As the major media, often the only source for chemical information, Internet provides both challenges and opportunities for chemoinformatics, which fosters the advancement of chemoinformatics to meet the ever increasing demands for sharing of chemical data and computational tools over Internet. This paper will review the progress of chemoinformatics motivated by Internet in the past 10 years. Firstly, Internet chemical information searching tools that started from index of text chemical information with web chemistry directory and chemistry search engines for Surface Web to index of chemicals for searching distributed chemical databases by multi-sources index deposit integration and Deep Web data extraction, further to index of physical and chemical property data by information extraction will be discussed. Other topics will cover standards for open access and data interchange among chemical databases and computational applications, computational chemistry resource sharing via online web services, open source packages for chemical information processing, and grid based applications, and efforts for eChemistry and virtual research environment that might be constructed by automated integration of data and computational resources on demand.

Zeolite membranes bear potential applications in chemical sensors, membrane separation and/or catalysis. The molecular sieving effect is spolied due to the existence of defects in zeolite membranes, resulting in lower separation selevtivity. Therefore, the industrial application of zeolite membranes is still very rare. The categories and formation mechanisms of defects in zeolite membranes are reviewed in this paper. According to the working principles, the reparation methods of zeolite membranes are categorized into repetitious hydrothermal synthesis, hydrocarbon impregnation and coking, surface coating, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and chemical liquid deposition (CLD). Based on the extensive discussion of the merits and weaknesses of various reparation methods, the trends in reparation of zeolite membranes are prospected.

The preparation and application of TiO₂ nanotube array are widely investigated in recent years. Anodic oxidation adopted to prepare TiO₂ nanotube array has attracted intensive attention due to its simplicity, low cost and easy industrialization. The preparation of TiO₂ nanotube array by anodic oxidation is reviewed in this paper. Key factors affecting the formation of anodic TiO₂ nanotube array are discussed based on the formation mechanism of anodic TiO₂ nanotube array. In combination with the results of our research group, how to adjust tube diameter, tube length, wall thickness, and improve the quality of surface morphology of anodic TiO₂ nanotube array by changing voltage, potential sweep rate, electrolyte, temperature and oxidation time is summarized. Finally, the development on the doping of anodic TiO₂ nanotube array is presented.

Because of the unique up-converting optical property, up-conversion luminescent materials NaYF4:Yb,Er/Tm have a number of potential applications, including in solid-state lasers, three-dimensional displays, IR imaging, and many others. In resent years, up-converting NaYF4:Yb,Er/Tm nanoparticles have attracted considerable interests due to their potential use as fluorescent labels for sensitive biological detection. The synthesis of up-converting NaYF4:Yb,Er/Tm nanoparticles with high-quality and strong fluorescent performance is the precondition for their applications in biomedicine. In this paper, the studies on the synthesis, surface modification and biological applications of up-converting NaYF4:Yb,Er/Tm nanoparticles are summarized with 60 cited papers for providing a beneficial reference to researchers in their further work.

Peroxo molybdenum and tungsten complexes are very important catalysts in the Sharpless olefins epoxidation, which are potential materials for the catalytic industrialization. The types, structures, synthesis and applications of peroxo Molybdenum and Tungsten complexes are reviewed in this article. The characteristics and recent development in epoxidation are also discussed. On the other hand, the epoxidation mechanism is discussed. The argument and recent development of two epoxidation theories——Mimoun Mechanism and Sharpless Mechanism are reviewed, the recent research progress of calculated chemistry for the transition structure is discussed, and the transition structure of Sharpless Mechanism is mainly discussed. The factors which may affect the catalytic activity are summarized, and the side reactions caused by proton are reviewed. Finally, suggestions for further research of epoxidation are proposed.

Materials with organic-inorganic mesostructure (MSC material) in nature can be simulated by the approach of evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA). EISA is a new and effective approach for preparing MSC material, which has characteristics of quickness, simpleness and high efficiency. In this paper, the principle of EISA approach and the mechanism of the mesostructure forming by EISA approach are discussed in detail. In addition, the factors of affecting the mesostructure forming are probed, and the study and the prospect of using EISA approach to prepare MSC material are also presented.

