet chemical synthesis methods
3 2D MoS₂ nanosheet-based composites
3.1 Composites of 2D MoS₂ nanosheets and carbon materials
3.2 Composites of 2D MoS₂ nanosheets and metals or metal oxides
3.3 Composites of 2D MoS₂ nanosheets and organic or bio-materials
3.4 Hybrids of 2D MoS₂ nanosheets and other functional materials
4 Applications of 2D MoS₂ nanosheet-based composites
4.1 Photocatalysis
4.2 Electrocatalysis
5 Conclusion

With the rapid increase in number of diabetes patients in the world, there has been an urgent need for a clinically effective diabetes treatment. Islet transplantation is able to replace the impaired islets by implanting normal islets so as to maintain normal blood glucose level, which is recognized as an ideal treatment for diabetes. However, there is a shortage of islet donor resources, and the clinical outcome suffers from a variety of adverse reactions and even cancer risks for long-term use of immunosuppressive agents after transplantation. These challenges have greatly impeded the clinical application of islet transplantation. The applications of bio-derived or synthesized polymers(natural polymers, synthetic polymers, inorganic compounds and other biomaterials) to encapsulate islets enable to create an immune isolation microenvironment. These artificial constructs effectively inhibit immune rejection by avoiding the direct contact between host immune cells and implanted islets. In the application, the islet encapsulation is mandatory to keep the exchange capacity of essential key molecules, such as insulin, glucose and oxygen. This is necessary to ensure the normal physiological activity of transplanted islets and the ability to accurately control blood glucose level. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art of the field of islet encapsulation, including the introduction of the most employed materials, strategies of islet encapsulation, as well as the perspective.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Advantages of islet encapsulation in islet transplantation
3 Encapsulation materials for islets and islet cells
3.1 Natural polymers
3.2 Synthetic macromolecules
3.3 Inorganic nanomaterials
4 Design strategy of encapsulation of islets and islet cells
4.1 Long-term immune isolation effect
4.2 Transportation of nutrients and oxygen
4.3 Biocompatibility of materials
4.4 Choice of the appropriate transplantation site
4.5 Suppression of the immune response around the graft
5 Conclusion and outlook

Liposome is one of the most popular drug delivery system due to its structure similarity to cell, high biocompatibility, availability for loading various drugs(hydrophobic, hydrophilic or amphiphilic), etc. Since its first development in 1965, tremendous technical advances have been made in this field, resulting in tens of liposomal drugs applied in clinic. However, the liposomal technology is far from perfect. The defects of liposomal technology include low drug loading, insufficient tumor targeting, etc. This review focuses on some major advances in recent years in terms of drug loading, targeting delivery, controlled release, and imaging monitoring. Traditionally, the drug loading of liposome is conducted by a passive loading method, characterized with low drug loading capability, low encapsulating efficiency and high drug leaking. Although the development of pH gradient method makes some drug loaded at very high encapsulating efficiency, this method is only suitable for some ionizable drugs and the maximum drug loading capability is usually not higher than 10 wt%. The newly developed active loading procedure by ferrying hydrophobic drugs with ionizable cycolodextran makes active loading of hydrophobic drugs possible. The application of reverse-phase microemulsion enables some platinum-based drugs loaded in the liposome as a nanoprecipitate characterized with a remarkably high drug loading capability. Direct conjugating drugs onto the liposomal membrane is another promising method with high drug loading, high encapsulating efficiency and minimal drug leaking. Efficient target delivery of liposomes to tumors is critical in improving therapeutic efficacy, yet strategies involving ligand modification have been difficult to achieve in clinic. Many researches have shown that some physical methods including heat, laser, ultrasound and ionizing irradiation can not only significantly increase liposomal accumulation, but also control the drug release. This indicates that combining liposome-based therapy with some minimal-invasive physical therapy such as hyperthermia therapy, photodynamic therapy and radiation therapy would maximize the targeting ability of liposome and release the drug in a controlled manner. The unique lipid-encapsulated core-shell structure makes liposome a versatile platform for loading various drugs. The liposome can be used to co-encapsulate two or more drugs that target different pathways, thus making combination therapy possible. Compared to the single-drug therapy, the combination therapy offers several advantages including reduced dose, less drug resistance, low toxicity and improved efficacy. In addition to therapeutic agents, the liposome can also load some imaging agents, thus enabling liposome "visible". The development of "visible" liposome makes it possible to monitor in real time the behavior of liposomal drugs in vivo, which is impossible to do with conventional method. In conclusion, the liposome has witnessed many technical advances in recent years. However, to further optimize these advances and finally translate them into clinic to benefit patients, a lot more work still needs to do.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 The innovation of drug loading methods improves drug loading capability and encapsulation efficiency
3 Stimulates controlled targeted and drug released liposome
3.1 Temperature sensitive liposome
3.2 Photodynamic enhanced targeted and drug released liposome
3.3 Ultrasound controlled targeted and drug released liposome
3.4 Radio enhanced targeted and drug released liposome
4 Combination drug released liposome
5 Visualization liposome assessing therapy processes
6 Conclusion

