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Progress in Chemistry 2022, Vol. 34 Issue (3): 643-664 DOI: 10.7536/PC210215 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

CO2 Adsorption Capture in Wet Gas Source: CO2/H2O Co-Adsorption Mechanism and Application

Jie Zhao1,2, Shuai Deng1,2(), Li Zhao1, Ruikai Zhao1,2   

  1. 1 Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Grade Energy (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education of China,Tianjin 300350, China
    2 International Cooperation Research Centre of Carbon Capture in Ultra-low Energy-consumption, Tianjin University,Tianjin 300350, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Shuai Deng
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFE0125100); National Natural Science Foundation of China(51876134); Research Plan of Science and Technology of Tianjin City(18YDYGHZ00090)
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The presence of water vapor in gas streams is a significant technical issue for restricting the large-scale development of carbon capture. The polarity of H2O often leads to the decrease or even failure of CO2 capture rate of adsorbents. In addition, it also causes parasitic losses such as temperature and pressure drop to the system, and even causes equipment corrosion and adsorbent poisoning, thus greatly increasing the extra energy consumption and cost. In order to solve the above bottleneck, understanding the mechanism of H2O/CO2 co-adsorption and developing the highly efficient CO2 adsorbent with reasonable cost, low regeneration energy consumption and insensitivity to H2O are the important basis for the realization of effective CO2 adsorption capture under wet gas streams. At present, due to the dispersion in multiple fields and different emphasis points, there is a lack of summary on the mechanism analysis of the influence of H2O on CO2 adsorption, and it is difficult to form a relatively unified view. In this paper, the co-adsorption process of CO2 and H2O are reviewed in detail from the macro and micro levels. Firstly, according to the fundamental research of co-adsorption mechanism, the progress in the fields of competitive adsorption, moisture swing adsorption and “breathing effect” are reviewed and briefly evaluated. Secondly, based on the application research of co-adsorption, the status and progress of adsorbent development and technology improvement of wet gas CO2 adsorption are described. Furthermore, the CO2 adsorption capture level under different wet gas sources is also briefly evaluated. Finally, the shortcomings of the current research are summarized and the future directions are prospected. This paper attempts to summarize, analyze and compare the CO2/H2O co-adsorption processes in various fields, which may provide effective guidance for CO2 adsorption capture in wet gas source.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Fundamental research on CO2/H2O co-adsorption mechanism