The recent progress in study of N,S-containing functional polysilanes is reviewed in this paper. Synthesis and photoelectric characterizations of N,S-containing functional polysilanes are introduced. As shown in this paper, N-containing functional groups, such as pyridine, bispyridine and pyrrole, and S-containing functional groups including thiophere, sulfide functional groups are discussed. The molecular design, physical characters and applied areas of N,S-containing functional polysilanes are summarized. The developing trend of study on N,S-containing functional polysilane and application of new materials are forecasted.

A survey of the literature up to Febrary 2008 on the progress of the preparation of [HCuPPh₃]₆ and the application of copper hydride-organo phosphine complexes in organic synthesis is presented in this article. As a reductant, [HCuPPh₃]₆ can selectively reduce the C=C double bond in α,β-unsaturated ester, ketone, aldehyde, nitro and nitrile compounds by hydrogen or silane. The C≡C triple bond in alkyne; as a catalyst, it can promote the reduction of C=C double bonds of aforementioned compounds by hydrogen or silane. The C=C double bond in these compounds or carbonyl group in α,β-unsaturated ketone and aldehyde, alkyl aryl and ketone can be selectively reduced by changing the phosphorous ligand. By employing suitable chiral phosphorous ligands, high enantioselective reductions of the C=C double bond, C=O double bond in prochiral substrates have been achieved. The special reactivity and catalytic activity have been utilized in the synthesis of structurally complex natural products and compounds of bioligical importance.

Carbohydrates are readily available, highly functionalized and have several stereogenic centers. This enables series of chiral ligands to be synthesized and screened in the search for high activities and selectivities for each particular reaction. In recent years, the synthesis and application of carbohydrates have attracted great interest of organic chemists, especially in asymmetric synthesis and catalysis. And the rapidly increasing number of the chiral phosphorus ligands based on carbohydrates are used in asymmetric catalysis. We review the recent progresses on metal ion complexes of carbohydrate type phosphorus ligands in asymmetric hydrogenation, asymmetric allylic substitution, asymmetric hydroformylation and so on.

Chiral calixarenes are a class of important host compounds and have wide applications in chiral recognition, enantiomer separation and asymmetrical catalysis. calix[4]arena is investigated most widely due to its stable conformation and easy derivatization. Among them lots of works reported the chiral calix[4]arenas can be used in enantiometric recognition and dectection. Fluorescence, UV-vis and NMR are the most common methods in the research of chiral recognition. Acording to these methods, the latest research progress in the synthesis of chiral receptors based on calix[4]arenas and theri applications in the chiral recognition are summerized. The prospect of chiral calix[4]arena is also discussed.

In this paper, the progress of the quinoline-based fluorescent zinc in recent years is reviewed. The structurs and principles of design for the fluorescent zinc sensors based on quinoline, 8-hydroxyquinoline or 8-aminoquinoline, are introduced. The influence on optical properties of the quinoline-based fluorescent sensors induced by zinc is summarized. The pratical application and advantages in the detection process of the quinoline-based fluorescent zinc sensors are analyzed. The prospects of this kind of sensors are also put forward.

Fluorescence sensors based on cyclodextrins were intensively studied in recent years. This review surveyed the formation and molecular recognitions of cyclodextrin complexes. Subsequently the cyclodextrin sensors modified by dansyl, pyrene and naphthalene groups, with a focus on their synthesis and applications are reviewed.

Although a number of alternatives to silicon-based materials have been proposed, silicon remains the basic material of electronic industry. Recently research of silicon surface modified organic molecules has become the highlight in surface chemistry. Organic monolayers covalently attached on silicon surface present stable, reproducible and well-controlled solid surfaces, will make much more function relevant to Si-based microelectronics. In this paper, the recent progress are presented on the methods, characterizations and applications of silicon surface modified by monolayers’ organic molecules. Furthermore, the paper brings forward perspectives toward in-depth investigation of organic molecules grafted silicon surface.

