Progress in Chemistry

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Catalytic Applications of the Mesoporous Materials in Epoxidation of Olefins

Xuefeng Li¹,Huanxin Gao²,Qingling Chen^1,2*

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0708): 849-853.

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Xuefeng Li¹,Huanxin Gao²,Qingling Chen^1,2*. Catalytic Applications of the Mesoporous Materials in Epoxidation of Olefins[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0708): 849-853.

The catalytic applications of the mesoporous materials in epoxidation of olefins are summarized, including the preparation methods and modification of the materials, catalytic performance and characterization of active sites. High dispersion of tetra-coordinated titanium is achieved by means of adjusting optimal combination of titanium and silicon atoms, hence the activity of the materials can be improved. On the other hand, the activity and selectivity can also be greatly promoted by silylation due to the enhancement of the surface hydrophobicity of the materials. The framework titanium atoms and their coordination state can be characterized by spectroscopic technologies and the molecular simulation.
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Noble Metal Aromatic Saturation Catalysts

Jianwei Wang,Zhentao Mi,Xiangwen Zhang^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0708): 854-860.

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Jianwei Wang,Zhentao Mi,Xiangwen Zhang^*. Noble Metal Aromatic Saturation Catalysts[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0708): 854-860.

Recently, aromatic saturation in distillate fractions specially in diesel fuel has received considerable attention. There are two major kinds of dearomatic catalysts, which are supported metal sulfide catalysts and supported noble metal catalysts. The latter is superior to the former in the depth of aromatic saturation, but it is sensitive to S-containing compounds in feedstock. Recent progress in improving the sulfur resistance of noble metal aromatic saturation catalysts is reviewed in this paper.
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Hydrogen Production from Water Splitting by Semiconductor Oxides Photocatalysis

Yunfang Huang,Jihuai Wu^**

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0708): 861-869.

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Yunfang Huang,Jihuai Wu^**. Hydrogen Production from Water Splitting by Semiconductor Oxides Photocatalysis[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0708): 861-869.

The mechanisms of the water splitting into hydrogen and oxygen by semiconductor oxides photocatalysis are described.The latest research progress in water splitting by semiconductor oxides photocatalysis is reviewed. The influences on the photocatalytic properties and the modifications are discussed and the opinions on further studies are also presented in this paper.
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Organic Phosphorescent Electroluminescent Materials with Iridium Core

Xiuju Zhang^1,2**,Yunhu Xu¹,Huahong Shi¹

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0708): 870-882.

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Xiuju Zhang^1,2**,Yunhu Xu¹,Huahong Shi¹. Organic Phosphorescent Electroluminescent Materials with Iridium Core[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0708): 870-882.

Phosphorescent eletroluminescent materials and devices are one of prime focuses of organic light-emitting device research in recent years due to their ability to efficiently utilize both singlet and triplet excitons and having higher efficiency. Research advances, problems and developing tendency of organic phosphorescent electroluminescent materials with iridium core are reviewed,and the host materials for preparing devices are introduced briefly.
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Research Development and Prospect of α-Ni(OH)₂

Yuangang Liu^**,Zhiyuan Tang,Qiang Xu,Xiaoyang Zhang,Yong Liu

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0708): 883-888.

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Yuangang Liu^**,Zhiyuan Tang,Qiang Xu,Xiaoyang Zhang,Yong Liu. Research Development and Prospect of α-Ni(OH)₂[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0708): 883-888.

The factors that affect the stability of α-Ni(OH)₂ in alkaline electrolyte , as well as the conditions and measures to hold its alpha phase are reviewed in this paper. The up-to-date research and development of α-Ni(OH)₂ is presented, especially the preparation, stabilization and electrochemical performance of α-Ni(OH)₂through partially substituting Al³⁺, Mn³⁺and Zn²⁺ for Ni²⁺. Synthesis of nickel hydroxide powders by urea thermal decomposition is narrated and the research and application of nanocrystalline α-Ni(OH)₂ are prospected.
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Liquid Phase Fabrication of Noble Metal Nanomaterials and Their Surface Plasmon Resonance－Based Applications

Huiyu Liu^1,2,Dong Chen¹,Jining Gao^1,2,Fangqiong Tang^1**,Xiangling Ren¹

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0708): 889-896.

