Progress in Chemistry

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Misfit-Layered Compounds

Yaohua Xu^1**,Yuan Wang^1,2,Jianing Xu¹,Tianyou Song¹,Shouhua Feng^3**,Wenqin Pang³

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(10): 1253-1261.

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Yaohua Xu^1**,Yuan Wang^1,2,Jianing Xu¹,Tianyou Song¹,Shouhua Feng^3**,Wenqin Pang³. Misfit-Layered Compounds[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(10): 1253-1261.

The studies on the misfit layered compounds are reviewed. There are two subsystems with different unit cell dimensions in the misfit layered compounds,oxides and non-oxides. The chemical formula of non-oxides compounds can be written as [(MX)_n]_x(TX₂)_m (M=Sn, Pb, Bi, lanthanides；X=S, Se, Te；n=1，3/2，2; 1.08 ≤ x ≤ 1.23; T = transition elements；m=1, 2, 3.). The misfit layered oxides have the general chemical formula as Aα[(MO)_n]_x(TO₂)_m (A=Tl, Bi; M=Ca, Sr, Bi, Co; T=Co, Cr; α=0-0.41; n=1, 3/2, 2; m=1, 2; x is in relation with the components of the compounds). Misfit layered compounds including their classification , structures , synthetic methods and properties are summarized. The developing orientation in future is prospected.
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The Effect of Chloride Ion on Ruthenium Supported Catalyst for Ammonia Synthesis

Haifang Chai,Wenfeng Han,Hong Zhu,Huazhang Liu^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(10): 1262-1269.

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Haifang Chai,Wenfeng Han,Hong Zhu,Huazhang Liu^*. The Effect of Chloride Ion on Ruthenium Supported Catalyst for Ammonia Synthesis[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(10): 1262-1269.

Ruthenium catalyst is considered as a new type catalyst for ammonia synthesis after the classical iron fused catalyst. Chloride ion is a poison to the catalyst. This article summarizes the source of the chloride，its state in the catalyst, poisoning effect to the catalyst and the method to remove chloride. It is one of the key points to achieve high catalytic performance for ammonia synthesis.
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Tri-Reforming of Methane to Synthesis Gas

Hongtao Jiang^1,2,Huiquan Li^1**,Yi Zhang¹

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(10): 1270-1277.

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Hongtao Jiang^1,2,Huiquan Li^1**,Yi Zhang¹. Tri-Reforming of Methane to Synthesis Gas[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(10): 1270-1277.

Tri-reforming of methane is a novel process of methane reforming by carbon dioxide , steam , and oxygen simultaneously in one reactor. Tri-reforming of methane can not only produce synthesis gas with H₂/CO ratio of 1.5 —2.0 but also mitigate or eliminate coke deposition of catalyst . It is fit for producing synthesis gas which can be used for production of chemicals (such as methanol and dimethyl ether) , and ultra-clean fuels (such as liquid hydrocarbons) at lower cost than current process of steam reforming of methane. In this paper , the progress in tri-reforming of methane to synthesis gas is reviewed , including thermodynamics , catalyst development , reactor and kinetic behavior. We also point out the favorable foreground of tri-reforming on synthetical utilization of flue gas , coal-bed methane and natural gas. In order to make the process of tri-reforming of methane to synthesis gas economically feasible , what still should be done are developing high-active and coke-resistant catalyst , improving reactor , and probing mechanism of reaction and kinetic behavior.
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High Chloride {100 } Tabular Grain Emulsions

Zhi Li,Tong Zheng,Ying Ci,Bixian Peng,Lijuan Chen^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(10): 1278-1287.

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Zhi Li,Tong Zheng,Ying Ci,Bixian Peng,Lijuan Chen^*. High Chloride {100 } Tabular Grain Emulsions[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(10): 1278-1287.

