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Progress in Chemistry 2007, No.0203 Previous issue Next issue

In this issue:

Review
Trends and Problems in Studies of Rare-Earths-Based Drugs
Yang Xiaogai|Yang Xiaoda|Wang Kui**
2007, 19 (0203): 201-204 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
The interest on the studies of rare-earths-based drugs is increasing.The recent issue of Chemical Society Reviews is a special issue devoting to the current studies in this aspect. In the present comment, the trends and problems are discussed in connection with the current status in this field and the reviews published in the Chemical Society Reviews. The basic problems open for clarification are emphasized. Enlightened by the changing research paradigm for drug exploration, the following working principles are discussed: to convert the adverse biological effects to the pharmacological ones, to lay the basis of study on the intervention on cell signalling networks, to handle the activity-toxicity relationship and the strategies for rational design.
Chemical Characteristics of Enhanced Flocculation Removal of Organic Pollutants by Cationic Polyelectrolytes
Tian Binghui**|Pan Gang|Luan Zhaokun
2007, 19 (0203): 205-211 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
Enhanced flocculation has been applied for removal organic pollutants in water treatment. However,the flocculation mechanism and the reason that cationic polyelectrolytes have the good efficiency and the specialization in enhanced flocculation haven't been clearly illustrated. In recent years, using molecular environmental science and advanced analysis techniques, study on enhanced flocculation that is based on different chemical characteristics of flocculation has been become to a research hotspot in environmental water chemistry and water treatment technology. In this paper, studies on the chemical characteristics of enhanced flocculation are generally reviewed．Future trends of development in this field are also proposed.
Colloid Particles Adsorption and Interfacial Assembly at the Fluids Interface
Huang Weian1*,Lan Qiang2,Zhang Yan2
2007, 19 (0203): 212-219 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
The phenomenon of adsorption of colloidal particles at interfaces between two immiscible liquids including plane and curved interfaces is reviewed. The adsorption of colloid particles at the interface has been affected by lots of complicated factors such as size, mutual interaction of intra-particles, charging, wet-ability, etc . In the first part, we summarize the theoretic development during the adsorption of colloid particles beginning with basic interaction forces. In the second part, we mainly discuss the applications of adsorption of colloid particles at the interface in the fields of the interfacial assembly, emulsions and new materials with special functions.
Titanium Oxide Modified by Plasma and Red-shift of its Response Spectrum
Li Xiaojing1,Qiao Guanjun1*|Chen Jierong2
2007, 19 (0203): 220-224 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
Titanium oxide is the promising material for its application in photocatalysis. But its wide band gap limits the practical application in the case of solar light.The development of red-shift of its response spectrum is one of the most important subjects of the research. Plasma treatment is an effective method to modify titanium oxide. Recently, the progress has been made in the field of modifying titanium oxide by plasma and red-shift of its response spectrum. Oxygen vacancy and substitutive atom are produced on the surface of plasma-treated titanium oxide. Thus, decrease of band gap results in red-shift of its response spectrum. The modification methods by plasma to enable titanium oxide to display red-shift of response spectrum are present in this review. Furthermore, prospect of this research in the future is also discussed.
Nonmeatl Element Doping Mechanisms of Titanium Oxide Photocatalyst
Tang Yuchao1,2**|Huang Xianhuai2|Yu Hanqing1|Hu Chun3
2007, 19 (0203): 225-233 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
In order to obtain visible light response, doping or modifying titania by nonmetal elements such as nitrogen has been investigated extensively in recent years. In this paper, recent progress in mechanism of titania doping by nitrogen, carbon, sulphur, fluorine is reviewed. Methods for preparing nitrogen doped titania are follows: i) reduce titania by ammonia gas under high temperature; ii) sputter titania target in nitrogen gas; iii)pulsed laser deposition in nitrogen gas; iv) mechanochemica1 process titania in ammonia condition; v)direct oxidation titanic nitrogen; vi)forming organic titanic nitride and then thermal treated it; vii)hydrolysis a titanic precursor in ammonia solution then thermal treated the precipitate. Structure and the mechanism of visible light response of the nitrogen doped titania are discussed according to literature reports although there had many inconsistent conclusions. Narrowing the band gap of titania or forming a new isolated level in band gap may be the most probable reason for visible response. Titania doping by carbon, sulphur or fluorine can also give rise to visible light response and high photo efficiency, but there had many inconsistent conclusions too.