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Huiyu Liu^1,2,Dong Chen¹,Jining Gao^1,2,Fangqiong Tang^1**,Xiangling Ren¹. Liquid Phase Fabrication of Noble Metal Nanomaterials and Their Surface Plasmon Resonance－Based Applications[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0708): 889-896.

Plasmonic behavior of metal is a physical concept that describes the collective oscillation of conducting electrons in it. Metal nanoparticles display unique optical applications due to the resonance of surface plasmons. The preparation and applications of different shape and various composite noble metal nanomaterials with the property of surface plasmon resonance are reviewed, and their foresight development and applications are illustrated.
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Progress in Inherently Chiral Calixarenes

Jun Luo,Qiyu Zheng,Chuanfeng Chen,Zhitang Huang^**

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0708): 897-906.

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Jun Luo,Qiyu Zheng,Chuanfeng Chen,Zhitang Huang^**. Progress in Inherently Chiral Calixarenes[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0708): 897-906.

Inherently chiral calixarenes denote calixarenes whose chirality is based on the absence of a planar symmetry or an inversion center in the molecules as a whole through the desymmetric array of several achiral groups upon the three-dimensional calix-skeletons. Herein the synthesis and optical resolution of inherently chiral calixarenes and their applications in enantioselective recognition and asymmetric catalysis are reviewed.
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Synthesis of β-Mannoside and β-Mannosamine

Youlin Zeng^1*,Fanzuo Kong²

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0708): 907-926.

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Youlin Zeng^1*,Fanzuo Kong². Synthesis of β-Mannoside and β-Mannosamine[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0708): 907-926.

The synthesis of β-mannoside and β-mannosamine poses one of the greatest challenges to the carbohydrate chemists, because the mechanism of forming mannoside or mannosamine, either neighboring group participation method or non-neighboring group participation method, leads predominately to the α-anomer. Synthetic methods of β-mannoside and β-mannosamine are reviewed in this paper. The superiorities and applications of these methods in constructingβ-glycoside bond are discussed in detail.
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Environmently-Friendly Synthesis of Pinacols

Yanjiang Bian^1**,Jinyan Li¹,Jitai Li²

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0708): 927-932.

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Yanjiang Bian^1**,Jinyan Li¹,Jitai Li². Environmently-Friendly Synthesis of Pinacols[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0708): 927-932.

The review has been written to introduce new developments of environment-friendly synthesis of pinacols in aqueous media, including microwave irradiation, ultrasound irradiation, solvent-free，electrosynthesis and photochemical synthesis.
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The Artificial Spinning Based on Silk Proteins

Guanqiang Zhou,Xin Chen^**,Zhengzhong Shao

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0708): 933-938.

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Guanqiang Zhou,Xin Chen^**,Zhengzhong Shao. The Artificial Spinning Based on Silk Proteins[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0708): 933-938.

Animal silks, especially spider silks attract considerable interest because of their excellent comprehensive mechanical properties. However, the applications of natural silks are restricted because of various reasons. Therefore, people expect to obtain artificial silk fibers that have similar performance as natural silks by artificial spinning. In this paper, the history and status quo of the artificial spinning based on silk proteins are reviewed. The mechanical properties between natural silk fibers and artificial silk fibers were also compared, and the future of the biomimic artificial spinning for the production of high-performance artificial silk fibers (superfibers) is discussed.
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Synthesis and Applications of Polymer Molecular Brushes

Lei Zhang,Wen Li,Afang Zhang^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0708): 939-949.

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Lei Zhang,Wen Li,Afang Zhang^*. Synthesis and Applications of Polymer Molecular Brushes[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0708): 939-949.

This article highlights the recent development of synthesized polymer molecular brushes, which are formed by high-densely attaching polymers via different strategies to linear polymers, dendrimers or dendronized polymers. Three different synthetic methods for molecular brushes, e. g. “grafting through”， “grafting from” and “grafting to” are detailed and compared based on the achievable molar mass and structure perfection of the resulted molecular brushes, together with some conformation dependence. Some reports on the synthesis and conformational study of peptide brushes and thermally switchable polymer brushes were also included. The applications of molecular brushes in different areas, such as nano-materials for surface modification and nano-wires are also introduced briefly.
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Preparation of Self-Assembled Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Membrane and Their Applications in Membrane Separation

Lijing Xuan,Jinwen Qian^**,Youfang Chen,Peng Zhang

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0708): 950-956.

