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Progress in Chemistry 2007, No.010 Previous issue Next issue

In this issue:

Invited Article
Ab initio Studies on the Photochemical Reactions
Ding Wanjian,Fang Weihai**
2007, 19 (10): 1449-1459 |
Published: 10 October 2007
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Abstract
Photochemical reaction is one of the most basic, but very important, physical and chemical processes, which play a unique role in many fields. Photochemical reaction is quite difficult to explore theoretically, due to the limit of present computational methods and complication of photochemical reaction processes. This makes it a challenging subject in chemistry and the related fields. The present paper focused mainly on ab initio studies of excited-state nature and mechanistic photochemistry of carbonyl compounds, which provide some useful information for further investigation of photochemical reactions.
Review
Sol-gel Synthesis of LiFePO4 Cathode
Le Hui**, Zilong Tang,Shaohua Luo,Zhongtai Zhang
2007, 19 (10): 1460-1467 |
Published: 10 October 2007
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Abstract
The principle of sol-gel synthesis of LiFePO4 cathode material is introduced. The progress of sol-gel synthesis of LiFePO4 in recent years is emphasized. Three modification strategies including car-bon-coating, doping and nano techniques, as well as their melioration of the performances of LiFePO4 cathode material are summarized. As a result, capacity enhancement, the decrease in particle size and carbon content, and the obvious shortening of heat treatment are achieved. Further, several problems related to deeper understanding of the synthesis procedure, production cost and environmental pollution are pointed out. Finally, the possibility of its commercialization is discussed.
Transport Properties of Lithium-ion of Electrolyte Used in Lithium-ion Batteries
Zhao Jishi,Wang Li,He Xiangming*,Jiang Changyin,Wan Chunrong
2007, 19 (10): 1467-1474 |
Published: 10 October 2007
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Abstract
The ability to conduct ions is the basic function of non-aqueous electrolytes used in the lith-ium-ion batteries. It determines how fast the energy stored in electrodes can be delivered. Recent advances of the transport properties of the lithium ion in the non-aqueous electrolyte including the gel, polymer and liquid systems are reviewed. The factors influencing the transfer of the lithium ion and the prospects of the research are also dis-cussed.
The Photonic Crystal in Hydrogel
Wang Yulian1,Guo Ming2,Zheng Xuefang1**,Tang Qian1, Gao Dabin1
2007, 19 (10): 1475-1481 |
Published: 10 October 2007
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Abstract
Photonic crystal is one type of materials in which the permittivity(or refractive index)changes periodically. The stimulated radiation inhibition and localization of this material make it confine, dominate and modulate the photos effectively. During the last decade, the photonic crystal in hydrogel(PCH), which holds both the virtues of self-assembly of the colloidal crystal and the environmental responsive property of the hydrogel, played a more and more important role in the new applications of drug delivery, optical switches, ion optrode, biosensor and so on. A summarization of the self-assembly of the colloidal crystalline and a classified introduction and developing trend of the photonic crystal in hydrogel were proposed in this paper.
Catalysts for n-Butane Dehydrogenation to 1-Butene
Xu Yuebing,Lu Jiangyin**,Wang Jide
2007, 19 (10): 1481-1487 |
Published: 10 October 2007
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Abstract
The series of catalysts for dehydrogention of n-butane to 1-butene, including oxidative dehydrogenation with Vanadium-based 、molybdates、metal pyrphosphates catalysts and catalytic dehydrogenation with Pt-based catalysts and ZSM-5 zeolite, are reviewed, the membrane reactor with catalysts is also discussed . The paper reviews the kinetics for butane dehydrogenation and summerizes the reaction mechanism of n-butane oxydehydrogenation and direct dehydrogenation based on Mars-van Krevlen and Eley-Rideal kinetics and discusses the factors of catalysts simply. It also compares the characteristics between several catalysts and prospects them. Finally, The paper points out that the catalyst of ZSM-5 zeolite will likely be the reserch hotspot for n-butane dehydrogenation to 1-butene.
