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Progress in Chemistry 2020, Vol. 32 Issue (4): 434-453 DOI: 10.7536/PC190633 Previous Articles   Next Articles

Switchable Pickering Emulsion System

Shiwei Tian, Guoliang Mao*(), Jiayu Zhang, Na Li, Mengyuan Jiang, Wei Wu   

  1. Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Guoliang Mao
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51534004, U1362110)
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Pickering emulsion uses solid particles of colloidal size instead of traditional surfactants as stabilizer, which has the advantages like ultra-stability, biocompatibility, environmental friendliness and so on. Switchable Pickering emulsion is able to change the surface wettability of the solid emulsifier with changes of pH, CO2/N2 concentration, magnetic field, temperature or light intensity. The characteristics of fast conversion between “emulsification” and “demulsification” can meet the demand for transient stability of emulsion in heterogeneous catalysis, emulsion polymerization and so on, so it has a wide application prospect. This paper comprehensively summarizes the research and development of switchable Pickering emulsion in recent years and its application in interface catalytic system, treatment of organic wastewater by liquid membrane, encapsulation and release of drugs, etc.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Preparation and stability of Pickering emulsion

2.1 Preparation of Pickering emulsion

2.2 Stability and influencing factors of Pickering emulsion

3 Switchable Pickering emulsion

3.1 pH trigger

3.2 CO2/N2 trigger

3.3 Magnetic trigger

3.4 Thermo trigger

3.5 Light trigger

4 Application of switchable Pickering emulsion

4.1 Catalytic system

4.2 Wastewater treatment

4.3 Encapsulation and release of drugs

4.4 Release and recovery nanoparticles of macroporous polymer

4.5 Biology

5 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: switchable Pickering emulsion, Pickering emulsion interface catalytic(PIC), Pickering emulsion liquid membrane(PELM), in situ hydrophobization
Table 1 Pickering emulsion stabilized by various types of particles
Entry Particles
(Types)		 Particle (wettability) Modifiers/surfactants Emulsions ref
1 Inorganic Silica nanoparticles (hydrophilicity) Hydrophilicity: methyl poly(ethylene glycol)
and Hydrophobicity: organosilanes		 O/W 53
2 Inorganic Silica nanoparticles (hydrophilicity) (MeO)3SiCH2CH2CH2(NHCH2CH2)2NH2 W/O 31
3 Inorganic Silica nanoparticles (hydrophilicity) Tween 80 (non-ionic) and Span 80 (non-ionic) O/W 55
4 Inorganic Silica submicronic particles (hydrophilicity) Didodecyldimethylammoniumbromide (cationic) W/O 56
5 Inorganic Silica nanoparticles (hydrophilicity) (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) O/W 57
6 Inorganic Silica nanoparticles (hydrophilicity) APTES、Glutaraldehyde、Hemoglobin O/W 58
7 Inorganic Silica nanoparticles (hydrophilicity) Dichlorodimethylsilane W/O 59
8 Inorganic Titania nanoparticles (hydrophilicity)
Titaniananoparticles (hydrophobicity) and Super		 (MeO)3SiCH3 (0.4 or 4 mmol/g) O/W or W/O 60
9 Inorganic paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
(hydrophilicity)		 TiO2:seven-carbon chain silane
Fe3O4:three-carbon chain silane		 W/O 44
10 Inorganic Calcium carbonate nanoparticles
(hydrophilicity)		 Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or
Sodium 2-ethylhexylsulfosuccinate (AOT)		 O/W to W/O
to O/W		 61
11 Inorganic Calcium carbonate nanoparticles
(hydrophilicity)		 AOT (anionic) O/W to W/O 62
12 Inorganic Zinc oxide nanoparticles (hydrophilicity) N,N'-bis(dimethylalkyl)-α,ω-
alkanediammonium dibromide(cationic)		 O/W 63
13 Inorganic Montmorillonite nanoparticles
(hydrophilicity)		 bis(2-hydroxyethyl)oleylamine (oil soluble) O/W 64
14 Inorganic Kaolinite nanoparticles (hydrophilicity) SPAN-80 (non-ionic) O/W to W/O 33
15 Inorganic Palygorskite nanoparticles (hydrophilicity) Poly(2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (PDEAEMA) W/O to O/W 65
16 Inorganic Graphene oxide nanoparticles
(hydrophilicity)		 Carboxyl be reversibly protonated (at different pH) O/W 66
17 Inorganic Carbon black nanoparticles (hydrophilicity) para-amino benzoic acid (added acid or salt) O/W 67
18 Organic Polystyrene latex nanoparticles (hydrophilicity) [PDMA-PMMA] diblock copolymer O/W 68
19 Organic Polystyrene(PS)microparticles
PS:hydrophobicity; PS:hydrophilicity;
A-PS:hydrophilicity		 PS): (—COOH)、(—NH2)、(—SO3H)
PS): (—COOH)
A-PS):polystyrene		 O/W 69
20 Organic Starch nanocrystals (hydrophilicity) Sodium azide O/W 70
21 Organic Starch-based nanoparticles (hydrophilicity) PDMAEMA O/W 71
22 Organic Polylactic acid nanoparticles (hydrophilicity) Cashew tree gum O/W 72