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Lijing Xuan,Jinwen Qian^**,Youfang Chen,Peng Zhang. Preparation of Self-Assembled Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Membrane and Their Applications in Membrane Separation[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0708): 950-956.

The preparation of polyelectrolyte membrane using layer-by-layer self-assembly techniques are reviewed. Their applications in the membrane separation are introduced, especially for pervaporation and ion separation in the aqueous solutions. The separation performance dependent on various internal and external factors is summarized. Some suggestions are also proposed in this area on the research work.
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Progress in Cellulose-Based Chiral Stationary Phases

Yongzhu He^1,3|Hao Pang^1,3|Bing Liao^1,2*

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0708): 957-965.

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Yongzhu He^1,3|Hao Pang^1,3|Bing Liao^1,2*. Progress in Cellulose-Based Chiral Stationary Phases[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0708): 957-965.

The recent progress in the research and development on the kinds of cellulose derivatives using as chiral stationary phases, the types of chiral stationary phases consisting of cellulose derivatives and the application of the chiral stationary phases in high-performance liquid chromatography is reviewed. The trends of research in this field are also proposed. 
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Development of Multiphase Laminar Flow on Microfluidic Analysis

Ying Feng,Min Wang^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0708): 966-973.

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Ying Feng,Min Wang^*. Development of Multiphase Laminar Flow on Microfluidic Analysis[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0708): 966-973.

The phenomenon of laminar flow in micro-channel has drawn increasing attention since its first application for micro scale liquid-liquid extraction. Due to its simple fabrication process, easy and convenient handling, and powerful capability to pattern topographical structures on microchips, it has been developed into a fabrication and analysis method, opening up a new direction for microfluidic research. In this paper, the theory and recent development of multiphase laminar flow in microfluidics, particularly molecular diffusion, transfer and chemical reactions through the laminar flow interface, laminar flow etching for microchannels, and its applications in preparation of nano materials and bioanalysis are investigated and discussed. Examples are given, including fabrication of microfluidic chips with laminar flow, preparation of microreactors, separation and analysis of ions and molecules, formation and decoration of polymer membrane, organic synthesis in microchannels, control of solution concentrations for immunoassay, single cell analysis, micromolecule manipulation, and pretreatment of bioreagents.
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Development of High-Speed Gas Chromatography

Fumin Peng^1,2,Junde Wang²|Haiyang Li^2**,Xixian Zhang¹|Anlin Li²

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0708): 974-986.

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Fumin Peng^1,2,Junde Wang²|Haiyang Li^2**,Xixian Zhang¹|Anlin Li². Development of High-Speed Gas Chromatography[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0708): 974-986.

Recently more attention have been attracted on the high-speed gas chromatography (HSGC). In this paper, a systematical classification and evaluation are made for this technique based on the chromatographic theory and the particular character in applications. It is described how to select an analytical method for a given sample, and how to fulfil a certain high-speed analysis task by means of regulation of configuration,parameters and performance of the instrument.　The development trends of HSGC are prospected.
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Mechanisms of DNA Separation by Capillary Electrophoresis in Non-Gel Sieving Matrices

Dan Zhou,Yanmei Wang^**

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0708): 987-994.

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Dan Zhou,Yanmei Wang^**. Mechanisms of DNA Separation by Capillary Electrophoresis in Non-Gel Sieving Matrices[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0708): 987-994.

Fast, highly efficient, and sensitive separation technique is crucial for DNA analysis. The capillary electrophoresis using non-gel sieving matrices is one of the most important techniques for DNA separation. The uncrosslinked polymer solutions are generally used as sieving matrices. Based on the introduction of the theory of the polymer solutions, the mechanisms of DNA separation by the capillary electrophoresis in non-gel sieving matrices (entangled and dilute solutions) are reviewed in this paper, which includes Ogston sieving model, various modified reptation models, transient entanglement coupling mechanisms and its improved mechanisms.
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Advances in¹³C Metabolic Flux Analysis

Xiaojing Li,Tao Chen,Xun Chen,Xianggao Li,Xueming Zhao^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0708): 995-1001.

