Colloidal metal nanoparticles are emerging as key materials because of their localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) property and the enormous applications in catalysis, plasmonics, sensing, and photonics. Anisotropic nanoparticles have attracted increasing attention due to the novel and unusual chemical and physical behavior along with the decreased symmetry. In the case of the anisotropic nanoparticles, triangular gold nanoplates stand out owing to their unique shape and excellent LSPR properties, which is of great significance to develop a new generation of photonic and electronic devices. However, compared with the spherical nanoparticles, the controllable synthesis of triangular gold nanoplates is much more difficult. Therefore, numerous efforts have been put into their controlled synthesis and a variety of methods have been developed successfully, providing opportunities for the better use of this new material. In this review, we highlight the synthetic achievements, the shape-directing mechanism and separation methods of triangular gold nanoplates. We also address the recent breakthroughs of Au triangular structures in constructing anisotropic superlattices and taking advantage of their enhanced electromagnetic field for single-molecular fluorescence detection and surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Finally, with the development of the self-assembly technology, we believe that Au triangular nanoplates are powerful building blocks for the bottom-up materials engineering and it will play a more important role in chemistry, materials and other fields.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of triangular nanoplates
2.1 Chemical or biological reduction methods
2.2 Microwave, ultrasound and light-assisted techniques
3 Mechanisms of crystal growth
4 Various separation methods
4.1 Separation by "bottom-up" method
4.2 Separation by "top-down" method
5 Properties and applications
6 Conclusion

Colloidal quantum dots have attracted impressive attention in the last decades due to their various characteristics and advantages, such as broad excitation range, narrow FWHM (full width at the half maximum), adjustable color and the solution processability. After 30 years' development, the quantum dots materials have been successfully prepared in the "Green Synthesis" route, as well as design and optimization of core-shell structure. Some kinds of the quantum dots could already be produced and supplied in the form of industrial products, with the corresponding commercial applications for photoluminescence devices, including the LED lightening and display fields. In the current stage, more efforts are putting on the development and application of display products, where the photo-luminescent quantum dots device could help to improve the NTSC from 72% to above 100%. Most of the main TV producers have participated in the application of quantum dots and brought out the quantum dots display products, owing to their excellence in color performance and image quality. This paper presents the basic principles of quantum dots emission, development process of quantum dots preparation and structure design, current technology applications in the LED lightening and display fields, as well as their broad application prospects and challenge.
Contents
1 Introducation
2 Colloidal quantum dots
3 Development of colloidal quantum dots
3.1 Synthesis of quantum dots
3.2 Structure design of quantum dots
4 Photo-luminescence applications of colloidal quantum dots
4.1 LED lighting
4.2 LCD display
5 Conclusion

Azo-bridged coupling bisfurazan is formed by two same furazan rings via the azo-bridged coupling reaction. Azo-bridged coupling bisfurazan compounds are one of the nitrogen rich high-energy density materials with predominant thermal-chemical property, which have attracted great attention due to their excellent features such as high percentage of nitrogen, low carbon and hydrogen content, good oxygen balance, high formation enthalpy, and conjugated structure. And they have an optimistic and bright foreground for applying to the fields of high energetic explosive, as well as solid rocket propellant. The research advances of some azo-bridged coupling bisfurazan compounds, such as 3,3'-diamino-4,4'-azofurazan, 3,3'-dinitro-4,4'-azofurazan, azo-bridged coupling bisfurazan halide and azole substituted azo-bridged coupling bisfurazan, in recent 20 years were reviewed from a point view of synthetic methods in this paper. Effects of the side chain substituents on azo-bisfurazan melting point were discussed preliminarily based on the large amounts of melting point data from the literatures. Factors influencing azo-bisfurazan melting point mainly include hydrogen bonded effect, inductive effect, planarity effect, side chain substituent volume and symmetry effect. The structure-function relationship between azo-bisfurazan molecular structure and melting point was studied. This study could contribute to supporting a theoretical reference for the design and synthesis of the novel azo-bridged coupling furazan compounds with specified thermal-chemical performance.
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of azo-bridged coupling bisfurazan
2.1 Diamino azofurazan and its derivatives
2.2 3,3'-Dinitro-4,4'-azofurazan (DNAzF)
2.3 Azofurazan halide
2.4 Cyano azofurazan and its derivatives
2.5 Azole substituted azofurazan
2.6 Other azo-bridged coupling bisfurazan
3 Structure-function relationship between molecular structure and melting point for azo-bridged coupling bisfurazan
3.1 The basic chemical structure and melting point data of azo-bridged coupling bisfurazan
3.2 Effect of simple substituent groups on melting point
3.3 Effect of the side chain heterocyclic substituents on melting point
3.4 Volume and planarity effect of the side chain substituents 3.5 Symmetry effect of the side chain substituents 4 Conclusion