2.1 Competitive adsorption

2.2 Moisture swing adsorption

2.3 Breathing effect

2.4 Evaluation of CO2/H2O co-adsorption mechanism

3 Application research on CO2/H2O co-adsorption mechanism

3.1 Adsorbents for CO2 adsorption capture in wet gas

3.2 Technology for CO2 adsorption capture in wet gas

3.3 Performance evaluation of CO2 adsorption capture in wet gas

4 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: H2O, CO2, co-adsorption, mechanism, adsorbent, CO2 adsorption capture
Fig.1 Summary of relevant literature on composition ratio of CO2 and H2O in industrial gas source[20⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓~60]
Fig.2 A summary of the H2O and CO2 adsorption performed for multicomponent at 313 K and equilibrium conditions representative of a coal-fired power plant flue gas[14]
Table 1 Parameters of the post-combustion flue gas mixtures[21]
Property CO2 H2O N2
d (Å) 3.30 2.65 3.64
μ (D) 0.00 1.8546 0.00
Q×1040 (Cm2) -14.31±0.74 ~0.0 -4.65±0.08
α×1024 (cm3) 2.91 1.45 1.74
Fig.3 CO2/H2O Competitive adsorption. (a) Cation RDFs[21]. (b) Histogram of the distance between H2O-Na and H2O-H2O with water content[22]. (c) Simulated trajectory[23]. (d) CO2 Adsorption isotherms[23]. (e) CO2 energy contours[23]. Reprinted with permission from [21⇓~23], Copyright 2017, Elsevier and 2013, 2016, American Chemical Society
Table 2 summary of CO2/H2O competitive adsorption mechanism
Year Author Adsorbent Method Performance index Mechanism ref
2019 Peter et al. MOFs GCMC Working capacity, Selectivity Pore shape frustrates the formation of hydrogen bonds for H2O 33
2019 Gabriel et al. calcite MD Density distribution, Self-diffusion coefficient,
Adsorption energy		 CO2 is arranged on the wall plane, while H2O molecules are arranged in the direction; The adsorption energy of H2O is greater than that of CO2 34
2018 Roussanaly et al. Membrane Experiment CO2 Capture ratio, Energy consumption, Selectivity The pore size of the membrane limits CO2 and H2O respectively 35
2016 Marta et al. Microporous Biochar TSA Adsorption isotherms,
Breakthrough curve		 High porosity has low adsorption capacity to H2O at low pressure 36
2015 Joos et al. Zeolites GCMC Selectivity, Gibbs free adsorption energy Gibbs free adsorption energy difference between CO2 and H2O 32
2015 Xian et al MOFs Experiment Adsorption isotherms,
Breakthrough curve,
TPD curve		 The H2O on MIL-100(Fe) surface promoted the formation of new alkaline active adsorption sites for CO2 37
2012 Rege et al. Zeolites PSA Adsorption isotherms - 38
2012 Yu et al. MOFs DFT Adsorption energy The Gibbs free adsorption energy of H2O is always greater than that of CO2 39
2011 Kwon et al. Bao (100) DFT Bond, Adsorption energy, The amount of charge transfer BaO (100) has strong adsorption on CO2 with high charge transfer. The adsorption energy of H2O is less than that of CO2 40
2004 Federico et al. Zeolites MD Adsorption isotherms,
Henry constant		 H2O is strongly adsorbed species; CO2 is a less-strongly adsorbed species 41
Fig.4 Reaction path of CO2 adsorption and desorption during a moisture swing based on anion exchange resin[44]. [44]- Reproduced by permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig.5 (a) “CO2-H2O-adsorbent” multi-component equilibrium model; (b) The relationship between the Gibbs free energy and relative humidity in moisture swing adsorption[43].Copyright 2013, the Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig.6 (a) Chemical structures of the repeat unit of P[VBTEA][ CO 3 2 -][45]; (b) Schematic diagram of the CO2 adsorption process of PILs with carbonate anions[45].Copyright 2016, the Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig.7 (a) the “breathing behavior” of LiMM-WZ-1 after hydration[51]; (b) the "breathing behavior" of flexible MER[52].Copyright 2019, 2020, American Chemical Society
Fig.8 (a) Simulated and experimental adsorption isotherms for CO2 at 298 K in CuBTC with different water contents; (b) CO2 selectivity from the simulations of equimolar mixtures of CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 at 298 K[53]. Copyright 2009, American Chemical Society
Table 3 The summary of thermodynamic process of CO2/H2O co-adsorption
Year Author Adsorbent Gas source Thermodynamic properties Performance index ref
ΔHads ΔSads ΔGads
2019 Abdelnaby
et al.		 Polymer CO2/N2/H2O √ - - Selectivity 55
2017 Chen et al. Zeolite CO2/N2/H2O √ - - Selectivity/working capacity 56
2017 Juliana et al. MOF CO2/H2O,
CH4/H2O		 √ - - Selectivity 57
2016 Jeong et al. Zeolite CO2/H2O √ - - Binding energy 58
2017 Querejeta et al. Carbon CO2/H2O - √ - Selectivity 59
2014 Gebald et al. Amine functionalized cellulose CO2/H2O √ √ - Working capacity 60
2012 Huang et al. MOF CO2/CH4/H2O √ - - Selectivity 12
2014 Zhang et al. Zeolite CO2/CH4 √ √ √ Working capacity 61