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Xiaojing Li,Tao Chen,Xun Chen,Xianggao Li,Xueming Zhao^*. Advances in¹³C Metabolic Flux Analysis[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0708): 995-1001.

Metabolic flux analysis（MFA） is a powerful tool on characterization of cellular state by quantification of intracellular fluxes in metabolic network. For overcoming the limitation of stoichiometric MFA, ¹³C MFA based on carbon-labeling experiments has been developed. In this paper, the principle and the method of ¹³C MFA are introduced, the development of ¹³C MFA in experiment and data analysis are summarized, and the important roles of MFA in the research of functional genomics are reviewed. The future developments of MFA are prospected.
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Biopartitioning Chromatography: High Throughput Screening in Drug Membrane Permeability and Activity

Jin Sun,Yongjun Wang,Zhonggui He^**

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0708): 1002-1008.

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Jin Sun,Yongjun Wang,Zhonggui He^**. Biopartitioning Chromatography: High Throughput Screening in Drug Membrane Permeability and Activity[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0708): 1002-1008.

Biopartitioning chromatography (BPC) emulates drug-membrane interactions by introducing biomembrane-mimetic into chromatographic system, and has become a high throughput screening platform for evaluating drug membrane permeability and biological activity. The theoretical basis, classification and application of BPC are overviewed based on the latest advances and our recent works. The development potential and perspectives of BPC are also discussed.
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Direct Protein Electrochemistry and Its Applications

Bo Zhou^1,2,Runguang Sun¹,Lihua Wang²,Shiping Song^2**,Chunhai Fan^2**

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0708): 1009-1013.

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Bo Zhou^1,2,Runguang Sun¹,Lihua Wang²,Shiping Song^2**,Chunhai Fan^2**. Direct Protein Electrochemistry and Its Applications[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0708): 1009-1013.

Studies on direct protein electrochemistry are of great importance in bioelectrochemical research. It is essential for investigating structure-function relationship of proteins, thermodynamics of protein electron transfer,and for designing the third-generation electrochemical biosensors as well. The recent developments on direct protein electrochemistry at bare electrodes, electrodes decorated with self-assembled monolayers and biomimetic membranes are reviewed.
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Nanomaterial Drug Analysis

Zhenling Chen,Lingxin Chen,Jiandi Liu,Guoan Luo^**

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0708): 1014-1018.

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Zhenling Chen,Lingxin Chen,Jiandi Liu,Guoan Luo^**. Nanomaterial Drug Analysis[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0708): 1014-1018.

The definition of nanomaterial drug is introduced, and nanomaterial drug characteristic is briefly summarized. The paper focused on important areas of nanomaterial drug research, including investigation of medical function for new nanomaterials, exploitation of new drug nanocarries and new nanopharmaceuticals, and related analytical technologies. The opportunities and challenges for analysts in the nanomaterial drug research area are prospected.
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Protein Tyrosine Nitration

Quan Chi,Kaixun Huang^**

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0708): 1019-1025.

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Quan Chi,Kaixun Huang^**. Protein Tyrosine Nitration[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0708): 1019-1025.

Protein tyrosine nitration is an important posttranslational modification involving in a variety of diseases. It's occurred via peroxynitrie or nitrite/hydrogen peroxide/hemeperoxydase system,and nitrotyrosine is formed by free radical reaction.The in vivo protein nitration pathways ,the mechanism and the biological significance are discussed.It points out that protein nitration has selectivity,and nitration of special tyrosine residue(s) can lead to the alteration of the structure and functions of the protein,and affect the immunological response or signal transduction involved.
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Direct-hydrocarbon Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Jiang Liu

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0708): 1026-1033.

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Jiang Liu. Direct-hydrocarbon Solid Oxide Fuel Cell[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0708): 1026-1033.