Optically active aryl alcohols are a kind of important chiral building blocks for the synthesis of chiral drugs. In recent years, the preparations of enantiopure aryl alcohols have become one of the focus points in organic chemistry. Compared with conventional chemical processes, biocatalysis is more attractive due to its high enantioselectivity, mild and safe reaction conditions and less environmental hazards. Asymmetric bioreduction of aryl ketones is the most effective method for the synthesis of enantiopure aryl alcohols. This paper mainly reviews the recent progress in the preparation of chiral aryl alcohols by asymmetric bioreduction catalyzed by microbial whole-cells, enzymes, genetically engineered bacteria or yeasts, as well as immobilized cells. The effects of substrate co-solvents such as organic solvents, surfactants and ionic liquids on asymmetric bioreduction are further summarized. The prospect of the preparation of enantiopure aryl alcohols by asymmetric bioreduction is also discussed.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Bioreduction of aryl ketones by microbial whole cells
2.1 Biocatalysis by eukaryotic microbes
2.2 Biocatalysis by prokaryotic microbes
3 Bioreduction of aryl ketones by plant cells
4 Bioreduction of aryl ketones by purified enzymes
5 Bioreduction of aryl ketones by recombinant whole cells
6 Bioreduction of aryl ketones by immobilized cells
7 Effects of substrate co-solvents on the bioreduction
7.1 Organic solvents as co-solvent
7.2 Surfactants as co-solvent
7.3 Ionic liquids as co-solvent
8 Conclusion

Cancer is one of the major diseases seriously threating human health. Chemotherapy plays a crucial role in clinical cancer treatment at present. However, due to the complexity of cancer pathogenesis mechanism and heterogeneity, single drug therapy usually can't afford to effectively suppress cancer progression and migration. Thus, combination therapy involving multiple anticancer mechanisms has been becoming an increasingly important therapeutic strategy in clinical practice. Cancer treatment with nanocarriers which allow for the co-delivery of both drug and gene has been the focus of recent active research in biomedicine field because of their ability to enhance anticancer efficacy and reduce adverse side effects. This article reviews the recent advances on smart drug and gene co-delivery carriers. Various co-delivery carriers are classified on the basis of material type, and the corresponding preparation methods and action mechanisms are introduced respectively in this review. These smart co-delivery carriers will undergo a structural or conformational change upon exposure to intrinsic stimulating factors of tumor microenvironment (e.g. pH, glutathione, enzyme) or exogenous stimuli (e.g. temperature, ultrasound), resulting in the controlled release of both drug and gene to generate synergistic therapeutic effects against cancer. In addition, some personal perspectives on this field are also presented.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Inorganic nanoparticle-based smart drug and gene co-delivery carriers
2.1 Mesoporous silica nanoparticle-based co-delivery carriers
2.2 Other types of inorganic nanoparticle-based co-delivery carriers
3 Polymer-based smart drug and gene co-delivery carriers
3.1 Polymer composite-based co-delivery carriers
3.2 Polymeric micelle and vesicle-based co-delivery carriers
3.3 Nanogel-based co-delivery carriers
4 Liposome-based smart drug and gene co-delivery carriers
4.1 pH-responsive liposomes
4.2 Thermo-responsive liposomes
4.3 Other stimuli responsive liposomes
5 Conclusion