Transition Metal Sulfides Catalysts: Active Phase Structure and Mechanism of the Catalytic Reaction
Chai Yongming|An Gaojun,Liu Yunqi,Liu Chenguang**
2007, 19 (0203): 234-242 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
The supported catalysts of transition metal sulfides (TMS) are applied in the petroleum refining processes extensively. In order to aid the development of catalysts for hydrodesulfurization (HDS), there has been a strong emphasis in the past on establishing fundamental relationships between the structure of the catalyst and the HDS activity. In this paper, the progress of research is reviewed from two aspects ： the structure of the active phase and the mechanism of adsorption-to-reaction of reactants on the active sites on the surface of TMS catalysts.The controversies in the research of catalysis of transition metal sulfides and the directions in the future are also propounded.
Fabricating Technologies of Diesel Oil Hydrotreating Catalysts
An Gaojun|Liu Yunq**|Chai Yongming|Liu Chenguang
2007, 19 (0203): 243-249 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
The fabricating technologies of diesel oil hydrotreating catalysts are considered to have developed through three steps in general. Consequently, three generations of catalysts have been formed, which are monolayer-dispersed and supported metallic sulfide catalysts, multilayer-dispersed and supported metallic sulfide catalysts and unsupported metallic sulfide catalysts, respectively. The application background, fabrication thoughts and progress in the researches of the molybdenum sulfide-based hydrotreating catalysts are reviewed systemically, and the opinions with respect to the future development trend of diesel oil hydrotreating catalysts are proposed.
Microwave Irradiation-Enzyme Coupling Catalysis
Xia Yongmei,Sun Shiyu,Fang Yun**,Min Rui,Wu Hongping,Zhang Yue
2007, 19 (0203): 250-255 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
Appling microwave irradiation in non-aqueous enzymatic catalysis can bringe many interesting findings, which is quite different from those observed from conventional heating assisted enzymatic reaction. The progress in microwave irradiation-enzyme coupling catalysis is reviewed. The evidence of non-thermal effect generated by microwave irradiation, effect of microwave irradiation on enzyme formation and activity, effect of microwave irradiation on kinetics, enantioselectivity, substrates selectivity, and regionselectivity in the reactions are discussed as well. In most of the cases, microwave irradiation does not reduce enzyme's activity but improves reaction rate instead, and influences the enzyme specificity.
Studies of Surface-Enhanced Fluorescence
Lü Fengting1,Zheng Hairong 2,Fang Yu 1**
2007, 19 (0203): 256-266 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
The phenomenon, mechanisms and applications of metallic surfaces-enhanced fluorescence are reviewed. The phenomenon of enhanced fluorescence emission can be observed on both a non-continuous metallic surface and a continuous metallic surface. But the natures of the enhancement are different. The presence of a non-continuous metallic surface can have dramatic effects on the radiative decay rate of a nearby fluorophore.. Above a continuous metallic surface, however,excited fluorophores can couple with surface plasmons, and result in enhanced fluorescence. Compared with the emission near a non-continuous metallic surface, the emission near a continuous metallic surface is highly directional.Furthermore,surface-enhanced fluorescence has found uses in DNA assays, and FRET-based immunoassays.
The Single Chamber Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
Wang Kang|Shao Zongping**
2007, 19 (0203): 267-275 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
Recently, there is an increasing interest on a novel type of fuel cell.,the single chamber fuel cell, which generates electricity through the reaction of fuel with oxygen within the same chamber. Such fuel cell has potential application in portable power supply because of its unique properties, such as sealant-free, simple cell/stack configuration, and good thermal/mechanical shock resistance. The present paper gives an thoroughly review in the recent progress on the single chamber solid oxide fuel cell. Main attentions are paid to its development background, characteristics, working principle, and various parameters that determinating its performance. The main block limits its future application and the possible solution are proposed.
