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Progress in Chemistry 2023, Vol. 35 Issue (5): 780-793 DOI: 10.7536/PC221005 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Selective Ionic Removal Strategy and Adsorbent Preparation

Zhixuan Wang, Shaokui Zheng()   

  1. School of Environment, Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: * e-mail: zsk@bnu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(22176015)
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The selective ionic removal from water or wastewater by newly-developed adsorbents has been intensely investigated around the world since 1960s. These selective ionic adsorbents were used to control the concentrations of specific ions in drinking water or wastewater in the presence of plentiful coexisting ions to prepare quality drinking water or avoid ecological hazards in natural waterbodies due to wastewater discharge. Due to remarkable market demands and wide application prospects, this topic still generates numerous amazing findings in terms of international publications in recent decade. Besides the history, the present status and the research bias, this paper lays particular emphasis on the four selective ionic removal strategies involved in previous studies (i.e., the molecular imprinting technology, the soft and hard acid base theory, the non-electrostatic interaction theory, and the self-inhibition theory of competitive ions), including their mechanisms, histories, and adsorbent preparations and applications. Finally, this review also prospects the future research directions. This review provides overall information for the further development of selective ionic adsorbents for water or wastewater treatment.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Selective ion adsorption materials based on molecular imprinting technology

2.1 Principles and development history of molecular imprinting technology

2.2 Preparation of molecularly imprinted materials and selective ion adsorption

3 Selective ion adsorption materials based on hard and soft acid base theory

3.1 The development history of acid-base theory

3.2 Preparation of hard and soft acid base materials and selective ion adsorption

4 Selective anion adsorption materials based on non-electrostatic interaction

4.1 Selective ion adsorption based on hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity

4.2 Selective ion adsorption based on hydrogen bonding

5 Selective ion adsorption of standard resin based on competitive ion self-inhibition mechanism

6 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: selective ionic removal, strategy, water treatment, adsorbent
Fig. 1 Number of international publications on selective ionic materials during 2018—2022 (August)
Fig. 2 Target ionic types investigated in international papers on selective ionic materials during 2018—2022 (August)
Fig. 3 Principles of imprinted polymers[66]
Fig. 4 XPS spectra of GO-IIP: (a) survey spectra before and after Pb(Ⅱ) adsorption; (b) Pb 4f spectrum after Pb(Ⅱ) adsorption; N 1 s spectra before adsorption (c) and after adsorption (d); O1 s spectra before adsorption (e) and after adsorption (f)[86]
Table 1 Absolute hardness of some Lewis bases[89]
Base Absolute hardness ( η B b) Base Absolute hardness ( η B b)
F- 7.0 CN- 5.3
Cl- 4.7 SH- 4.1
Br- 4.2 ClO- 4.5
I- 3.7 CO- 6.0
NH 2 - 5.3 H2O 7.0
OH- 5.6 H2S 5.3
NO- 4.5 NH3 6.9
Table 2 Absolute hardness of some Lewis acids[89]
Acid Absolute hardness ( η A b) Acid Absolute hardness ( η B b)
H+ ∞ Zn2+ 10.8
Li+ 35.1 Hg2+ 7.7
Na+ 21.1 Pb2+ 8.5
Rb+ 11.7 Ba2+ 12.8
Cu+ 6.3 Pd2+ 6.8
Ag+ 6.9 Cd2+ 10.3
Au+ 5.7 Al3+ 45.8
Mg2+ 32.5 Sc3+ 24.6
Ca2+ 19.7 Fe3+ 13.1
Ti2+ 7.0 La3+ 15.4
Mn2+ 9.3 I2 3.4
Fe2+ 7.3 Cl2 4.5
Ni2+ 8.5 CO2 6.9
Cu2+ 8.3 SO2 5.6
Table 3 Typical soft and hard acids and bases[130]
Type Ions
Soft acid Pd2+, Pt2+, Pt4+, Cu+, Ag+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Br2, I2
Borderline acid Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Ru3+, Sn2+, Pb2+, Sb2+
Hard acid H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Sr2+, Sc3+, La3+, Ce4+, Zr4+
Soft base H-, C2H4, C6H6, CN-, SCN-, R3P
Borderline base C6H5NH2, C5H5N, NO 2 -, SO 3 2 -, Br-
Hard base NH3, N2H4, OH-, PO 3 3 -, CO 3 2 -, NO 3 -, PO 4 3 -, SO 4 2 -, ClO 4 -, F-
Fig. 5 Removal of Hg2+ from water by sulfhydryl frozen gel[96]
Fig. 6 (a) FTIR, (b) XPS, (c) Hg 4f and (d) S 2p spectra of adsorbent before and after Hg2+adsorption[132]
Table 4 Hydration energy of typical anions[146]
Ion -Δh H I ∞/ kJ·mol-1 Ion -Δh H I ∞/ kJ·mol-1
F- 510 ClO 4 - 246
Cl- 367 BrO 3 - 376
Br- 336 I O 3 - 450
I- 291 ReO 4 - 244
CN- 346 HCO 3 - 384
SCN- 311 $\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{PO}^{-}_{4}$ 522
NO 3 - 312 CO 3 2 - 1397
SO 4 2 - 1035 SeO 4 2 - 964
CrO 4 2 - 1261 PO 4 3 - 2879
Fig. 7 Scanning electron microscopic images showing the mineral deposits and surface morphology of (a) Purolite A-520E and (b) bifunctional (RO-02-119) resin beads[142]
Fig. 8 (a) Evolution of the XPS C 1s peaks between Zn2Al-PMA-LDHs before and after adsorption and (b) comparison of the XPS P 2p peaks between Zn2Al-PMA-LDHs and Zn2Al-Cl-LDHs after adsorption[149]
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