Silk sericin is a kind of natural material originated from a wide variety of cocoons and behaves excellent biocompatibility and a series of unique biological properties. The specific amino acid compositions and structural properties of silk sericin endow it with good water solubility, cellular adhesion and proliferation activity, in situ fluorescence, antioxidant and the inhibitory effect on tyrosinase. With the actions of cross-linking agent, chemical active group or just ultraviolet light, silk sericin can be designed into various structural biomaterials, including micro(nano)-structural materials, 2D (patterned) films, hydrogels or even 3D porous scaffolds, denoting broad prospect in biomedical applications, such as wound healing, tissue regeneration, drug delivery, medicine, material coating. Based on the significant studies of silk sericin in recent years, this review summarizes the structure and physicochemical properties of silk sericin, with a focus on the design of sericin-based biomaterials and their relevant biomedical applications. The prospective regarding the future potential of silk sericin is delivered.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Advantages in biological features
2.1 Low(no) immunogenicity
2.2 Cell proliferation activity
2.3 In situ fluorescence property
2.4 Inhibitory effect on tyrosinase
3 Crosslinking methods and materials design
3.1 Micro (nano) materials
3.2 2D (patterned) films
3.3 Hydrogels
4 Biomedical applications
4.1 Wound dressing
4.2 Novel delivery system
4.3 Surface coating
4.4 Natural medicines
4.5 Others
5 Conclusions

The porous polydicyclopentadiene(PDCPD)-based materials which inherit the high modulus of PDCPD have been greatly concerned in recent years. The major methods to prepare porous PDCPD-based materials include sol-gel & supercritical fluid drying,high internal phase emulsion, chemically induced phase separation and chemical foaming. The structure of porous PDCPD-based materials made by different methods determines their various applications. For example, the porous PDCPD-based materials with low-porosity and closed-cell structure that prepared by chemically induced phase separation and chemical foaming can be used as the structural materials. The PDCPD-based composite membrane fabricated by high internal phase emulsion is applied to catalytic reaction. The open-cell PDCPD aerogels made by sol-gel & supercritical fluid drying have high-porosity and low thermal conductivity (<20 mW/(m·K)), which is a good candidate for the thermal insulation materials. The development of the porous PDCPD-based materials are also prospected.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Sol-gel & supercritical fluid drying
3 High internal phase emulsion
4 Chemically induced phase separation
5 Chemical foaming
6 Conclusion

Organosulfates which have been discovered in secondary organic aerosols are important constituents of PM_2.5 in the atmosphere. Formed through anthropogenic activities and biogenic emissions, they have negative impacts on not only human health but also global climate change. Based on major precursors in different atmospheric environments, i.e., biogenic volatile organic compounds isoprene and α-/β-pinene in forest (clean area), anthropogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban (polluted area), and biogenic and anthropogenic mixed sources carbonyls in areas affected by both vegetation and human activities, we elaborated systematically the categories and structures of organosulfates and their photooxidation formation pathway under various atmospheric conditions with different atmospheric oxidants in the presence of SO₂/H₂SO₄. Then, relevant literatures have been reviewed as much as possible and the concentration levels in PM_2.5 in reported areas worldwide aresummarized. Moreover, up-to-date analytical techniques are described, as well as their benefits and drawbacks. Finally, impact factors of organosulfates formation are discussed. At the end of context, several issues are proposed which need to be addressed urgently, and future research directions in organosulfates are also prospected.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 The categories and formation mechanisms of OS
2.1 Forest (clean area)
2.2 Urban (polluted area)
2.3 Mixture areas affected by both vegetation and human activities
3 The concentration levels of OS
4 Analytical techniques
5 Impact factors
6 Conclusion

In recent years, compared to metal catalysts, metal-free carbon-based catalysts including traditional carbon materials such as activated carbon (AC), biochar (BC), activated carbon fiber (ACF) and activated carbon cloth (ACC), and new nano-carbon material such as carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphene (GE), ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC), and their surface modified materials are gradually investigated as a new peroxide activator. In the field of water treatment, the above carbon-based materials can be used to catalyze and activate peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), peroxymonosulfate (HSO^-₅, PMS) or persulfate (S₂O^2-₈, PS) to produce highly active hydroxyl radicals (·OH) or sulfate radicals (SO₄^·-), which can efficiently degrade organic contaminants through advance oxidation processes (AOPs). What's more, the surface structure of carbon-based materials is rich in functional groups, such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, ketone, pyridine, pyrrole, etc., as well as abundant and varied defect shape, delocalized π electrons, hybrid C orbitals, and so on. They can work together and show the excellent catalytic properties of metal-free carbon-based materials. Therefore, different types of materials and their surface functional groups, surface structure, electron density and other factors play a significant role in the mechanism of carbon-based materials catalyzing peroxides. Accordingly, the progress of this AOP since 2010 and the surface mechanism of the above carbon-based materials in catalyzing peroxide and then degrading organic pollutants in water through the process of adsorption, complexing intermediates and electron transfer are deeply reviewed. Especially, the effects of surface physical and chemical properties on catalyzing mechanisms by the way of oxidation, nitriding, polyatomic in-situ doping and reduction modification are summarized. In addition, the influence mechanism of oxidants on the surface of carbon-based materials is also studied. At the same time, the prospects of the existing problems are pointed out.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Material differences
2.1 Non-nano carbon material
2.2 Nano carbon material
3 The mechanism of the surface physical and
chemical properties
3.1 The effect of oxidation
3.2 The effect of nitriding
3.3 The effect of polyatomic in-situ doping
3.4 The effect of reductive treatments
4 The influence mechanism of oxidants on the surface of carbon-based materials
4.1 Physical properties
4.2 Chemical properties
5 Conclusion