Organic Functional Materials Based on Cross-shaped Conjunction Structures
Wang Hongyu1,Feng Jiachun1|Huang Wei1**|Wei Wei2 **
2007, 19 (0203): 276-282 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
Recently, much attention has been paid to the preparation, characterization, and theoretical studies of cross-shaped conjugation systems. This article reviews the recent progress in this field, especially application in self-assembly, organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) and metal ion sensing. Finally, authors' work on the cross-shaped p-n diblock oligomers is introduced. The development prospects of cross-shaped conjunction systems are also presented.
Application of Palladacycles in Heck Reactions
Shi Ronghui1,Liu Ye2,Liu Pu1*|Wang Xiangyu1
2007, 19 (0203): 283-291 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions have been widely applied in chemical industry, synthesis of natural products and biological active substance. The catalytic system is the key of cross-coupling reaction. Palladacycles, which have simple structures, stable properties and show high activity and selectivity as catalysts in cross-coupling reactions, have attracted great attention, some new palladacycles are synthesized and their catalytic activities are studied in succession. In this paper, the synthesis methods and applications in the Heck reactions are reviewed.
Selective Oxidation of Methylbenzenes
Hu Anjun,Lü Chunxu**,Li Bindong
2007, 19 (0203): 292-302 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
Vapor-phase and liquid-phase selective oxidation of methylbenzenes, using O2 as clean oxidant, are reviewed. In the vapor-phase oxidation, the metal oxide catalysts, the molecular sieves catalysts and the supported catalysts are summarized and the factors influencing their activity and selectivity are analyzed. In the liquid-phase oxidation, the progress on the MC(mid-century) catalysis system and its mechanism are outlined and special attention is paid on the application of biomimetic catalysis in the catalytic oxidation of methylbenzenes. The future applications of various catalysis systems are prospected.
Hypervalent Iodine Compounds in Organic Synthesis
Pan Zhenliang1,2,Shen Yongwen1,Liang Yongmin1**
2007, 19 (0203): 303-312 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
As a kind of mild , high selective and environment-friendly oxidation reagents, hypervalent iodine compounds have been widely applied in organic synthesis. In recent years, variety of hypervalent iodine compounds with new structure and new reactions and their applications massively emerged, which made their application extend from the traditional alcohol oxidation to the synthesis of some complex structure compounds. The recent progress of hypervalent iodine compounds in organic synthetic reactions, such as the oxidation, addition, substitution and rearrangement, is summarized via the common members of the hypervalent iodine compound family with references. Author's research focus which is mainly on the addition of ketones and the substitution reaction of alkenes with hypervalent iodine compound ortho-iodoxybenzoic acid are introduced.
The Recent Progress in Halogenated Fullerenes
Xie jinsong,Wei xianwen**
2007, 19 (0203): 313-324 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
Since the discovery and large scale preparation of C60, the chemistry of fullerenes has become one of the most developing fields in organic chemistry. Halogenated and perfluoroalkylated fullerenes formed by multi-addition reaction of the fullerene spheroid possessed unique structures and properties, which pioneer one of the new directions for the design of new pattern promising materials based on fullerenes. This paper reviews the progress on the synthetic methods, structures and general properties of halogenated and perfluoroalkylated fullerenes in recent years. Fluorinated fullerene and their derivatives are especially described. The research trends for the future are proposed.
Polymer Field-Effect Transistors:Materials and Devices
Li Rongjin1, Li Hongxiang1,Zhou Xinran2,Hu Wenping 1*
2007, 19 (0203): 325-336 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
Conducting polymers have attracted particular attention recently in organic field-effect transistors due to the simple process for their devices fabrication and the possibility to make devices of large area. Some devices of conducting polymers even exhibit performance which can be compared with that of amorphous silicon. In this paper, the development history of polymer field-effect transisitors is reviewed. The materials, device fabrication, device structures, device performance characterization and working principles are discussed. Finally, the developing prospects and existing problems of polymer field-effect transistors are also addressed.
Dendritic Conjugated Polymers
Zhang Lu,Feng Wei**
2007, 19 (0203): 337-349 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
This paper systematically introduces the development of dendritic conjugated polymer including the characteristics and functionalized application of full-conjugated dendritic polymers, partial-conjugated dendritic polymers and dendrinized conjugated polymers in organic light emitting diode(OLED),electrode, sensor, and light-harvesting systems etc.It summarizes the affecting factors on the optical and electrical properties of dendritic conjugated polymers including the structure factors containing the generation factor, the scaffolding factor, the periphery factor, the core factor, the metallic ion factor etc. and the technology factors such as the solvent and the concentration factors. Additionally, the perspectives and the problems should be solved in the future are provided.