Silver chloride {100} tabular grain emulsion , which combines the unique photographic advantage of silver chloride and particular tabular morphology of microcrystal , will contribute to enhance the competitive capability of the traditional silver halide photography during the competition with the rising digital image. The reagents ,techniques and mechanism of preparing the silver chloride {100} tabular grain emulsion and its chemical sensitization , optical sensitization and wide applications are reviewed in this paper.
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Synthesis and Surface-Modifications of Iron Oxide Magnetic Nanoparticles and Applications on Separation and Analysis

Zilai Zhao,Zhengyun Bian,Langxing Chen^**,Xiwen He,Yanfen Wang

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(10): 1288-1297.

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Zilai Zhao,Zhengyun Bian,Langxing Chen^**,Xiwen He,Yanfen Wang. Synthesis and Surface-Modifications of Iron Oxide Magnetic Nanoparticles and Applications on Separation and Analysis[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(10): 1288-1297.

Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles with biocompatibility and functional coatings via appropriate surface chemistry approaches have been used for immobilization of cells ,proteins ,enzymes ,antibodies ,oligonucleotides and drugs through covalent bonding or adsorption. The surface-modified magnetic nanoparticles have been widely used in biological and biomedical areas such as immobilization of biomolecules ; separation of metal ions , cells , proteins , DNA ;immunoassay , biochemical analysis and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probes. In this paper , preparation methods ,surface modification approaches and analytical applications of iron oxide－based magnetic nanoparticles are reviewed.
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Synthesis and Application of Spherical Structured Carbon Materials

Liqiang Cheng,Yingliang Liu^**,Jingxian Zhang,Dingsheng Yuan,Changwei Xu,Guanghui Sun

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(10): 1298-1304.

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Liqiang Cheng,Yingliang Liu^**,Jingxian Zhang,Dingsheng Yuan,Changwei Xu,Guanghui Sun. Synthesis and Application of Spherical Structured Carbon Materials[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(10): 1298-1304.

The synthetic methods such as CVD , solvothermal and template method for preparation of spherical structured carbon materials are introduced. The characters of each method are illustrated in detail . The structures of carbon spheres and its characterizing methods are presented , and the latest applications of carbon spheres are reviewed.
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Modification of Carbon Nanotubes by Chemical Reaction

Guojian Wang^*,Zehua Qu

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(10): 1305-1312.

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Guojian Wang^*,Zehua Qu. Modification of Carbon Nanotubes by Chemical Reaction[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(10): 1305-1312.

The research and development of the chemical modification on carbon nanotube surfaces are summarized.The methods of the chemical modification include acidification and its derivative reactions , fluorination , cycloaddition ,atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and carbene addition reaction , etc.
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Carbon Nanotubes/Polymer Composites

Juanling Zhang,Shen Cui^**

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(10): 1313-1321.

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Juanling Zhang,Shen Cui^**. Carbon Nanotubes/Polymer Composites[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(10): 1313-1321.

The purification and surface modification of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are introduced. The emphasis is focused on the preparation methods , the characterization of the microstructure of different polymer/CNTs composites , and the mechanical , electrical and nonlinear optical properties , etc. The applications of the composites in the electrical field ,electromagnetic shielding materials , wave-absorbing and radar-resisting materials , fiber materials , and the industry of aerospace are presented. The prospects and existing problems of the CNTs/polymer composites are also discussed.
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Preparation of Ordered Mesoporous Silica Thin Films and Their Assembly Chemistry

Xueao Zhang^**,Changli Liu,Siwen Qian,Xiaosen Wu,Jianfang Wang,Wenjian Wu

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(10): 1322-1329.

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Xueao Zhang^**,Changli Liu,Siwen Qian,Xiaosen Wu,Jianfang Wang,Wenjian Wu. Preparation of Ordered Mesoporous Silica Thin Films and Their Assembly Chemistry[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(10): 1322-1329.