The study on polymer-conjugation chemistry developed so rapidly in recent years, since the product of polymer-conjugation not only possesses stability, mechanical property and special structure or morphology character for the polymer, but also presents different physical-chemical properties and extraordinary functionalization. Linkage chemistry is a kind of novel chemical reaction, which possesses high activity, high yield, high selectivity and sensitive on the specifically groups, fit for the link or ligation of the polymer and connect with molecules. Further more, this review also combines with the later scientific literatures to introduce and summarize the development of polymer-conjugation, and rationally expects the foreground of their application.

Recently, the research of dendritic polymers and their functionalization is one of the most considerable interest in the field of polymer science. The review deals with different dendritic polymers which are polyesters, polyglycerol, polyethylenimine hyperbranched polymers, poly(amidoamine), poly(propyleneimine) dendrimers. Amphiphilic dendritic polymers have been prepared via hydrophobic (hydrophilic) modification of a large number of reactive terminal groups of those dendritic polymers，and the methods of modification include amidation, esterification, Michael addition reaction and so on. Different from those dendritic polymers prepared via polycondensation, dendritic polyethylene have been obtained by “chain-walking” mechanism of coordination polymerization, which has attracted increasing attention. In this regard, amphiphilic dendritic polyethylene have been synthesized by copolymerizing ethylene with a comonomer or by tandem chain walking polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization. Furthermore, the possible topics of amphiphilic dendritic polymer in the future investigation are discussed.

The core technology of polymer lithium-ion battery is developing the polymer electrolyte materials with high ionic conductivity, suitable mechanical properties, stable chemical and electrochemical properties. Among many research works for high-performance polymer electrolytes, siloxane-based polymer electrolytes with the versatile the molecular structure design, synthesis easy implementation, excellent and electrochemical performance and conductivity at r. t. have been concerned as an important field. The design and synthesis of new polisiloxane-based polymer electrolytes in recent years are reviewed. It focuses on the research of polymer electrolytes by blend, interpenetrating polymer network structure, crosslinked network structure and inorganic-organic composite of polysiloxane block and graft copolymers. The progress of research methods and the application of polysiloxane-based polymer electrolyte are introduced.

Heparin, a sulfated polysaccharide and a representative antithrombotic drug, has special binding affinity with a number of biologically important proteins such as growth factors and cytokines, and thereby plays an essential role in the regulation of various biological signaling. Heparin-containing matrices or delivery systems immobilized and protected high-affinity heparin-binding growth factors from degradation, release growth factor in a sustained manner, increased both the stability and activity of the growth factor. In this review, we summarized recently developed hydrogel matrices and scaffolds which contained heparin for growth factor delivery in tissue engineering.

Fluorescent sensors can transfer molecular recognition events into fluorescent signals. Among various kinds of chemosensors, fluorescent sensor offer distinct advantages in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, response time and in situ observation, and have attracted much attention recently. This review summarizes the progress of conjugated polymers based fluorescent chemosensors for ions. The molecular design, synthesis, mechanism and application of conjugated polymers based fluorescent chemosensors for cations are detail described, and the developing orientation for further research is presented.

Near-infrared spectroscopy is a widely-used nondestructive analytical tool. But the disadvantages of weak band intensities and greatly overlapped bands have limited its application. In this review, several methods to improve the drawbacks of NIR spectroscopy, such as second-derivative spectrum, two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy and chemometrics, are introduced. The applications of NIR spectroscopy after the useful treatments mentioned here in the studies of the structures and contents of both proteins and polymers with amide groups are discussed. All these show that the methods do a lot of help in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of near-infrared spectra and broaden the potential application of NIR spectroscopy.

The recent development in biomedicine demands more accurate understanding of biological processes at the molecular level. In order to observe the chemical processes of living cells or tissues in a real-time fashion with high space resolution, it is necessary to develop methods to selectively activate molecular probes. Confocal laser technology provides a very efficient method for activation of the molecular probes without any injury to tissues. Based on this technology, a series of photon switch which have biological applications have been realized. By now, the development of caging groups for photon switch has become an interesting research area. In this paper, we summarize the popular one-photon and two-photon photo-removable groups including nitrobenzene, coumarin, quinolines, indole derivatives, etc. The mechanism of these caging groups using as photon switch is surveyed. The application and the prospects of these groups in chemical biology are also discussed.

