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Progress in Chemistry 2023, Vol. 35 Issue (2): 263-373 DOI: 10.7536/PC220720 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Research Advance of Carbon-Dots Based Hydrophilic Room Temperature Phosphorescent Composites

Zixuan Liao1,2, Yuhui Wang1(), Jianping Zheng1()   

  1. 1 Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Ningbo 315201, China
    2 Wenzhou Medical University,Wenzhou 325035, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: *e-mail: wangyuhui@nimte.ac.cn (Yuhui Wang); zhengjianping@nimte.ac.cn (Jianping Zheng)
  • Supported by:
    Zhejiang Provincial National Natural Science Foundation of China(LY20B050003); Ningbo 3315 Innovation Teams Program(2019A-14-C)
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Due to the unique merits of long luminescence lifetime and environmental sensitivity, room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) has demonstrated great potential in many fields, e.g., chemo/biosensing, bioimaging, biomedicine, and advanced optical anti-counterfeiting and encryption. In recent years, non-metal doped solid state room temperature phosphorescent (RTP) carbon-dots (CDs) have attracted broad attention because of their facile preparation, chemical inertness, low toxicity, easy surface modification, and so on. However, in an aqueous environment, their RTP emissions suffer from serious triplet quenching that induced by dissolved oxygen and water molecule. How to stabilize the triplet state in aqueous phase is the key to establish their RTP emission, and thus it is necessary to look back the state-of-the-art knowledge of CDs-based water-soluble RTP materials. In this review, in light of the recent advance, we summarize and discuss their synthesis strategies (e.g., inorganic salt melting, SiO2 coating, polymer combination, and hydrogen bond network stabilization), and relevant applications in sensing, imaging and anti-counterfeiting, and finally propose the challenging and future prospects. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review on the synthesis and applications of hydrophilic RTP materials based on CDs. We hope that this review will provide inspiration for the further fabrication and versatile biological uses of CDs-based RTP materials.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Synthetic strategies

2.1 Inorganic salt melting method

2.2 SiO2 coating

2.3 Polymer-based hydrogen stabilization

2.4 Rigid hydrogen bond network stabilization

3 Applications

3.1 Anti-counterfeiting and information encryption

3.2 Detections of metal ions and small molecules

3.3 Biological detection and imaging

3.4 Other applications

4 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: room temperature phosphorescence, carbon-dots, aqueous phase, synthesis, sensing, bioimaging, optical anti-counterfeiting
Fig.1 Schematic illustration of fluorescence (FL), phosphorescence (PL) and delayed fluorescence (DF)
Fig.2 Development timeline of CDs-based RTP materials in aqueous phase[31,45???~49]
Fig.3 (a) The schematic illustration of the molten salt method for the in situ synthesis of CDs@MP nanocomposites; (b) RTP digital photographs of CDs@MP (power and aqueous solution) under ultraviolet light[49]
Fig.4 (a) Schematic diagram of the formation of CDs-RhB@SiO2 via a TEOS hydrolysis-based coating[31]; (b) schematic illustration of the preparation of CDs@SiO2 using surface covalent fixation and the RTP photographs in aqueous solution under the UV excitation[54]
Fig.5 (a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication and RTP emission mechanism of the CDs/PVA film[65]; (b) the construction and structure schematic illustration of the CDs-CA hydrogen bond network[66]; (c) the fabrication and hydrogen bond structure schematic illustration of the CDs-melamine nano-hybrids[48]
Fig.6 The applications of CDs-based water-soluble RTP materials. (a) Information encryption and decryption via the m-CDs@nSiO2 composites[47]; (b) Schematic illustration of the CDs-PVA RTP thin film for Fe3+ sensing[65]; (c) Fluorescence and time resolution imaging via the CDs@SiO2 aqueous RTP nanocomposites[54]; (d) Photodynamic antibacterial application using the nitrogen-doped phosphorescent carbon-dots[87]
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