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery is a kind of rechargeable batteries with lithium as negative electrode and sulfur as positive electrode. It has a high theoretical specific capacity of 1675 mA·h/g and a specific energy density of 2600 W·h/kg. Theoretically, Li-S batteries can boost capacity fivefold over the current lithium-ion batteries, enabling it as a candidate of the most promising lithium-ion batteries. Due to the insulativity of sulfur and the easy dissolution of sulfur as active material to form polysulfide ions as electrochemical reaction intermediate material in the electrolyte during the process of charging and discharging, the poor cycle stability and high self-discharge of Li-S batteries result in the realizable energy density achieved far below the theoretical value. In this review, we target heteroatom-doped graphene, which has been widely used in Li-S batteries because of its retained excellent conductivity of graphene as well as strong adsorption to lithium polysulfide(LiPS) derived from a certain amount of defects and active sites of doped graphene. The adsorption can effectively alleviate the "shuttle effect" in the charge and discharge process and improve the cycling stability and cycling rate performance of Li-S batteries. This paper reviews current research state of heteroatom-doped graphene(such as N, P, S, B) in the Li-S batteries in terms of single-atom doping and diatomic doping. The advantages and mechanism of nitrogen-doped, nitrogen-sulfur co-doped and other doped graphene applied to Li-S batteries are analyzed utterly. Finally, the effect of battery performance is classified based on doping amount, doping form, doping location, and so on. The development direction and prospect of heteroatom-doped graphene are also predicted and forecast.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Working principle of lithium-sulfur batteries
3 Monoatomic doping of graphene
3.1 Nitrogen-doped graphene
3.2 Boron-doped graphene
4 Diatom-doped graphene
4.1 Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped graphene
4.2 Boron and nitrogen co-doped graphene
4.3 Other heteroatoms doped graphene
5 Conclusion and outlook

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has been demonstrated to have superior mechanical properties, wear resistance, chemical resistance, and good biocompatibility. Moreover, its elastic modulus is comparable to human bone, and PEEK has excellent radiolucency, is easy to be processed and can be repeatedlysterilized. These outstanding features make PEEK a promising bone-implant material. PEEK now is one of potential candidates for replacing the conventional implant materials including stainless steel, titanium alloys, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene and even biodegradable materials in orthopedic implant applications. However, the bioinertness of PEEK limit its clinical application. To obtain good bone-implant interfaces, quite a number of techniques have been developed to enable PEEK and PEEK-based composites from bio-inert to bioactive. Initially, the bioactive ceramics (such as hydroxyapatite, β-tricalcium phosphate, amorphous magnesium phosphate and calcium silicate) were added into the PEEK matrix through mechanical blending methods. These fillers have been found to significantly improve the bioactivity of PEEK composites at the expense of tensile strength. At present, many efforts have been done in fabrication of ternary composite, which is simultaneously incorporating bioactive ceramics and reinforced fiber into PEEK. The PEEK-based ternary composites enhanced both biomechanical properties and bioactivity of PEEK-based composites. Moreover, introducing porosity into PEEK manufactures porous PEEK, which provides available porosity for bone ingrowth. In this paper, the changes of the biomechanical properties and bioactivity of porous-PEEK, PEEK binary composites and PEEK ternary composites are summarized. The potential clinical applications are also reviewed according to the biomechanics and bioactivity of these PEEK-based composites. It is expected that this paper should provide a theoretical basis for fabricating PEEK-based orthopedic implants with biomechanics similar to human bone, good biocompatibility and biological safety and promote the application of PEEK and PEEK-based composites in orthopedic implants.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Porous PEEK
3 PEEK-based binary composites
3.1 PEEK/hydroxyapatite composite
3.2 PEEK/other bioactive ceramics
3.3 PEEK/carbon fiber composites
3.4 PEEK/growth factor composites
4 PEEK-based ternary composites
5 Conclusion

Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (EQCM) is a testing technique that combines quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and electrochemical detection. EQCM is one of effective methods to study the surface reaction due to its simplicity, rapidness, and the ability to dynamically detect the deposition, adsorption, or dissolution of an active material on a quartz crystal at nanogram level. At the same time, because the EQCM testing technology is an in-situ testing method, online real-time monitoring can be realized. With its high precision and high sensitivity, it is possible to further analyze the reaction process and deep-level mechanism at the surface interface. This paper summarizes the application of EQCM in the fields of electrochemical, biomedical and oil field chemistry, as well as research mechanism and dynamics, and puts forward the new research direction of EQCM and the problems in its development.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Application of EQCM in electrochemistry
2.1 Application of EQCM in electro-synthesis
2.2 Application of EQCM in electrode-position and dissolution
2.3 Application of EQCM in adsorption and desorption
2.4 Application of EQCM in polymer modified electrode
2.5 Membrane ionic, charge conduction movement and determination
2.6 EQCM in energy conversion and storage applications
3 Application of EQCM in biomedical and oilfield chemistry
4 Application of EQCM in other areas
4.1 Gas detection
4.2 Structural characterization
5 Application of EQCM in study of the reaction process of kinetics and mechanism
5.1 Study of reaction mechanism by EQCM
5.2 Study on thermodynamics and kinetics of reaction process by EQCM
6 Conclusion

Sodium alginate(SA) which is a natural polysaccharide has attracted wide attention not only due to the simple gelatinization conditions and easy operation process, but also its good biodegradability and excellent biocompatibility. Apart from that, compositing with other chemical substances improves the properties of SA gels. They will show a promising application prospect in water treatment area in the future. The article reviews the research advance of the structure characteristics, the physical-chemical and adsorption properties of SA composite gels. Besides, the classifications and preparation methods of SA composite gels are summarized and concluded systematically. In addition, we further analyze and compare the research problems and progress of SA composite gels used as adsorbents in water treatment. At last, we point out the further research direction and applications of SA composite gels in order to provide some suggestion to solve water pollution problems.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 The structure, physicochemical and adsorption properties of alginate
2.1 The structure of alginate
2.2 The physicochemical properties of alginate
2.3 The adsorption properties of alginate
3 Classification of alginate composite gel
3.1 Alginate-carbon materials
3.2 Alginate-oxide composite gel
3.3 Alginate-organic compound gel
3.4 Other alginate compound gel
4 Preparation of alginate-composite gel
4.1 Grafting method
4.2 Sol-gel method
4.3 Packaging method
4.4 One step synthesis method
5 Application of alginate compound gel adsorbent in water treatment
5.1 Heavy metal ions
5.2 Rare earth
5.3 Dye
5.4 Other pollutants
6 Conclusion

Liposomes are self-assembled phospholipid vesicles with great potential in drug delivery or fabricating artificial cells. As drugs carriers, liposome has many advantages, such as protecting drugs, improving efficacy, minimizing toxicity, reducing off-target effects, etc., thus liposome fabrication has arouse wide interests. However, there are several issues and concerns of conventional manufacturing techniques for their time-consuming processes, use of costly equipments, poor robustness of parameters, complex pre-and post-processing steps, polydispersity, and batch-to-batch inreproducibility. As a result, microfluidics-based techniques have been developed for liposome fabrication. It has been demonstrated that microfluidic techniques offer a range of advantages compared to conventional methods, especially the ability of precise control over the size and polydispersity of liposomes. This review focuses on recent development of microfluidic techniques with comparison of their outcomes of liposome fabrication. The bottlenecks of microfluidic techniques for liposome fabrication are discussed, and the future development for this field is also prospected.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Microfluidic hydrodynamic focusing
3 Pulsed jetting
4 Droplet microfuluidics
4.1 Double emulsion templates
4.2 Droplet emulsion transfer
5 Other microfluidic methods
6 Conclusion and outlook

Molecular imprinting technology (MIT) is an interdisciplinary approach which has been recently developed based on the advantages of macromolecular synthesis, molecular design, molecular recognition and biological simulation and bioengineering. The molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) obtained by MIT process have good affinity, high selectivity and excellent stability. TiO₂ and its nanocomposites have been widely used in photocatalysis, photoelectric conversion and other fields due to their stable chemical properties and low chemical toxicity. MIPs based on TiO₂ and its nanocomposites exhibit enhanced stability and photocatalytic activity, good selectivity, high accumulation and degradation properties towards low concentrations of pollutants. Furthermore, the application of TiO₂ and its composite as the imprinting support could reduce the nonspecific adsorption, increase the relative adsorption capacity and accelerate the mass transfer rate. They have obtained a strong position in material science and technology and showed broad applications. This article provides a short review of the developments of MIPs based on TiO₂ and its nanocomposites in recent two decades. Special attention is paid to their synthesis processes including different surface imprinting, sol-gel polymerization and liquid deposition process. Their applications in photocatalytic degradation and sensor construction areas have also been summarized. The prospects for their future development are also proposed.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers based on titanium dioxide and its nanocomposites
2.1 Surface molecular imprinting techniques
2.2 Sol-gel polymerization
2.3 Liquid deposition method
3 Application of molecularly imprinted polymers based on titanium dioxide and its nanocomposites
3.1 Photocatalytic degradation
3.2 Sensors
3.3 Other fields
4 Conclusion and outlook