23 Organic Calcium alginate nanoparticles (hydrophilicity) Ionic gelation between Ca2+ and —COO- O/W 73
24 Organic Nanofibers from bacterial cellulose
(hydrophilicity)		 — O/W 74
25 Organic Lignin microparticles (hydrophilicity) — O/W 75
26 Organic Soy protein-jackfruitfilum pectin nanoparticles
(amphiphilicity)		 — O/W 76
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the stability mechanism of Pickering emulsion
Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the three-dimensional network structure of Pickering emulsion continuous phase[77]
Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of three-phase contact angle θ
Fig. 4 Preparation of PZS microspheres[82]
Fig. 5 Dehydro-phobicization of carboxylated betaine mole-cules and silica particles in alkaline media(a) and in situ hydrophobization in acidic aqueous media (b)[32]. Copyrihgt 2017, American Chemical Society.
Fig. 6 The synthesis route of PDMA-b-PAPBA diblock copolymer[43]
Table 2 Non-covalently modified CO2/N2 switchable Pickering emulsion emulsifier
Entry Switchable surfactant Nanoparticles (wettability) Emulsifying condition Demulsifying condition Emulsions ref
1 Silica (hydrophilic) Bubbling CO2 for 50 min at 0~5 ℃ Bubbling N2 for 80 min at 65 ℃ O/W 21
2 Silica (hydrophilic) Bubbling CO2 for 5 min at 30 ℃ Bubbling N2 for 40 min at 30 ℃ O/W 22
3 Silica (hydrophilic) Bubbling CO2 for 5 min at 30 ℃ Bubbling N2 for 30 min at 30 ℃ O/W 24
4 Alumina (hydrophilic) Bubbling N2 for 80 min at 65 ℃ Bubbling CO2 for 80 min at 0~5 ℃ O/W 23
5 Silica (hydrophilic) Bubbling CO2 for 30 min at 20 ℃ and blue light(436 nm) Bubbling N2 for 40 min at 35 ℃ and UV(365 nm) O/W 14
6 Silica (hydrophilic) Bubbling CO2 for 5 min at 25 ℃ or adding H2O2 Bubbling N2 for 10 min at 25 ℃ or adding Na2SO3 O/W 36
Fig. 7 The CO2/N2 responsiveness of DMDEA[21]
Fig. 8 The CO2/N2 and light dual stimuli responses of AZO-B4[14]
Fig. 9 Schematic illustration of CO2/N2 and redox dual responsive Pickering emulsion prepared by the modified silica with SeTA[36]. Copyrihgt 2017, American Chemical Society
Fig. 10 Non-ionized and ionized forms of C14PAO[24]
Fig. 11 The demulsification/re-stabilization cycles of n-decane-in-water emulsion[101]. Copyrihgt 2019, American Chemical Society
Fig. 12 Preparation of functionalizing CO2-responsive particles[102]
Table 3 Magentic switchable Pickering emulsion systems
Entry Particles (wettability) Modifiers Types of emulsions ref
1 Fe3O4 nanoparticles (hydrophilicity) RSi(OC2H5)3 butylbutyrate-in-water or dodecane-in-water 104
2 Fe3O4 nanoparticles (hydrophilicity) Octyltriethoxysilane butyrate/dodecane-in-water 105
3 Fe3O4 nanoparticles (hydrophilicity) LUDOX AS-40 colloidal silica trialkoxysilane-in-water 106
4 Fe3O4 nanoparticles (hydrophilicity) Oleic acid bilayer dodecane-in-water 107
5 Fe3O4 nanoparticles (hydrophilicity) Oleic acid bilayer paraffin-in-water 108
6 Fe3O4 nanoparticles (hydrophilicity) — dodecane/silicone oil-in-water 28
7 Fe3O4 nanoparticles (hydrophilicity) — ODSA andn-dodecane-in-water 109
8 Fe3O4 nanoparticles (hydrophobicity) — water-in-crude oil 110
9 Fe3O4@cellulose nanocrystal (hydrophobicity) — palm olein-in-water 111
10 Sphericalparamagnetic carbonyl iron microparticles (hydrophobicity) — decane-in-water 48
11 CNC-CoFe2O4 (hydrophobicity) — hexadecane-in-water 112
Fig. 13 Thermo-switchable Pickering emulsion prepared by silica in combination with $C_{12}E_{n}^{121}$. Copyrihgt 2017, American Chemical Society
Fig. 14 Schematic illustration of light and magnetic dual-responsive W/O Pickering emulsion micro-reactor system[44].(a)Two droplets approach each other under the action of static magnetic field,(b)coalescence and chemical reaction following UV irradiation. Copyrihgt 2017, American Chemical Society
Fig. 15 In situ organic reactions in Pickering emulsion microreactors[132]
Fig. 16 Schematic illustration of the pH-switchable Pickering emulsion catalytic strategy[31]. Copyrihgt 2015, Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig. 17 Schematic illustration of the reaction in the Pickering emulsion system based on nanoscale magnetic stirring bars[134]. Copyrihgt 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig. 18 Schematic illustration of the Pickering emulsion liquid membrane system[137]
Fig. 19 The mechanism of mass transfer interface of Pickering emulsion liquid membrane[137]
Fig. 20 Mechanism of organic pollutants in wastewater extracted by IL/W Pickering emulsion[30]
Fig. 21 The strategy for encapsulation and release of the light-responsive Pickering emulsion[138]. Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society
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Abstract

Switchable Pickering Emulsion System