Direct-hydrocarbon solid oxide fuel cell (D-HC SOFC) can directly operate on low-cost and readily available hydrocarbon fuels without reforming. With high power density and low operation cost, D-HC SOFC has the potential of greatly speeding the application of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) in portable devices, back-up power supplies, auxiliary power units (APU) and distributed-power stations. At the beginning of this paper, the principle of SOFC is briefly introduced followed by a thermodynamic analysis on the feasibility of D-HC SOFC. Then, the status of D-HC SOFC research and development is reviewed. It is showed that most of the research on D-HC SOFC has been focused on avoiding carbon deposition caused by pyrolysis of hydrocarbon fuels at elevated operating temperatures. There are three ways to remove carbon in D-HC SOFC: lowering operating temperature, using proper catalyst that can suppress carbon formation reaction in anodes, and promoting electrochemical oxidation by running SOFC at large enough current. Some works on the anode reaction mechanism are also described. Finally, the author’s view on further research and development on D-HC SOFC is presented, that more work is required in D-HC SOFC stacks and anode reaction mechanisms associated with gas (including reactants and products and any other kind of gases produced during SOFC operation) distributions in SOFC.
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Advances in Tropospheric Night-time Chemistry

Long Jia^1,2,Maofa Ge^2**,Guoshun Zhuang¹,Li Yao²,Dianxun Wang²

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0708): 1034-1040.

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Long Jia^1,2,Maofa Ge^2**,Guoshun Zhuang¹,Li Yao²,Dianxun Wang². Advances in Tropospheric Night-time Chemistry[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0708): 1034-1040.

The nitrate radical NO₃ and N₂O₅play key roles in the night-time chemistry of troposphere. The NO₃ radical oxidize volatile organic compounds (VOCs) origining from biogenic emission, which is the primary sink of biogenic VOCs. Besides, the heterogeneous reactions of NO₃ and N₂O₅ in aerosol and rainwater are the main scavenging processes of NO_x in atmosphere, alleviating the ozone pollution in troposphere. Consequently, the field measurement and chemical characteristics study are very significant to understand the atmospheric chemical processes and the self-cleansing capacity of the global troposphere comprehensively. The recent progress and achievements on night-time chemistry of NO₃ and N₂O₅,the field measurements, chemical reactions, the sources and sinks are reviewed, some problems to be solved in the future are put forward.
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Study on improvement of heat sink of endothermic hydrocarbon fuels

Fang He^1,2,Zhentao Mi¹|Haiyun Sun^2*

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0708): 1041-1048.

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Fang He^1,2,Zhentao Mi¹|Haiyun Sun^2*. Study on improvement of heat sink of endothermic hydrocarbon fuels[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0708): 1041-1048.

EHF(endothermic hydrocarbon fuels) can provide sufficient heat sink for hypersonic scramjet cooling, the total hint sink of EHF come from the physical heating of the fuel and endothermic chemical reaction. The effects of thermal stability, dehydrogenation catalysis, cracking catalysis , supercritical cracking ,especially cracking initiator on the hint sink of EHF are reviewed. The chemical initiator has shown a great potential development in thermal cracking of EHF in hypersonic aerocraft and attracted widespread attention

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Progress in Biothermochemistry

Zhiwu ,Wei^**,Wenying Gao

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0708): 1049-1055.

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Zhiwu ,Wei^**,Wenying Gao. Progress in Biothermochemistry[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0708): 1049-1055.

Calorimetry has found wide applications in life sciences in the last few decades, particularly when phase behaviour of biomembranes, stability of biomacromolecules, and biochemical reactions are under consideration. Recent progress in these fields is reviewed.
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Thermodynamic Studies on Mechanism of Chiral Resolution by Liquid Chromatography

Wen Weng^1**,Bixia Yao¹|Xiuqin Chen¹|Youzun Chen¹|Wenshi Lin¹|Qingle Zeng²

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0708): 1056-1064.

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Wen Weng^1**,Bixia Yao¹|Xiuqin Chen¹|Youzun Chen¹|Wenshi Lin¹|Qingle Zeng². Thermodynamic Studies on Mechanism of Chiral Resolution by Liquid Chromatography[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0708): 1056-1064.

Chiral recognition is an important part of molecular recognition. Studies of mechanistic aspects of chiral resolution by liquid chromatography are helpful to optimize chromatographic conditions , to design novel chiral stationary phases and to understand chiral recognition mechanisms. In this paper , the methodologies for deriving corresponding thermodynamic parameters in the chiral resolution processes by linear or nonlinear chromatography are reviewed. The meaning of correlative parameters is explained. The applications of these parameters in the studies of mechanistic aspects of retentions and chiral resolutions by liquid chromatography are expatiated , and corresponding research prospects are put forward.

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