Inorganic Hollow Micro/Nanospheres
He Junhui1**, Chen Hongmin1,2,Zhang Lin3
2007, 19 (10): 1488-1494 |
Published: 10 October 2007
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Abstract
Inorganic hollow micro/nanospheres have recently become one of the hot research topics because of their unique structures, outstanding physicochemical properties and potential applications. So far, a variety of preparation methods have been developed and inorganic hollow mi-cro/nanospheres of varied physicochemical functionalities have been prepared. This article mainly reviews the most recent advances in the research and development of inorganic hollow mi-cro/nanospheres in terms of preparation methods and their mechanisms, their advantages and disad-vantages, and their ranges of applicability. Finally, a brief outlook of potential applications of these new materials is also given.
Preparation of Nanosized Anatase TiO2 and its Composites at Low Temperature
Wang Jingyu,Liu Zhihong*, He Zhike,Cai Ruxiu
2007, 19 (10): 1495-1503 |
Published: 10 October 2007
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Abstract
To break through the limitation of traditional methods that utilize high-temperature calcina-tion to prepare nanosized anatase TiO2 photocatalyst, and thus find effective ways for low-temperature synthe-sis of nanosized TiO2 with high catalytic activity, has been one of the most active aspects in the photocatalysis field. The latest researching progresses in low-temperature synthesis of nanosized anatase TiO2 photocatalyst are reviewed in this article. The principles, reactions, synthesizing procedures as well as the advantages and disadvantages of all reported methods (peptization-phase transfer, derived sol-gel, hydrothermal process, hy-drolysis via ultrasonic irradiation, microwave radiation heating, microemulsion and direct low-temperature oxidation) are presented and discussed. Further, to overcome the intrinsic shortcomings of pure nanosized TiO2 as photocatalyst, i.e., the rather low quantum efficiency and the incapability of utilizing visible light, the re-view is also extended to the technologies of preparing TiO2 composites such as ion doping, rare metal deposi-tion and composite semiconductors. Finally the developing trends and the potential focus of future researches in this field are prospected.
Synthesis of Nanocrystalline and Mesoporous Iron Oxide
Zhang Yu,Zhang Weimin,Sun Zhongxi**
2007, 19 (10): 1503-1509 |
Published: 10 October 2007
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Abstract
With extraordinary characteristics, iron oxide nanoparticles have become focus of extensive re-searches. In this paper, advances in synthesis of size adjustable and shape controllable iron oxide nanoparticles were presented. Progress in preparation of mesoporous iron oxide with various shape and the iron containing mesoporous nanocomposite were reviewed. The special attention was paid to the advance in synthesis of mesopor-ous iron oxide in combination with the ongoing research of our group. This review was concluded with personal perspectives on the directions of future research and the problems to be solved in synthesis of nanocrystalline and mesoporous iron oxides.
Low-Dimensional ZnO Nanomaterials
Yang Sen,Ni Yonghong**
2007, 19 (10): 1510-1516 |
Published: 10 October 2007
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Abstract
Some new preparation methods of ZnO nanomaterials in recent years, including ionic liquid method, RF magnetron sputtering route, electrochemical synthesis, pulsed laser ablation deposition technique, hydrothermal approach and so on, were presented in this paper. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are simply summarized. Some factors affecting the morphology of ZnO nanomaterials such as reaction temperature, time, pH, sorts and concentrations of reactants and surfactants are mentioned. Since the surfactant usually plays an important role in the controlled synthesis of ZnO nanocrystals with certain shape in solution phases, many surfactants such as SDS, CTAB, HMTA, PVP, PEG and PMMA were mainly discussed. The potential applications of ZnO nanomaterials in the commodity, medicine, catalyst, information record and store, absorption wave material, rubber and dope industry are also introduced. Finally, the future development in the ZnO nanomaterial research field is supposed.
