基于尖晶石型铁氧体的高级氧化技术在有机废水处理中的应用

doi:10.7536/PC200851

随着我国经济的快速发展和城市化进程的加快,自然水体中的有机污染问题愈加严重。基于自由基反应的高级氧化技术(AOPs)可以高效去除水环境中残留的难生物降解的有机污染物,在催化剂的作用下,高级氧化过程方能有效生成强氧化性的自由基来降解有机污染物。尖晶石型铁氧体(MFe₂O₄(M=Zn, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn))被广泛用作高级氧化过程中驱动自由基生成的催化剂,同时强磁性及高稳定性保证其容易在外加磁场的作用下实现回收和再利用。本文主要综述了基于尖晶石型铁氧体的非均相类芬顿技术、光催化技术及过硫酸盐高级氧化技术在有机废水处理方面的研究进展,着重介绍了不同铁氧体磁性纳米材料在上述3种高级氧化技术中催化降解水体中有机污染物的作用机制以及催化性能增强的途径;最后指出尖晶石型铁氧体在高级氧化技术应用中存在的一些问题,并对其后续研究方向进行展望。

关键词： 铁氧体, 类芬顿氧化, 光催化, 过硫酸盐, 有机废水, 催化机理

With the rapid development of China's economy and the acceleration of urbanization, the problem about organic pollutions in natural water bodies has become more and more serious. The advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based on free radical reaction can efficiently degrade the non-biodegradable organic pollutants remaining in water environment. Under the action of the catalyst, the advanced oxidation processes can effectively generate the strong oxidizing free radicals to degrade organic pollutants. Spinel ferrite (MFe₂O₄(M=Zn, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn)) is widely used as a catalyst to promote the generation of free radicals in the advanced oxidation processes, and at the same time, its strong magnetism and high stability ensure that it is easy to recycle by an external magnetic field and further reused. This article mainly reviews the research progress of spinel ferrite-based heterogeneous Fenton-like technology, photocatalytic technology and persulfate advanced oxidation technology in organic wastewater treatment, and focuses on the catalytic degradation mechanism of organic pollutants in water bodies by the different ferrite magnetic nanomaterials in the above three advanced oxidation technologies, and the ways to enhance catalytic performances of ferrite magnetic catalysts. Finally, we point out some problems about the application of spinel ferrite in advanced oxidation processes, and the future research directions of spinel ferrite-based advanced oxidation processes are also prospected.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Spinel ferrite-based heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation technologies

2.1 ZnFe₂O₄

2.2 NiFe₂O₄

2.3 CoFe₂O₄

2.4 MnFe₂O₄

2.5 CuFe₂O₄

3 Spinel ferrite-based photocatalytic technologies

3.1 ZnFe₂O₄

3.2 MFe₂O₄ (M=Ni, Co, Cu)

4 Persulfate oxidation technologies with spinel ferrite as the catalyst

4.1 The organic pollutants degradation in water by persulfate activated with CoFe₂O₄

4.2 The organic pollutants degradation in water by persulfate activated with CuFe₂O₄

4.3 The organic pollutants degradation in water by persulfate activated with MnFe₂O₄

5 Conclusion and prospect

Key words: ferrite, Fenton-like oxidation, photocatalysis, persulfate, organic wastewater, catalytic mechanism

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图1 尖晶石型铁氧体的结构示意图

Fig.1 The schematic representation of spinel ferrite structure

表1 基于磁性铁氧体的非均相类芬顿氧化技术去除水中有机污染物

Table 1 Magnetic ferrite-based heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation technologies used for removal of organic pollutants in water

