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Progress in Chemistry 2022, Vol. 34 Issue (3): 580-592 DOI: 10.7536/PC210220 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

The Application and Mechanism of Superwetting Membrane in Demulsification of Oil-in-Water Emulsions

Xiaoqing Yin, Weihao Chen, Boyuan Deng, Jialu Zhang, Wanqi Liu, Kaiming Peng()   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Kaiming Peng
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(51978490); National Science and Technology Major Project for Water Pollution Control and Treatment(2017ZX07202003-02); Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(20ZDR1461200); College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of Shanghai(S202005011)
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Superwetting membrane can significantly improve the flux of emulsion treatment and effectively alleviate serious membrane pollution problems due to its unique wetting properties of water and oil. Therefore, more and more attention has been paid to the field of emulsion wastewater treatment. In this paper, the design and preparation methods of superhydrophilic membrane, Janus membrane and superwetting membrane with functional sites are summarized, the separation effect is evaluated and the mechanism of action is explored. The membrane is designed and prepared mainly by constructing hydrophilic surface and rough structure. The cross-linked fiber membrane synthesized by electrospinning method has a good application prospect in emulsion separation because it can break through the limitation of membrane pore size caused by screening effect. At the same time, depending on the type of oil/water separation mode and the application of membranes, we induce the filtration demulsification mode of superhydrophilic membrane and the oil gathering demulsification mode of Janus membrane and their characteristic, the former has the characteristics of low operating pressure, high filtration flux and good anti pollution performance, while the latter has the characteristics of high purity oil gathering. The effect of membrane structure and surfactant concentration on emulsion separation efficiency is also analyzed. Then, the vertical and tangential migration and transformation of droplets in the process of emulsion treatment by superwetting membrane are summarized, and the mechanism of droplet penetrating through the membrane in the process of Janus membrane oil gathering and demulsification and its mechanical analysis are discussed. At present, this part of research is mainly based on the prediction of droplet morphology and qualitative analysis of mechanics, the empirical and quantitative mechanical analysis of relevant mechanisms still need to be further studied. On this basis, a new idea and direction for the subsequent treatment of emulsion wastewater is proposed.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Design and preparation of superwetting membrane and its properties

2.1 Superhydrophilic membrane

2.2 Janus membrane

2.3 Superwetting membrane with functional sites

2.4 Characteristic analysis of superwetting membrane

3 Separation effect of superwetting membrane in emulsion demulsification

3.1 Oil-water separation model of superwetting membrane for emulsion wastewater

3.2 Analysis of main influencing factors in emulsion membrane demulsification separation process

4 The mechanism of superwetting membrane in the demulsification process

4.1 The interception and demulsification mechanism of the hydrophilic structure

4.2 The one-way penetration mechanism of the Janus structure

4.3 The mechanism between functional sites on the membrane surface and surfactants at the oil-water interface

5 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: oily wastewater, emulsion, surfactant, superwetting, membrane separation
Fig.1 Design and preparation of different types of Superwetting membrane. a) Formation of a superhydrophilic underwater superoleophobic PAA-g-PVDF membrane by a salt-induced phase-inversion process[31]. b) Schematic illustration of the fabrication process for Janus CNTs@PANEN membranes[35]. c) Schematic illustration of the preparation of CNT-coated Janus membranes[16]
Table 1 Emulsions, membranes and separation effect parameters of some research cases
Types of
membrane		 Emulsion parameters Membrane and operating parameters Separation efficiency ref
Oil content(ppm) Droplet size(nm) Pore size of the membrane(nm) UOCA/WCA Operating pressure(MPa) Flux(L·m-2·h-1· bar-1) Separation rate Oil content
(ppm)
Traditional membrane N/A 100 680~3500 0.3 100 78% 57
N/A 200 50~8000 0.2 96 99% 61
N/A 10 000 70~300 3400±300 gravity 50 89.3% 62
N/A 190~400 220 0.2 109 99.6% 63
Superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic membrane Span-80 20 000 425~3328 59~92 99.80% 64
Tween-80 5000 500~1000 15 100 >130° 0.1 750 99.80% 65
Tween-20 10 000 <20 000 2000~4000 153° gravity 450~800 99.70% 66
Tween-80 16 600 50~250 30 >130° gravity 430~540 99.94% 67
Span-80 10 000 500~10 000 10 000 >150° gravity 150~300 99.90% 68
SDS 100 000 50~150 1000~5000 >150° gravity 850~1000 99.95% 59
TritonX-100 10 000 500 ~1500 400 >150° 0.01 550~850 95% 69
Tween-80 1000 2000~4000 1000 >150° 0.1 960 98.50% 70
N/A 5000 100 500~1500 >130° 0.07 490 99% 71
Tween-80 200 410±130 350~500 85% 72
N/A 100 000 165° 0.02 3900~4500 99.30% 73
SDS 10 000 200~800 14 500 163° gravity 1200~1700 98% 60
Janus membrane CTAB 100 000 500~1000 >150° gravity 13 000 99% 39
SDS 200 000 158° gravity ca. 60% 16
Tween-80 4000 431~499 >160° gravity 2050 97% 74
Tween-80 32 258 153° 0.09 6500 99.98% 48
Fig.2 The separation device for filtering and separating internal phases.(a)Type H dead end filter[15,16];(b)cross-flow filter for hollow tubular Janus membrane[76];(c)ship type Janus oil collecting device[75]
Fig.3 The evolution of the behavior of oil droplets in all directions. (a)Schematic showing the assumed separation process for the SFEs and SSEs[85]. (b) Representative confocal images showing degrees of oil droplet deformation (R = 5 μm) in response to increased and decreased permeate flux[86]. (c) Conceptual schematic of the “stable” water fifilm trapped between the oil droplet and the membrane surface[86]. (d) Increased permeation induces drainage and rupture of the water fifilm, and a transition to wetting of the membrane by the oil[86]
Fig.4 Schematic force analyses of one underwater oil drop transported through a capillary pore of the JMs (from the hydrophilic side to the hydrophobic side)[39]
Fig.5 The mechanism of action of surfactant on the oil-water interface and the functional sites on the membrane surface. (a) Mechanism diagrams of PAN-PDAc6 membrane for demulsifification[23]. (b,c) Mechanism diagrams of PAN membrane for demulsifification[23]. (d~f) Proposed separation mechanism showing the mixed nonionic surfactant-stabilized emulsions separated by the MWCNTs(x)/CFM/PDMS membrane[44]
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