Application of Liquid Poly(Ethylene Glycol)s as Green Reaction Media in Organic Reactions
Zhou Haifeng1,2,Fan Qinghua2**, He Yanmei 2,Gu Lianquan 1**,Chan Albert S C 3**
2007, 19 (10): 1517-1528 |
Published: 10 October 2007
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Abstract
Low molecular weight liquid polyethylene glycols (PEG) as a novel green solvent for organic reactions have been attracting great attention. They are thermally stable, nonvolatile, nonflammable, non-toxic, biodegradable, inexpensive and recyclable. Moreover, they can dissolve a great range of organic compounds and organometallic complexes. Thus, liquid PEG as an alternative to organic solvent and as a new means for homogeneous catalyst immobilization has been successfully employed in a number of organic reactions, such as reduction reaction, hydrogenation, oxidation reaction, asymmetric dihydroxylation, Heck reaction, Suzuki cross-coupling reactions, Michael addition reaction, asymmetric Aldol reaction, Baylis-Hillman reaction, lipase-catalyzed reaction, polymerization reaction and so on. This paper reviews the advances in this research field.
The Dearomatizetion of Aromatic Compounds
Shirong Lu,Bo Peng,Ming Bao**
2007, 19 (10): 1529-1536 |
Published: 10 October 2007
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Abstract
Dearomatization reactions of arenes have been attracted considerable interest because they allow the use of stable and widely available materials to provide functionalized alicyclic compounds, which could be em-ployed as synthetic building blocks for synthesis of natural products and bioactive compounds. Over the past four decades, many dearomatization reactions have developed and applied for synthesis of alicyclic compounds con-taining six–membered carboncyclic moieties. This article reviews six kinds of dearomatization reactions of aro-matic compounds including oxidative dearomatization, reductive dearomatization, photocatalyzed dearomatization, nucleophilic additive dearomatization, σ-rearrangement dearomatization, transition metals promoted dearomatiza-tion, are reviewed. Among them, the transition metals promoted dearomatization proceeded under mild reaction conditions with various substrates, and which could be applied for synthesis of bioactive compounds.
Asymmetric Reduction of Aromatic Ketones
Zhang Wenhu1,Cai Yan1,Liu Xiang1**,Fang Yun1,Xu Jianhe2
2007, 19 (10): 1537-1553 |
Published: 10 October 2007
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Abstract
Recent progress in asymmetric reduction of aromatic ketones is reviewed from chemical catalysis,chiral reagents and enzymatic catalysis in chemical and biological perspective. The effects of electronic and steric effect of substituted groups, the structure of chiral catalysts and chiral reagents and the reaction system on optical activity of products are summarized. The effects of the structure of aromatic ketones in different biocatalytic systems such as whole cells and enzymes on the optical activity of products are also summarized. The research and application of asymmetric reduction are prospected.
Polyfluorenes and Its Derivatives for Electroluminescent Materials
Tang Chao1,Liu Feng2,Xu Hui3,Huang Wei1**
2007, 19 (10): 1553-1562 |
Published: 10 October 2007
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Abstract
As an important class of electroluminescent polymers, polyfluorene and its derivatives have been paid much attention by hundreds of materials chemists because they have advantages of easy modification and high photoluminescence efficiency. As a whole in this review, the chemical modification aims at developing new electroluminescent materials through tuning frontier molecular orbitals, thermal and luminescent stability. So the focus in this review is on the relationships between the structures of polymers and their light emission properties. The synthesis methods of the polymers are firstly concisely introduced. Then the polymers have been divided into two kinds according to the difference of chemical structure. The one kind is the polymers that the main conjugation chains are only comprised of fluorene units, whose chemical modification is based on the active C9 of fluorene moiety. The other is the polymers that the main chains are comprised of fluorene and other functional groups through copolymerization.
Synthesis of Fluoropolymers in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Li Hong,Xu An hou,Zhang Yongming**
2007, 19 (10): 1562-1567 |
Published: 10 October 2007
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Abstract
Supercritical carbon dioxide is an inexpensive, low-toxic, non-flammable，easily recycled，environmentally benign and inert polymerization medium, which can be used as a polymerization solvent instead of conventional organic solvents. Especially, it is a potential alternative of fluorinated and chlorinated solvents for polymerization of fluorine-containing monomers. In the paper, the polymerization of fluoroalkyl acrylate and fluoroolefins in supercritical carbon dioxide are reviewed in detail，including homopolymerization and copolymerization of fluoroalkyl acrylate, synthesis of melt-processable tetrafluoroethylene polymers, ion-exchange resins and polyvinylidene fluoride et.al. The result shows that polymerizations of fluorinated monomer in supercritical carbon dioxide have some advantages over other solvent systems.