Metal-Free Initiator /Catalyst Systems for the Ring Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Ester Monomers
Liu Jiyan1,2|Zhang Liming2**
2007, 19 (0203): 350-355 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
The ring opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic ester monomers in the presence of various initiator/catalyst systems is a main approach for the preparation of biodegradable aliphatic polyesters. The recent progress of metal-free initiator/catalyst systems used for the ROP of cyclic ester monomers is reviewed, including H2O, alcohol, amine and carboxylic acid initiators, as well as proton acid, phosphine, N-heterocycle catalysts.
Development of Hyperbranched Polyimides
Yi Changfeng1,Li Quantao2,Xu Zushun2**
2007, 19 (0203): 356-361 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
In recent years, based on hyperbranched macromolecules and polyimides, there came into being a new type of hyperbranched polymers--hyperbranched polyimides (HBPIs) which are provided with unique physical and chemical properties. The development and the recent research of HBPIs are reviewed in this article. Typical synthesis methods of HBPIs are emphatically introduced. Characterization by 1H NMR、DSC、DMA、TGA、viscosity and morphology properties analyses are described. The application of HBPIs is also discussed.
Intelligent Drug Delivery System of Intelligent High Polymer Materials
Dai Yani1,2|Li Ping1,3**,Wang Aiqin3
2007, 19 (0203): 362-369 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
The application and development in intelligent drug delivery systems of synthesis intelligent high polymer materials, semisynthesis high polymer materials, and natural intelligent high polymer materials are reviewed. The prospects in intelligent drug delivery system of intelligent high polymer materials are discussed.
Electrochemical Surface Plasmon Resonance Studies
Wang Qiong,Tang Hao **,Xie Qingji,Yao Shouzhuo**
2007, 19 (0203): 370-376 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
Electrochemical surface plasmon resonance (ESPR) is a new technique emerging in recent years, which is the combination of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) with conventional electrochemical techniques. This paper demonstrates the basic principle of the ESPR and its main combination methods. Also the applications of the ESPR in qualitative/quantitative analysis of metallic ions, real time kinetics investigation of nano-film, process study on electrochemical polymerization reaction, biosensors, etc. have been reviewed in detail. The enhancement of the detection sensitivity, the combination of ESPR with other techniques, the microminiaturization and automatization of the survey apparatus may be the future development ways for the ESPR.
Application of Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry in in situ Measurement of Atmospheric Trace Species
Dong Can1,2,Hou Keyong1,2|Wang Junde1|Li Haiyang1*
2007, 19 (0203): 377-384 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
The fundamental principle and advantages of chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) are summarized. New progresses in in situ measurement of transient species is reviewed in detail. Those species include inorganic acid, such asH2SO4、HNO3,free radicals，such as OH、HO2、RO2，and volatile organic compounds. Furthermore, the developmental trend of CIMS is also discussed.
New Development and Applications in Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer
Hou Keyong1,2|Dong Can1,2|Wang Junde1,Li Haiyang1*
2007, 19 (0203): 385-392 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
The new developed soft ionization sources which is used in time-of-flight mass spectrometer is introduced. Proton-Transfer-Reaction(PTR) ionization is a high sensitive method for volatile organic compound. Vacuum ultraviolet lamp ionization source is attractive for portable analytical instrument because of its smallness and simpleness. Desorption electrospray ionization provide better solution for real-time, on-line and high sensitive analysis of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds. Furthermore, it can be used in vivo sampling or living tissue surface. Atmospheric pressure direct analysis in real time ionization uses electric excited states of atoms or molecules of carrier gas to produce molecular ions for analysis. Applications of these new ionization methods to various problems are also discussed. The progress in hybrid TOF instruments and miniaturizing instruments is reviewed and perspectives for the development of TOF-MS instrument are provided.