Catalyst	Synthetic method	Conditions for Fenton-like reaction	Catlayst dosage	H₂O₂ dosage	Pollutants and degradation efficiency	ref
ZnFe₂O₄	hydrothermal route	150 W Xe lamp	0.5 g/L	12.0 mM	AOII 100% (2 h)	19
ZnFe₂O₄/ graphene	solvothermal method	500 W Xe lamp	1.0 g/L	30% H₂O₂ (1 mL)	RhB 100% (2 h); MO 96% (2 h)	20
porous C/ZnFe₂O₄	CO₂-mediated ethanol route	300 W Xe lamp	1.0 g/L	30% H₂O₂ (2 mL)	RhB 100% (1 h); phenol 91% (2 h)	21
NiFe₂O₄	co-precipitation method	-	2.0 g/L	120.0 mM	phenol 95% (5.5 h)	22
NiFe₂O₄/C	calcination method	800 W Xe lamp	0.1 g/L	30% H₂O₂ (0.1 mL)	TC 97.25% (1 h)	23
NiFe₂O₄/CNTs	hydrothermal route	150 W Xe lamp	0.025 g/L	1 μL/mL	SMX 90% (2 h)	24
CoFe₂O₄	co-precipitation route	125 W Hg lamp	1.0 g/L	30% H₂O₂ (3 mL)	MB 90% (1.25 h)	27
CoFe₂O₄-rGO	liquid assembly method	ultrasonic irradiation	0.08 g/L	3 mM	AO7 90.5% (2 h)	28
rGO/CoFe₂O₄	solvothermal method	5.0 mmol/l NH₂OH	0.1 g/L	3 mM	MB 100% (0.25 h)	29
CoFe₂O₄@PPy	oxidization polymerization	300 W Xe lamp	0.2 g/L	30% H₂O₂ (200 μL)	RhB 100% (2 h)	30
MnFe₂O₄	sol-gel method	-	0.6 g/L	200 mM	NOR 90.6% (3 h)	31
MnFe₂O₄/ biochar	co-precipitation method	300 W Xe lamp	0.5 g/L	200 mM	TC 95% (2 h)	33
MnFe₂O₄@SnS₂	hydrothermal method	300 W Xe lamp	0.2 g/L	30% H₂O₂ (3 mL)	MB 92% (2 h)	34
CuFe₂O₄	nanocasting strategy	-	0.3 g/L	40 mM	Imidacloprid 100% (5 h)	35
Cu/CuFe₂O₄	solvothermal method	-	0.1 g/L	15 mM	MB 99% (4 min)	12
CuFe₂O₄@C	solvothermal route	300 W Xe lamp	0.1 g/L	30% H₂O₂ (0.2 mL)	MB 97% (1.5 h)	37
CuFe₂O₄/rGO	hydrothermal method	500 W of microwave power	0.3 g/L	30% H₂O₂ (600 μL)	RhB 95.5% (1 min)	38
CuFe₂O₄@PDA	self-polymerization	-	0.2 g/L	0.5 M	MB 97% (0.5 h)	39
CuFe₂O₄@ g-C₃N₄	self-assembly method	500 W Xe lamp	0.1 g/L	0.01 M	OII 98% (3.5 h)	40

表1 基于磁性铁氧体的非均相类芬顿氧化技术去除水中有机污染物

Table 1 Magnetic ferrite-based heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation technologies used for removal of organic pollutants in water