Preparation of Nanocellulose
Ye Daiyong**
2007, 19 (10): 1568-1575 |
Published: 10 October 2007
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Abstract
In nanometer size range, manipulating cellulose molecules and supramolecular crystals, structurally designing and assembling stable multiple patterns, thus creating excellent functional new nano fine chemicals & materials are the scientific frontier areas and hot topics of cellulose science. In order to study the progress on nanocellulose preparation method, the basis of nanocellulose chemistry is outlined; three kinds of nanocellulose were introduced: nanocellulose crystal (whiskers), nanocellulose composite and nanocellulose fiber. Five methods of preparation of nanocellulose were reviewed: the chemical method for the preparation of nanocellulose crystal & whiskers, the biological method for the preparation of bacterial cellulose, the physical method for the preparation of nanocellulose fiber, the synthetic method and the electrospinning method for the preparation of nanocellulose fiber. The five methods were discussed. The controllable structure designing of supramolecular cellulose, the stereochemical & regioselective controlling and preparation, the self-assembly process mechanism (such as the molecular recognition and site identification) and the mechanism of multi-scale effect are the main topics of the basic theoretical research. The new, green, low energy consumption, rapid and efficient method is the development trend of nanocellulose preparation.
The Electrochemical DNA Biosensor
Zhang Jiong,Wan Ying,Wang Lihua,Song Shiping**,Fan Chunhai**
2007, 19 (10): 1576-1584 |
Published: 10 October 2007
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Abstract
Sequence-specific detection of either genetically or pathogenically associated nucleic acids has become increasingly important for applications including point-of-care diagnostics, antiterrorism, environmental monitoring and forensic analysis. Therefore, it is highly desirable to develop DNA detection methods with high sensitivity and selectivity, as well as speed, which has motivated the development of various optical, electronic and acoustic DNA biosensors. Because electrochemical detectors are inexpensive, portable and power-saving, electro-chemical DNA biosensors have been widely recognized to be a highly promising approach to detect clinical, envi-ronmental and security relevant nucleic acids, especially when time, money or resources are limited. The develop-ment of the research on electrochemical DNA biosensor, one of the most important branch of DNA biosensor, is reviewed here. A typical electrochemical DNA sensor involves an electrode and surface-confined capture probe DNA. Upon hybridization of the immobilized probes to the sequence-specific target DNA, redox labels that either intercalatively bind to the hybridized double-stranded DNA or are covalently tagged to DNA strands generate cor-responding electrochemical signals. The immobilization of DNA probes and electrochemical transduction of DNA hybridization were summarized .
Amperometry for Pesticide Residues
Li Zhuyun,Wang Min**
2007, 19 (10): 1585-1592 |
Published: 10 October 2007
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Abstract
Extensive usage of pesticides in agriculture has imposed a serious problem to human health and environment worldwide. A lot of efforts have been made to develop convenient and effective methods for pesticide residue analysis. As a simple, rapid, sensitive and accurate analytical technique, amperometry has drawn more and more attention in this area within the last few years. The research has been focused on fabrication and modification of different working electrodes to optimize their performance, mainly to improve sensitivity and lower detection limit. The recent progress on amperometric detection for pesticides to be reviewed is brought under three main headings: general electrodes, modified electrodes and microelectrodes as working electrodes in the analysis systems. It is envisaged that integration and portability are the future of electrochemical determination system for pesticide residue analysis.
Solvent Resistant Nanofiltration Membranes
Wei Wang, XiangLi Fenjuan,Jin Wanqin**,Xu Nanping
2007, 19 (10): 1592-1597 |
Published: 10 October 2007
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Abstract
Nanofiltration (NF) is a promising membrane technology for the food, wastewater treatment, refining and pharmaceutical industries due to some advantages of low operating pressure, low investment and low operation and maintenance cost. However, an industrial NF membrane used for aqueous system is often unsuitable for intensive solvent system because of its extensive swelling, which leading to a drastic loss of selectivity. To realize these applications, the NF membranes must be of desired stability in the organic solvents. Many researchers have focused on improving the stability of the NF membranes, especially on the solvent resistant nanofiltration (SRNF) membranes. This paper provides an overview of the recent advance of SRNF in the non-aqueous systems, including the preparation of SRNF. The development trend of SRNF and existing problems is discussed.