Advances in the organic-templating synthesis of ordered mesoporous silica thin films are reviewed. The synthetic mechanism and preparation methods, such as extension growth of two interface and evaporation-induced self-assembly, are emphatically discussed. Furthermore, assembly chemistry of ordered mesoporous silica thin films are introduced, including metallic element doped mesoporous thin films, assembly of nanometer particles in mesoporous thin films, and preparation of organic/silica nanocomposite thin films. The developing trends in ordered mesoporous silica thin films are also proposed.
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Preparation and Applications of Silica/Aluminum-Based Micro/Mesoporous Composite Molecular Sieves

Shangru Zhai^1,2**,Li Wei¹,Dongjiang Yang²,Dong Wu²,Yuhan Sun²

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(10): 1330-1337.

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Shangru Zhai^1,2**,Li Wei¹,Dongjiang Yang²,Dong Wu²,Yuhan Sun². Preparation and Applications of Silica/Aluminum-Based Micro/Mesoporous Composite Molecular Sieves[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(10): 1330-1337.

This article reviews the progress in the preparation and applications of silica/aluminum-based bimodal micro/mesoporous composite molecular sieves with dual acidity , and places emphasis on the effectiveness and convenience of those routes to highly stable and catalytically active products. The foreground of this kind of composite molecular sieves is discussed.
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Synthetic Methods of Mesostructured Metal Oxides/Composites

Yangang Wang,Yaojun Wang,Changlin Li,Xiaohui Liu,Yanqin Wang^**,Guanzhong Lu

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(10): 1338-1344.

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Yangang Wang,Yaojun Wang,Changlin Li,Xiaohui Liu,Yanqin Wang^**,Guanzhong Lu. Synthetic Methods of Mesostructured Metal Oxides/Composites[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(10): 1338-1344.

Mesoporous metal oxides/composites are extensively investigated worldwide due to their peculiar components and structures. They have a wide range of potential applications in many fields such as catalysis , sensors ,optics , electricity and magnetism etc. In this paper , the synthetic methods of mesoporous metal oxides/composites are reviewed , which can be divided into three kinds of methods : soft template route ,hard template route and nanocrystal assembly route.
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Ordered Mesoporous Materials for Biology and Medicine

Yan Wang^**,Xuhan Zheng,Zhaohua Jiang

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(10): 1345-1351.

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Yan Wang^**,Xuhan Zheng,Zhaohua Jiang. Ordered Mesoporous Materials for Biology and Medicine[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(10): 1345-1351.

In this paper the main properties of ordered mesoporous materials are briefly described and their various applications in the areas of biology and medicine are reviewed in details, such as enzyme immobilization, biosensors, drug delivery, bioactive materials and separations of biological molecules. The development and performances of the materials for these applications are discussed. Moreover, expectation of improvements in materials and outlook of their potential applications are proposed.
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Advances in Liquid Crystal Elastomers

Deng Deng^**,Guangming Zhu,Fei Song,Feng Xiao,Jinhua Wang

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(10): 1352-1360.

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Deng Deng^**,Guangming Zhu,Fei Song,Feng Xiao,Jinhua Wang. Advances in Liquid Crystal Elastomers[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(10): 1352-1360.

The progress in study of the structure , synthesis ,properties and applications of the liquid crystalline elastomers are reviewed. The future development about the liquid crystalline elastomers is prospected.
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Assembling Poly(pseudo)rotaxanes from Cyclodextrins and Macromolecules

Bo Jing,Xiao Chen^**,Yongcun Chai

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(10): 1361-1368.

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Bo Jing,Xiao Chen^**,Yongcun Chai. Assembling Poly(pseudo)rotaxanes from Cyclodextrins and Macromolecules[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(10): 1361-1368.

Poly(pseudo)rotaxanes with supramolecular structures can be assembled based on non-covalent interactions. Among them, the assembly of cyclodextrins and macromolecules become the focus recently due to their advantages of selectivity, regulating capability, biocompatibility and other interesting properties. In this paper, the recent advances on such construction, especially on the assembling theories and potential applications, are reviewed.
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Chiral Analysis by Mass Spectrometric Kinetic Method

Ming Li^1,2,Huanwen Chen¹,Zhiqiang Liu²,Shuying Liu^2*,Qinhan Jin^1*

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(10): 1369-1374.