The technical requirements for the determination of the chemical composition of individual cells are strict due to the complex composition and minute amount of analyte present in a single cell. Due to its high sensitivity, fluorescence detection is one of the dominant detection techniques used for single cell analysis. However, a large number of compounds found in single cells are nonfluorescent. In order to introduce derivatization reagents into cells to label intracellular analytes without evident dilution, considerable efforts on derivatization of intracellular contents have been made. The intralellular labeling methods developed for single cell analysis are summarized in this review, including cell itself acting as a microreaction chamber for derivatization, dericatization mediated by liposome or polyethylene glycol to increase permeabilization of cell membrane, on- and post-column derivatization during single cell analysis with capollary electrophoresis or microchip electrophoresis and labelling of cells with quantum dots. Their principles, characters and applications in single cell analysis are also described in detail.

Due to the micro scale of inner structure of microfluidic analytical chip, the fluid possesses of high specific surface area as well as small diffusion distance which remarkably improves mass transfer rate and enhances sample pretreatment efficiency, such as diffusion or extraction separation before determination. In this paper, the applications of two kinds of liquid-phase mass transfer between miscible phases or immiscible phases in microfluidic analytical chip are reviewed. Further microfabrication and integration based on liquid-phase mass transfer for more complex devices and wider range of functions are introduced. The difficulties in technique development and application tendency are also discussed.

The studies on the fundamental nanofluidics and various applications of nanofluidic chips in chemical and biochemical analysis have achieved fast progress in recent years. Both fundamental and applied researches on nanofluidics need nanofluidic chips that can be fabricated by means of micro- and nanofabrication technologies. This review introduces the developed techniques for fabricating nanofluidic chip, including bulk-film maching method, sacrificial layer technology, mold-machining method, chemical-mechanical polishing method, thermomechanical drawing method, and other fabrication thechnologies. The applications of nanofluidic chips in sample pretreatment and biochemical analysis are reviewed.

Hypoxia is an important characteristic of neoplasma and some other diseases. For this reason, it is becoming an attractive research area to inhibit tumor growth by utilizing the hypoxia environment. The discovery of hypoxia inducible factor-1(HIF-1) has led to a rapidly increasing understanding of the molecular mechanism of tumor hypoxia in the past 15 years. Now it is generally accepted that HIF-1 perform a central role for tumor cells to regulate their metabolisms under hypoxia. Many genes are regulated by HIF-1，their expression will affect oxygen transportation, glucose uptake, glucolysis, and angiogenesis. Therefore, down regulation of the HIF system may interfere tumor’s adaption to hypoxia, thus making it an attractive target for cancer therapy. As most regulations occur on the HIF-1α subunit, researches focus on targeting HIF-1α, which lead to the discovery of a variety of small molecular HIF-1αinhibitors including camptothecin analogues, quinoxaline analogues, rapamycin analogues, some steroids, (aryloxyacetylamino) benzoic acid analogues and some naturally occurring substances like resveratrol and hesperidin. Here we summarize recent information on HIF-1α, especially HIF-1αinhibitors that have the potential of clinical usage.

The occurrence and biological impacts of antibiotics in the environment as a result of large production and extensive use are of growing scientific interest worldwide. Especially, intense works have been undertaken toward to development of analytical methods for the detection of trace antibiotics in the environmental samples. However, few of these works have done in China. Tetracycline antibiotics are known to be an important class of anti-inflammatory compounds currently used for treatment of livestock and in aquaculture, which can induce the potential risk on the environment. This article presents an overview of the physicochemical properties of tetracyclines as well as technologies for collection, storage and pretreatment of the tetracycline-contaminated environmental samples (such as soils and water samples). Recent advantages on determination of tetracycline antibiotics in the environmental samples, problems existed in this research field and further developing trends are discussed.

Because the AC impedance spectroscopy, also called as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS), can provide more detailed information than other impedance measurement methods, it becomes the most popular method for the research on the fuel cell and is being used widely in the fuel cell research field recently. The paper mainly deals with the all aspects of application in DMFC field including in-situ polarization analyst, reaction mechanism details, material performance evaluation, etc. Several key technical problems about EIS including electrochemical system establishment, the reference electrode selection, the equivalent-circuits model for analysis for spectroscopy are discussed.