Hydrogen Production from Sodium Borohydride
Xu Dongyan1**,Zhang Huamin2,Ye Wei2
2007, 19 (10): 1598-1605 |
Published: 10 October 2007
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Abstract
The rapid development of the proton exchange membrane fuel cells technology in recent years has stimulated research in the low cost hydrogen production and high efficient hydrogen storage. Chemical hydrides such as NaBH4、KBH4、LiH、NaH have been tested as precursor materials for supplying hydrogen at ambient temperature. Among these chemical hydrides, sodium borohydride (NaBH4) provides a safe and prac-tical mean of producing hydrogen, making it as an attractive subject of hydrogen production for proton ex-change membrane fuel cells. This paper introduces the basic principle of hydrogen production from sodium borohydride and reviews comprehensively the recent research progress of the hydrolysis catalysts and reaction kinetics. The commercial foreground of hydrogen production from borohydride is also proposed.
Application of Self-Assembled System Based on Ionic Surfactants Adsorbed onto Oxides Surface in Chemistry
Li Jidong 1,2,Cai Yaqi1**,Shi Yali1,Mou Shi-Feng1,Jiang Gui-Bin1
2007, 19 (10): 1606-1612 |
Published: 10 October 2007
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Abstract
The theory and characteristics of self-assembled system based on ionic surfactants adsorbed onto oxides surface are introduced in this paper. The hemimicelles, admicelles and mixed admicelles are formed by the ionic surfactant molecules adsorbing onto the surface of oxides spontaneously. The formed system has a strong adsorbing function for the hydrophobic organic compounds and metal ions which were chelated with organic reagent. The applications of self-assembled structure in analytical and environmental chemistry are reviewed according to different kinds of self-assembled systems and the future applications are prospected.
Application of QSAR/QSPR in fate evaluation and risk assessment of POPs

Wang Bin,Yu Gang**,Huang Jun,Hu Hongying

2007, 19 (10): 1612-1619 |
Published: 10 October 2007
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Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are very hazardous organic pollutants that have caused much attention all over the world. The fate evaluation and risk assessment of POPs need a great deal of reliable property data and toxicity data. Quantitative structure-activity/property relationship (QSAR/QSPR) made it possible to acquire these data efficiently. QSAR/QSPR models have been widely used to predict the biological activities /properties of POPs and fill the missing data, and to explain the principle of environmental process and mechanism of ecological effects. In recent years, QSAR/QSPR models have also been further used to screen new POPs substances, model the fate of POPs and perform risk assessment caused by POPs. In this paper, the basic application of QSAR/QSPR in the prediction of properties and biological activities of POPs was reviewed. Then the advanced application of QSAR/QSPR in the fate evaluation and risk assessment of POPs was also presented. Lastly, the prospect of QSAR/QSPR research in the field of POPs was proposed.
Analysis of Chemical Composition of Atmospheric Particles
Liu Yongchun,He Hong**
2007, 19 (10): 1620-1631 |
Published: 10 October 2007
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Abstract
There has been intense interest in atmospheric particulates because of its important environmental effects such as the effect on radiant balance, degradation of visibility, biochemical cycle of elements, human health and heterogeneous reaction in atmosphere. Chemical composition is the crucial factor for the environmental effects of atmospheric particulates. The online analysis methods for atmospheric particles have made a great progress with the development of aerodynamic lens, spectrometer and mass spectrograph which has high time resolution and low detect limit. The chemical composition of atmospheric particles is very complicated. It consists of mineral oxides, soluble sulfate and nitrate, sea salt, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organic acids and organochlorines and so on. The research progresses about analytic methods and chemical composition for atmospheric particulates is reviewed in this article.