Lithium ion batteries, which are secondary battery with the high specific energy, play an increasingly important role in the field of sustainable energy. In order to explore the next generation of lithium ion batteries with higher specific energy density, many electrode materials with high specific capacity are being researched and developed. However, these materials usually display the large volume change during lithiation and delithiation process. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare nanostructures to achieve better electrochemical performance. However, the nanostructure leads to low Coulombic efficiency, poor cycling stability and relatively low specific energy density, which can be ascribed to its high specific surface area and low tap density. The assembly of nanomaterials into a hierarchical structure can effectively reduce the overall specific surface area, and limit the consumption of lithium during the formation of solid state interphase(SEI) film, leading to the increase of the initial Coulombic efficiency. Compared with the disordered build-up of nanoparticles, the hierarchical structure has a higher accumulation density and contact area, thus leading to the decrease of porosity and the increase of build-up density of the electrode materials. Therefore, the hierarchical structure of electrode materials can further increased the specific energy density of lithium ion batteries. In this review,we mainly focus on the preparation of hierarchical structure in lithium ion batteries and its application in lithium ion batteries. In terms of preparation, solvothermal method, emulsion method, spray drying method and template method are mainly described as well as effect of various parameters on the final hierarchical structure. In terms of application, different hierarchical structures are reviewed with the purpose of improving performances of lithium ion batteries as the mainline.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Fabrication for hierarchical structures
2.1 Solvothermal method
2.2 Emulsion method
2.3 Spray drying method
2.4 Template method
3 The applications of hierarchical structures in lithium ion batteries
4 Conclusion

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), also called porous coordination networks (PCNs), are new types of porous crystalline materials, which have quite a few advantages, such as the structural design, functional modification of pore walls, high crystallinity, large specific surface area and excellent conductivity. It has attracted great attention in energy conversion and storage. This paper describes in detail the research of the new MOFs-based proton conductors and the electrocatalyst in the field of fuel-cell, and also concludes some important progress in MOFs-based proton exchange membrane and oxygen-reduction electrocatalyst. For example, the conductivity of one kind of MOFs proton exchange membrane can be as high as 1.82 S·cm^-1 (70℃, 90% RH). A membrane electrode assembly (MEA) using the electrocatalyst with MOFs at the cathode can produce a peak power density of 0.91 W·cm^-2. This paper also points out the deficiencies in this field, which provides new approaches for the development of high conductive proton exchange membrane and high catalytic activity electrocatalys in the future.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Study of MOFs in proton exchange membranes
2.1 MOFs proton conductivity mechanism
2.2 Proton conductivity of MOFs in water system
2.3 Proton conductivity of MOFs in nonaqueous conditions
3 Study of MOFs on oxygen reduction (ORR) electrocatalysts
3.1 Non-precious metal ORR catalysts based on MOFs
3.2 Non-metallic ORR catalysts based on MOFs
4 Conclusion and outlook

Tuberculosis (TB) is a slow-lethal disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Although the current incidence of tuberculosis is low in developed countries, it is still a high incidence and catastrophic infectious disease in numerous developing countries. Based on this situation, searching for new active compounds or modifying existing drug molecules has become a hot spot for the development of new anti-TB drugs. Currently, the compounds under research include quinolines, quinolones, imidazoles, benzothiazinones, oxazolidinones and natural products, among which quinoline compounds are still an important research target. The majority of these compounds have low micromolar levels in vitro anti-tuberculosis activity and are most likely effective against in vivo drug-susceptible or resistant strains. This paper elaborates the anti-tuberculosis compounds from 2014~2017, and reviews their research status with chemical structure characteristics, anti-tubercular activity, structure-activity relationship and safety. Research prospects in this filed are discussed.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Quinoline compounds
2.1 Beidaquinoline and its derivatives
2.2 Bis-quinolines compounds
2.3 Quinoline-based fused ring derivatives
2.4 Adamantane-containing quinoline derivatives
2.5 Quinoline derivatives containing metal complexes
2.6 Quinoline-3-carboxylic acid and ester group derivatives
2.7 Isatin-quinoline derivatives
2.8 Quinoline carboxylic acid hydrazidesor amides
2.9 Containing azoles Quinoline compounds
2.10 Other quinoline derivatives
3 Quinolones
4 Imidazole derivatives
4.1 Imidazopyridine carboxamide derivatives
4.2 NHIO compounds
5 Benzothiazinones
6 Other compounds
6.1 Triazine compounds
6.2 Fluorobenzoxazinyl-oxazolidinones
6.31,2-bis(quinazolin-4-yl) naphthyridine(DQYD)
6.4 Diphenylindole and aryl sulfonamides
6.5 Imidazoline derivatives
6.6 Drug repurposing
7 Natural products
8 Conclusion and outlook