Rechargeable magnesium-sulfur batteries have advantages of good safety, low cost, and high theoretical energy density. Currently, electrolyte is the key factor to restrict the development of magnesium-sulfur batteries. Generally, traditional Grignard reagents and magnesium ion electrolytes are nucleophilic and incompatible with sulfur. In this paper, the electrolytes for magnesium-sulfur batteries are divided into four categories, containing organomagnesium+AlCl₃, MgCl₂+organoaluminum halide, MgCl₂+AlCl₃ and magnesium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide (Mg(TFSI)₂). Among them, the organomagnesium+AlCl₃ electrolyte is relatively promising for magnesium-sulfur batteries, and HMDSMgCl+AlCl₃/THF electrolyte is used to demonstrate a proof of concept for the first rechargeable Mg/S battery. The Mg(TFSI)₂ or MgCl₂+AlCl₃ based electrolyte for magnesium-sulfur batteries do not contain organic metal salts, and the synthesis methods are simple. However, the batteries using these two kinds of electrolytes exhibit low specific capacity and discharge voltage. As for MgCl₂+organoaluminum halide electrolyte, the compatibility with the sulfur electrode has been proved, while the specific capacity, the discharge voltage and other electrochemical properties have not been reported. It is generally believed that the electrolytes for magnesium-sulfur batteries contain monomer Mg, dimeric Mg, trimeric Mg species and other Mg complexes at the same time, and there is a thermodynamically equilibrium among them regulating electrolyte ion conductivity, diffusion coefficient and so on. The effect of anions on the electrolyte is mainly reflected in the anodic stability of electrolytes and the reversibility of Mg deposition-dissolution. Electrolyte additives in the magnesium-sulfur battery electrolyte make a contribution to reduce dissolution of sulfur species and the reoxidation kinetic barrier of low-order MgPS (PS is polysulfides), restrain shuttle effect, and improve the electrolyte conductivity. At last, the research trends of electrolyte for magnesium sulfur batteries are proposed.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Electrolytes for rechargeable magnesium-sulfur batteries
2.1 Organomagnesium + AlCl₃
2.2 MgCl₂ + organoaluminum halide
2.3 MgCl₂+ AlCl₃
2.4 Mg(TFSI)₂
3 Structure of the active cations
4 The comparison of anions
5 Electrolyte additives
6 Conclusion

Lignin is mainly composed of hydroxy-substituted or methoxylated phenyl propane structures and serves as the only renewable bulk feedstock in nature for producing aromatic chemicals. By using suitable catalysts, the long chain structures of lignin can be selectively broken down to obtain different target products. This has been regarded as an important approach for the comprehensive utilization of lignin. Due to the high activity of hydrodeoxygenation, transition metal sulfide catalysts have been used in lignin conversion in recent decades. In this review, the application of transition metal sulfide catalysts in the catalytic conversions of lignin and its model compounds are summarized. The active components, support materials, reaction conditions and reaction mechanism are presented in detail. The existing challenges of sulfide catalysts in the degradation of lignin are discussed. Finally, potential solutions and future trends of this field are presented.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 The application of sulfide catalysts in the hydrodeoxygenation of lignin model compounds
2.1 Mo-based sulfide catalyst
2.2 Other sulfide catalysts
3 The application of sulfide catalysts in the degradation of lignin raw materials
4 Conclusion