2013 Wang et al. Resin(quaternary
ammonium cation)		 CO2/H2O √ √ √ Evaporation engine (COPEE) 51
2011 Wang et al. Resin CO2/H2O √ √ √ Working capacity 62
Fig.9 TCP model for CO2/H2O competitive adsorption
Table 4 Adsorption enthalpy (ΔHads, kJ/mol) and Gibbs free adsorption energy (ΔGads, kJ/mol) of CO2/H2O mixture in materials
Temp(K) MFI (3% H2O) MgMOF-74 (1% H2O) CuBTC (0.5% H2O) AFI (1% H2O)
ΔHads ΔGads ΔHads ΔGads ΔHads ΔGads ΔHads ΔGads
298 -43.5/-62.7 -26.3/-30.4 -31.9/-52.3 -17.2/-38.8 -35.3/-60.6 -20.6/-44.0 -28.3/-46.5 -12.5/-32.0
308 -43.3/-61.8 -25.6/-28.4 -29.3/-43.9 -13.7/-29.5 -31.3/-57.6 -15.6/-38.8 -22.6/-26.5 -10.4/-30.8
318 -42.6/-62.5 -24.6/-28.2 -23.3/-17.7 -6.6/-2.3 -28.4/-53.6 -11.7/-31.5 -22.5/-19.8 -3.6/-9.8
328 -31.8/-31.6 -10.9/-10.6 -23.0/-15.1 -5.4/1.1 -26.3/-47.9 -8.6/-19.6 -22.4/-18.5 -2.3/-2.1
338 -29.6/-29.5 -10.1/-8.6 -22.9/-14.9 -4.1/2.3 -25.2/-45.6 -6.5/-11.5 -22.3/-18.0 -0.9/-0.3
348 -29.6/-26.1 -9.1/-6.4 -22.7/-13.6 -2.9/4.6 -24.9/-42.9 -5.1/-5.3 -22.3/-17.0 0.4/1.8
358 -29.7/-24.9 -8.2/-5.4 -22.5/-13.4 -1.6/5.8 -24.5/42.3 -3.6/-1.8 -22.2/-17.0 1.7/3.9
368 -29.0/-22.7 -7.5/-3.9 -22.4/-13.9 -0.4/6.4 -24.3/-42.1 -2.2/1.3 -22.2/-17.4 3.1/4.7
Fig.10 CO2/H2O adsorption selectivity varies with temperature
Fig.11 The relationship between the CO2/H2O adsorption selectivity and ΔG3
Fig.12 The summary of mechanism of CO2/H2O co-adsorption
Fig.13 Porous materials based on CO2 capture in wet gas source (Including MOFs, zeolites, polymer and functionalized materials)[77,113,114]
Fig.14 CO2 loadings under dry and different RH% conditions, T=298~323 K, P=1 bar. the adsorption data from[21,23,59,102,113]
Fig.15 Schematic representation of possible mechanisms of CO2 adsorption in the presence of humidity[71]. (a) Pre-equilibrated water in the mesoporous MIL-100(Fe) forms microporous pockets; (b) these microporous pockets are filled with CO2.Copyright 2016, the Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig.16 CO2 adsorption performance of various adsorbents[77]. (a) CO2 adsorption isotherms; (b) Plot of U C O 2 ( h u m i d )/ U C O 2 ( d r y ) with respect to various materials as indicated
Fig.17 Synthetic protocols for the polymer-grafted carbon blacks (top), colloidal crystal templated material (middle), and HIPE based material (bottom)[85].Copyright 2013, the Royal Society of Chemistry
Table 5 Summary of CO2 capture performance of modified materials and unmodified materials in the presence of H2O
Year Author Adsorbent Adsorption temperature (K) CO2 adsorption loadings ref
Dry Wet
Modified materials 2019 KFUPM-2
(ρ-formaldehyde)		 298 1.92 wt% 6.33 wt% 55
2017 LZU-301 (imine) 298 1.3 wt% 1.6 wt% 88
2016 BPL carbon - 11.78 wt% 8.25 wt% 89
2016 MIL-53 (Al) 303 3.5 wt% 5.2 wt% 90
2016 NH2-MIL-53 (Al) 303 4.9 wt% 6.0 wt% 81
2016 EtOH-InOF-1 (-OH) 303 5.24 wt% 14.1 wt% 91
2015 NOTT-400 (μ2-OH) 303 4.4 wt% 10.2 wt% 92
2015 InOF-1 (μ2-OH) 303 5.24 wt% 11.0 wt% 93
2012 MIL-100 (Fe) - 2.5 wt% 10.5 wt% 94
2011 HCM-DAH-1 (amine) 298 41.05 wt% 39.86 wt% 95
Unmodified materials 2015 MOF-5 313 0.5 wt% 0.48 wt% 14
zeolite 13X 313 17.4 wt% 2.99 wt%
HKUST-1 313 2.64 wt% 3.08 wt%
MIL-100 313 4.9 wt% 6.0 wt%
Zn(pyrz)2(SiF6) 313 10.74 wt% 3.96 wt%
MCM-41 313 7.04 wt% 5.28 wt%
PEI-MCM-41 313 6.73 wt% 11.0 wt%
MIL-100 (Fe) 298 2.46 wt% 1.76 wt%
CuBTTri 313 5.19 wt% 3.96 wt%
Fig.18 Three step cycle design for CO2/H2O VSA with double/multilayered layered column[100]: step (1), adsorption; step (2), countercurrent evacuation; step (3), repressurization. Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2014, Progress in Chemistry
Fig.19 Carbon capture system of high temperature adsorption and low-temperature (HALD) Desorption[32]. Copyright 2015, the Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig.20 Schematic diagram of moisture swing adsorption
Table 6 The relationship between adsorption capacity and half adsorption time of moisture swing adsorption materials
Author Adsorbent Temperature
(K)		 Working capacity
(mmol/kg)		 Half adsorption time (min) ref
Wang et al. Ion-exchange resin I-200 293 0.86 106 106
Wang et al. Gel-type resin MA/PES 303 0.89 41 107
Shi et al. PVC Gel-type resin P-100 298 0.79 31.8 108
He et al. Activated carbon (modified) 298 0.14 1.1 85
He et al. Colloidal crystal 298 0.37 5.2 86
Song et al. Chitin QCS/PVA 293 0.20 10.7 109
Hou et al. Q-cellulose 298 0.18 9.8 87
Fig.21 Schematic diagram of separation model
Fig.22 The relationship between the minimum work of CO2 separation and the initial concentration of H2O
Fig.23 Energy consumption with adsorption temperature under different water content conditions during TSA process
Fig.24 Energy consumption as a function of difference between Gibbs free adsorption energy of CO2 and H2O
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