Catalyst	Synthetic method	Conditions for Fenton-like reaction	Catlayst dosage	H₂O₂ dosage	Pollutants and degradation efficiency	ref
ZnFe₂O₄	hydrothermal route	150 W Xe lamp	0.5 g/L	12.0 mM	AOII 100% (2 h)	19
ZnFe₂O₄/ graphene	solvothermal method	500 W Xe lamp	1.0 g/L	30% H₂O₂ (1 mL)	RhB 100% (2 h); MO 96% (2 h)	20
porous C/ZnFe₂O₄	CO₂-mediated ethanol route	300 W Xe lamp	1.0 g/L	30% H₂O₂ (2 mL)	RhB 100% (1 h); phenol 91% (2 h)	21
NiFe₂O₄	co-precipitation method	-	2.0 g/L	120.0 mM	phenol 95% (5.5 h)	22
NiFe₂O₄/C	calcination method	800 W Xe lamp	0.1 g/L	30% H₂O₂ (0.1 mL)	TC 97.25% (1 h)	23
NiFe₂O₄/CNTs	hydrothermal route	150 W Xe lamp	0.025 g/L	1 μL/mL	SMX 90% (2 h)	24
CoFe₂O₄	co-precipitation route	125 W Hg lamp	1.0 g/L	30% H₂O₂ (3 mL)	MB 90% (1.25 h)	27
CoFe₂O₄-rGO	liquid assembly method	ultrasonic irradiation	0.08 g/L	3 mM	AO7 90.5% (2 h)	28
rGO/CoFe₂O₄	solvothermal method	5.0 mmol/l NH₂OH	0.1 g/L	3 mM	MB 100% (0.25 h)	29
CoFe₂O₄@PPy	oxidization polymerization	300 W Xe lamp	0.2 g/L	30% H₂O₂ (200 μL)	RhB 100% (2 h)	30
MnFe₂O₄	sol-gel method	-	0.6 g/L	200 mM	NOR 90.6% (3 h)	31
MnFe₂O₄/ biochar	co-precipitation method	300 W Xe lamp	0.5 g/L	200 mM	TC 95% (2 h)	33
MnFe₂O₄@SnS₂	hydrothermal method	300 W Xe lamp	0.2 g/L	30% H₂O₂ (3 mL)	MB 92% (2 h)	34
CuFe₂O₄	nanocasting strategy	-	0.3 g/L	40 mM	Imidacloprid 100% (5 h)	35
Cu/CuFe₂O₄	solvothermal method	-	0.1 g/L	15 mM	MB 99% (4 min)	12
CuFe₂O₄@C	solvothermal route	300 W Xe lamp	0.1 g/L	30% H₂O₂ (0.2 mL)	MB 97% (1.5 h)	37
CuFe₂O₄/rGO	hydrothermal method	500 W of microwave power	0.3 g/L	30% H₂O₂ (600 μL)	RhB 95.5% (1 min)	38
CuFe₂O₄@PDA	self-polymerization	-	0.2 g/L	0.5 M	MB 97% (0.5 h)	39
CuFe₂O₄@ g-C₃N₄	self-assembly method	500 W Xe lamp	0.1 g/L	0.01 M	OII 98% (3.5 h)	40

图2 ZnFe2O4光-芬顿机制

Fig.2 The photo-Fenton mechanism in ZnFe2O4

表2 基于磁性铁氧体的光催化氧化技术降解水中有机污染物

Table 2 Degradation of organic pollutants in water using magnetic ferrite-based photocatalytic oxidation technologies

Photocatalyst	Synthetic method	Light source	Catalyst dosage	Pollutants and degradation efficiency	ref
hollow cube ZnFe₂O₄	template method	300 W Xe lamp	0.5 g/L	TCHC 85% (20 min)	41
ZnFe₂O₄(111)	hydrothermal route	500 W Xe lamp	1.0 g/L	RhB 90% (1 h)	43
ZnFe₂O₄-TiO₂	a reflux route	8 W visible-light lamp	1.0 g/L	BPA 98.7% (30 min)	44
ZnFe₂O₄-ZnO	co-precipitation method	500 W halogen lamp	0.5 g/L	MB 98% (6 h)	46
Ag/ZnO/ZnFe₂O₄	facile calcination route	250 W Xe lamp	0.5 g/L	MB 93% (100 min)	47
BiOBr-ZnFe₂O₄	precipitation method	300 W Xe lamp	1.0 g/L	RhB 90% (25 min)	48
biochar @ZnFe₂O₄/BiOBr	solvothermal method	300 W Xe lamp	0.5 g/L	CIP 65% (1 h)	49
p-BiOI/n-ZnFe₂O₄	solvothermal method	400 W halogen lamp	1.0 g/L	AO7 96% (3 h)	51
Ag₃PO₄/ZnFe₂O₄	precipitation route	10 W LED light	1.0 g/L	MB 100% (1 h)	13
C@ZnFe₂O₄/Ag₃PO₄	precipitation method	300 W Xe lamp	1.0 g/L	2,4-DCP 95% (2.5 h)	52
ZnFe₂O₄/AgBr/Ag	precipitation and photoreduction	300 W Xe lamp	0.4 g/L	MO 92% (30 min)	54
g-C₃N₄-ZnFe₂O₄	solvothermal method	500 W Xe lamp	0.25 g/L	MO 98% (3 h)	56
Ag/NiFe₂O₄	combustion method	300 W Xe lamp	0.25 g/L	MB 70% (2 h)	57
Ag/CuFe₂O₄	impregnation strategy	500 W Xe lamp	0.1 g/L	4-CP 81% (2 h)	58
rGO-CoFe₂O₄	hydrothermal route	Solar light	0.4 g/L	4-CP 100% (2 h)	60
Pd-NiFe₂O₄/rGO	hydrothermal route	300 W Xe lamp	1.0 g/L	RhB 99% (2 h)	61
BiOBr/NiFe₂O₄	hydrothermal route	500 W Xe lamp	1.0 g/L	RhB 100% (30 min)	62
Ag₃PO₄@CoFe₂O₄	precipitation approach	500 W halogen lamp	0.4 g/L	MB 100% (40 min)	64
Ag₃PO₄/CuFe₂O₄	deposition method	300 W Xe lamp	0.2 g/L	RhB 100% (35 min)	65
Ag₃PO₄/GO/NiFe₂O₄	deposition route	300 W Xe lamp	0.2 g/L	RhB 100% (30 min)	66
Ag₃PO₄/CoFe₂O₄/GO	precipitation process	300 W Xe lamp	0.3 g/L	MO 91% (15 min)	67
biochar@CoFe₂O₄/Ag₃PO₄	in-situ precipitation method	300 W Xe lamp	0.5 g/L	BPA 91% (60 min)	68
AgBr/NiFe₂O₄	a precipitation method	10 W LED lamp	1.0 g/L	RhB 100% (60 min)	14
AgBr/CoFe₂O₄	a precipitation method	10 W LED lamp	1.0 g/L	MO 95% (60 min)	15
AgBr-Cu-CuFe₂O₄	a precipitation method	10 W LED lamp	1.0 g/L	RhB 95.2% (60 min)	16]

