As a class of crucially important biomolecules, phospholipids are key building blocks of cytomembrane and play indispensable roles in a variety of life activities, such as cell activation, metabolism maintenance, hormone secretion, and so on. There are a variety of phospholipids, most of which display remarkable advantages in strong self-assembly ability, excellent biocompatibility, no cytotoxicity and easy availability. As the most typical interfacial materials, the unique bilayer structures and outstanding biological performances of phospholipid membranes have attracted researchers' interests, which provide an excellent platform to investigate molecular characteristics and interfacial interactions on cell membranes. In addition, phospholipids can be also used as biomedical materials. Various chemically modified phospholipids and phospholipid-nanoparticle composites display good prospects for development in biomedical fields of tumor imaging technology and drug targeting delivery, which greatly promotes the development of new-generation biomaterials. In this review, the classification of phospholipids has been summarized and their adsorption behaviors on different substrates are also discussed. Then special interests are placed on selective recognition capacities of the phospholipid bilayers and the interfacial interactions between phospholipid bilayers and various biomolecules, such as peptides, enzymes and proteins. Finally, the enticing prospects of phospholipid-based biomaterials in bio-sensing, drug research and bio-imaging technology are demonstrated.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Classification of phospholipids
2.1 Natural phospholipids
2.2 Synthetic phospholipids
2.3 Phospholipid-based composites
3 Assembly behaviors of phospholipids on different surfaces
3.1 Mica surface
3.2 Silicon dioxide surface
3.3 Gold surface
3.4 Thiolated gold surface
4 Effect of phospholipid bilayers on biomolecules
4.1 Selective recognition at biointerface
4.2 Effect on self-assembly of peptide
4.3 Effect on enzyme catalysis
4.4 Effect on protein
5 Bio-applications of phospholipids
5.1 Bio-sensing
5.2 Drug targeted transport
5.3 Biological imaging technology
5.4 Drug release
6 Conclusion

After more than forty years development, the preparation techniques of ion-imprinted materials have become mature and diverse. According to the main characteristics of the ion-imprinted materials, they can be classified into three groups:bulk imprinting materials, surface imprinting materials and magnetic ion-imprinted materials. The imprinting sites are distributed in the whole body for bulk imprinting materials, while only in the surface for surface imprinting materials. Magnetic ion-imprinted materials can be separated easily due to their magnetism, and their imprinting sites can be distributed in the whole body as well as only in the surface. The paper reviews the preparation methods of normal bulk ion-imprinted materials, including bulk/solution/precipitation/dispersion/suspension/emulsion polymerization methods, phenol-aldehyde/amine-aldehyde condensation polymerization methods, sol-gel process method, combination of free-radical polymerization and sol-gel process method, method using chitosan as ligand and backbone, etc. In addition, the preparation methods of nanoscale bulk ion-imprinted particles and thermo-sensitive bulk ion-imprinted materials are also reviewed. Finally, the future application and development of bulk ion-imprinted materials are prospected.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation of normal bulk ion-imprinted materials
2.1 Bulk polymerization method
2.2 Solution polymerization method
2.3 Precipitation polymerization method
2.4 Dispersion polymerization method
2.5 Suspension polymerization method
2.6 Emulsion polymerization method
2.7 Condensation polymerization method
2.8 Sol-gel process method
2.9 Method of combination of free-radical polymerization and sol-gel process
2.10 Prepared with chitosan
2.11 Other methods
3 Preparation of nanoscale bulk ion-imprinted particles
4 Preparation of thermo-sensitive ion-imprinted materials
5 Conclusion and outlook

Marine toxins produced by harmful algae have a significant threat to human health and environmental safety. In order to reduce the risk of marine toxins, rapid and accurate detection of the toxins is one of the effective methods. Electrochemical biosensors provide a new technique for accurate marine toxins analysis due to their characteristics of time saving, simplicity, high sensitivity, low detection limit, and low cost. Nowadays, the electrochemical biosensors used in marine toxin detection mainly include immunosensors, enzyme sensors and DNA sensors. In this article, the achievements on marine toxin electrochemical biosensor made so far are reviewed. Meanwhile, the current problems and development trend of marine toxins biosensors are discussed and prospected.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Physicochemical properties and toxicity of marine toxins
2.1 Diarrheic shellfish poisoning
2.2 Neurologic shellfish poisoning
2.3 Amnesic shellfish poisoning
2.4 Paralytic shellfish poisoning