The Development of Chiral Stationary Phase in Gas Chromatography
Li Li,Zi Min,Ren Chaoxing,Yuan Liming **
2007, 19 (0203): 393-403 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
The development of chiral separation in gas chromatography is briefly described in this paper, and the advance in chiral stationary phases of GC are reviewed, including amino acids, dipeptides, coordinated metal complexes, cyclodextrins, polysaccharides, chiral ionic liquids, cyclopeptides, covalently bonded and linked chiral group. The prospects of chiral stationary phase are also discussed.
Capillary Electrophoresis and the Detection of the Abnormal Prion Protein
Zheng Yanpeng1**,Yan Luting1,Hong Tao1,2
2007, 19 (0203): 404-407 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
Development and applications for capillary electrophoresis（CE） are introduced. The detection of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) with capillary electrophoresis is discussed in detail. CE was seen as a fast developed area of analytical chemistry research in the late 1990s and use of CE to detect PrPSc in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) is an attractive alternative, which has been explored comparatively little.
Nano-gold Bio-probe and Its Applications
Wang Nan,Xu Shukun*|Wang Wenxing
2007, 19 (0203): 408-413 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
In recent years, the combination of nanotechnology and biotechnology made great important progress in nano biotechnology. As a kind of earlier nano materials, nano-gold bio-probe has became a hot area. A review with 46 references is presented on the new development of bio-analytical chemistry by introducing the reaction mechanism between nanogold and biological macromolecules and their applications. Four aspects are reviewed involving nucleic acid analysis, immunity-analysis, single cell analysis and carrier of target medicine. The tendency of nanogold probe in bio-analytical chemistry is also discussed.
Attenuated Total Reflection UV/Vis Spectroscopic Applications
Zhu Hongxiang1,Chai Xinsheng1,2**,Wang Shuangfei1,Song Hainong1,Zhu Junyong3
2007, 19 (0203): 414-419 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
This paper describes the principle of attenuated total reflection(ATR) and the features of ATR-UV spectroscopy. It also provides a comprehensive review of the ATR-UV applications in several complicated streams, such as the solutions having very concentrated compositions or significant amount of suspended solids, and the latex of emulsion polymerization. The ATR-UV spectroscopic techniques is suitable to be developed as an on-line sensor for monitoring the species of interest in many typical industrial process streams ,which provides the real-time information that is very important for the process control. It is very simple and fast, and in general it dose not require sample pretreatment. As an important wavelength range in spectroscopy, the development of ATR-UV technology will be very helpful for not only the process monitoring but also the process study in the chemical engineering related fields.
Advances in Influenza Virus Sialidase Inhibitors
Niu Youhong1,2|Cao Xiaoping1|Ye Xinshan2**
2007, 19 (0203): 420-430 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
Due to the recent emergence of avian flu, the possibility of a pandemic wave of life-threatening flu is a serious worldwide concern. Tamiflu, one of the outstanding successes of rational drug design, becomes a star drug that inhibits virus sialidase (neuraminidase), an enzyme crucial for the release and spread of the influenza virus form infected cells. This event stimulated many people to seek a share of the potentially huge flu drug market. On the basis of a brief introduction of sialidases and their functions, this review summarizes the recent advances in influenza virus sialidase inhibitors with particular focus on the transition state-based design, the synthetic scaffold types of carbohydrate mimetics, and the structure-activity relationship of structure-based sialidase inhibitors. Since sialidases are involved in the pathogenesis of a wide range of other diseases, the knowledge and expertise gained from the influenza study could be used in the design of other drugs, given that they all share certain structural features.
Biomass-Derived Polyols as New Bio-Platform Molecules for Sustainable Production of Fuels and Chemicals
Shen Yihong,Wang Shuai,Luo Chen,Liu Haichao**
2007, 19 (0203): 431-436 |
Published: 24 March 2007
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Abstract
Due to the increasingly serious energy and environmental problems worldwide, renewable and abundant biomass has been identified as the only practical source for sustainable production of fuels and chemicals that are currently produced from dwindling fossil resources. In this respect, we reviewed the latest progresses in the catalytic conversions of biomass-derived polyols to fuels and chemicals, and specifically in the conversions of glycerol and sorbitol to H2 and alkanes via aqueous phase reforming and to value-added diols and oxygenates via selective hydrogenolysis and oxidation. It is thus believed that the biomass-derived polyols will become new bio-platform molecules for renewable fuels and chemicals.