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Ming Li^1,2,Huanwen Chen¹,Zhiqiang Liu²,Shuying Liu^2*,Qinhan Jin^1*. Chiral Analysis by Mass Spectrometric Kinetic Method[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(10): 1369-1374.

Transition metal bound complex ions containing the chiral analyte are generated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and subjected to collision-induced dissociation. The ratio of the two competitive dissociation rates is related to the enantiomeric composition of the mixture , and thus can be used to determine the optical purity of the chiral compound. The kinetic method is a rapid , simple , sensitive technique with no wet-chemical and chromatographic steps needed , so it has been widely used in the field of chiral analysis. The theory of kinetic method used in the chiral quantification is introduced and the improvement and applications of it are reviewed.
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Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cells

Shidong Song,Huamin Zhang^*,Xiaoping Ma,Yining Zhang,Baolian Yi

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(10): 1375-1380.

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Shidong Song,Huamin Zhang^*,Xiaoping Ma,Yining Zhang,Baolian Yi. Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cells[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(10): 1375-1380.

The unitized regenerative fuel cells (URFCs) are the most advanced regenerative fuel cells (RFCs) ,which use reversible PEM cells , where each cell is capable of operating both as a fuel cell and as an electrolysis cell .They are particularly very promising energy storage systems to replace traditional secondary batteries for space application since URFCs have distinctive advantages over secondary batteries in that they are long-term energy storage systems with extreme high specific energy and without permanent losses by self discharge and capacity limit. They are enabling for many weight-critical portable applications such as space and military energy storage and conversion systems , as well as remote (off-grid) power sources. In this paper , the recent progress of unitized regenerative fuel cells is introduced , and the issues need to be developed or solved are also put forward.
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Hydroxyl Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Human Urine as Biomarkers of Exposure to PAHs

Hongyun Niu, Yaqi Cai, Fusheng Wei, Shifen Mou, Guibin Jiang

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(10): 1381-1390.

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Hongyun Niu, Yaqi Cai, Fusheng Wei, Shifen Mou, Guibin Jiang. Hydroxyl Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Human Urine as Biomarkers of Exposure to PAHs[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(10): 1381-1390.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which are typical persistent organic pollutants may induce lung and skin cancers in occupational settings. And the evaluation of the exposure to PAHs can provide useful data for epidemiological study and risk assessment of the pollutants. However , due to the complexity of exposure , urinary hydroxyl PAHs which are major metabolites of PAHs in human urine have been widely used as biomarkers of internal dose to evaluate the exposure to PAHs. The absorption , metabolism and the major forms of metabolites of PAHs in urine are reviewed in the paper. Furthermore several important biomarkers and factors that may cause the variation of metabolites excreted in urine are introduced.

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Polymerization of CDI-Activated Charged Acidic and Basic Amino Acids Efficiently Enhanced by Na⁺ and Cl^-

Kongjiang Wang^*,Liang Xin,Jie Ren

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(10): 1391-1396.

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Kongjiang Wang^*,Liang Xin,Jie Ren. Polymerization of CDI-Activated Charged Acidic and Basic Amino Acids Efficiently Enhanced by Na⁺ and Cl^-[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(10): 1391-1396.

The aqueous solution of Na⁺（K⁺）and Cl^- is the reaction system for all the biological reactions. In spite of this , many ion-specific phenomena in H2O were largely considered mystery because of the limited understanding of the weak electrostatic interactions between the ions , ion and water , ion and biomolecules. Combined with the enhanced polymerization of the charged amino acids by opposite-charged common ions Na⁺(K⁺ ) and Cl^-found recently by us , this paper intends to emphasize the importance of the weak electrostatic interactions of the ions with the charged peptides (proteins) in determining their structures and reactions. Its potentials in both the origins of life and in the living systems were also discussed.

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