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Progress in Chemistry 2022, Vol. 34 Issue (5): 1229-1244 DOI: 10.7536/PC210614 Previous Articles   

• Review •

A Review on MXene and Its Applications in Environmental Remediation

Yanan Han, Jiahui Hong, Anrui Zhang, Ruoxuan Guo, Kexin Lin, Yuejie Ai()   

  1. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University,Beijing 102206, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Yuejie Ai
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MXenes is advanced two-dimensional inorganic compound materials that consist of transition metal carbides, nitrides or carbonitrides at a few atomic thicknesses, which are widely used in energy, optics, catalysis, adsorption and other fields. Due to the high hydrophilicity, large specific surface area, negative surface charge and strong ion exchange capability, it is considered an excellent adsorption material. Based on the excellent adsorption performance of MXene, this material has significant potential for environmental remediation. MXene is expected to become an ideal carrier for heavy metal ions and radionuclides through electrostatic attraction and ligand chelation. The full text mainly reviews the application of MXene as an adsorbent in the field of environmental remediation. The structure and synthesis method of MXene, and the application of MXene for extracting heavy metal ions (such as chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni)) and radionuclides (such as uranium (U), cesium (Cs), europium (Eu), barium (Ba) and strontium (Sr)), etc. are reviewed systematically. In particular, the interactive mechanism of different MXene systems is discussed and highlighted. In addition, the existing challenges of MXene materials for environmental remediation and its future development are presented for a prospect.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Structure and synthesis method of MXenes

2.1 Structure of MXenes

2.2 Synthesis of MXenes

3 Removal of heavy metal ions with MXenes

3.1 Pb(Ⅱ)

3.2 Hg(Ⅱ)

3.3 Cr(Ⅵ)

3.4 Ni(Ⅱ)

4 Radionuclide removal with MXenes

4.1 U(Ⅵ)

4.2 Eu(Ⅲ)

4.3 Cs(Ⅰ)

4.4 Ba(Ⅱ) and Sr(Ⅱ)

5 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: MXene, two-dimensional materials, heavy metals, radionuclides, adsorbent
Fig. 1 Distribution diagrams of elements represented by M, A, X, and T in MXene and MAX (M: transition metal element; A: selective etching layer; X: C or N elements; T: functional group)
Fig. 2 Hexagonal crystal structure of MAX phase (Ti3AlC2)[16] (Lattice parameters: a=3.081,b=3.081,c=18.679)
Fig. 3 Structure diagram of M2AX, M3AX2 and M4AX3, and their corresponding M2X, M3X2, and M4X3 phases
Fig. 4 (a)Ⅰ-Ti3C2(OH)2;(b)Ⅱ-Ti3C2(OH)2;(c)Ⅲ-Ti3C2(OH)2 configuration[20]
Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of HF acid etching process: MXene material was layered by ultrasonic after MAX was etched with HF acid
Fig.6 TEM images of Ti3AlC2 before and after hydrothermal treatment[60]
Fig. 7 (a) and (b) are (110) planar ELF sections and (-110) planar ELF sections of pristine Ti3C2(OH)2, respectively. (c) and (d) are (110) and (-110) planar ELF sections of Ti3C2(O2 H 2 - 2 mPbm), respectively[34]
Fig. 8 The optimized structures for Pb(Ⅱ) adsorbed on etched Ti3AlC2; the bond length unit is in Å[61]
Fig. 9 The adsorption mechanism of Pb(Ⅱ) ions by Ti2CTx-EHL[72]
Fig. 10 (a) VSM magnetization curves for MPMS analysis of MGMX nanocomposites; (b) PXRD diffraction patterns of Ti3C2Tx MXene and MGMX nanocomposites[75]
Fig. 11 XPS spectra before and after adsorption of Hg2+ from aqueous phase by MX-SA4∶20 microspheres: (a) Ti 2p before adsorption of Hg(Ⅱ). (b) Ti 2p after adsorption of Hg(Ⅱ)[68]
Fig. 12 Mechanism diagram of Cr(Ⅵ) removal by Ti3C2Tx Mxene: Ti3C2Tx reduces Cr(Ⅵ) to Cr(Ⅲ), and then adsorbs Cr(Ⅲ)[82]
Fig. 13 (a) SEM images of prepared MXene-Cs; (b) XPS spectra before and after Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption by MXene-CS; (c) XPS spectra of Cr 2p after adsorption[86]
Fig. 14 (a) SEM images of u-RTC composites; (b) scheme of the fabrication of u-RTC[83]
Fig. 15 Schematic representation of the adsorption process of alk-MXene/LDH material on Ni2+ under weak acid conditions[88]
Fig. 16 Synthesis of Ti3C2Tx MXene (hydration intercalation method), and schematic diagram of Ti3C2Tx MXene adsorption U(Ⅵ)[65]
Fig. 17 Maximum adsorption of uranium by Ti2C, V2C and Cr2C MXenes decorated with different types of surfaces[96]
Fig. 18 Synthesis of layered titanate nanostructures (HTNs) and their adsorption of radioactive elements[99]
Fig. 19 Full-scan XPS spectra of Ti3C2Tx and Ti3C2Tx-Cs[103]
Fig. 20 Adsorption mechanism of Ba2+ on Ti3C2Tx MXene: Ba2+ combines with —OH and —F functional groups on the surface of Ti3C2Tx MXene to form Ba(OH)2 and Ba(F)2, respectively[67]
Fig. 21 Ti3C2Tx was activated by NaOH to form Alk-Ti3C2Tx for the adsorption of radioactive Ba2+[105]
Fig. 22 The removal rates of Ti3C2Tx MXene for Ba2+ (a) and Sr2+ (b), respectively[106]
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