表2 基于磁性铁氧体的光催化氧化技术降解水中有机污染物

Table 2 Degradation of organic pollutants in water using magnetic ferrite-based photocatalytic oxidation technologies

Photocatalyst	Synthetic method	Light source	Catalyst dosage	Pollutants and degradation efficiency	ref
hollow cube ZnFe₂O₄	template method	300 W Xe lamp	0.5 g/L	TCHC 85% (20 min)	41
ZnFe₂O₄(111)	hydrothermal route	500 W Xe lamp	1.0 g/L	RhB 90% (1 h)	43
ZnFe₂O₄-TiO₂	a reflux route	8 W visible-light lamp	1.0 g/L	BPA 98.7% (30 min)	44
ZnFe₂O₄-ZnO	co-precipitation method	500 W halogen lamp	0.5 g/L	MB 98% (6 h)	46
Ag/ZnO/ZnFe₂O₄	facile calcination route	250 W Xe lamp	0.5 g/L	MB 93% (100 min)	47
BiOBr-ZnFe₂O₄	precipitation method	300 W Xe lamp	1.0 g/L	RhB 90% (25 min)	48
biochar @ZnFe₂O₄/BiOBr	solvothermal method	300 W Xe lamp	0.5 g/L	CIP 65% (1 h)	49
p-BiOI/n-ZnFe₂O₄	solvothermal method	400 W halogen lamp	1.0 g/L	AO7 96% (3 h)	51
Ag₃PO₄/ZnFe₂O₄	precipitation route	10 W LED light	1.0 g/L	MB 100% (1 h)	13
C@ZnFe₂O₄/Ag₃PO₄	precipitation method	300 W Xe lamp	1.0 g/L	2,4-DCP 95% (2.5 h)	52
ZnFe₂O₄/AgBr/Ag	precipitation and photoreduction	300 W Xe lamp	0.4 g/L	MO 92% (30 min)	54
g-C₃N₄-ZnFe₂O₄	solvothermal method	500 W Xe lamp	0.25 g/L	MO 98% (3 h)	56
Ag/NiFe₂O₄	combustion method	300 W Xe lamp	0.25 g/L	MB 70% (2 h)	57
Ag/CuFe₂O₄	impregnation strategy	500 W Xe lamp	0.1 g/L	4-CP 81% (2 h)	58
rGO-CoFe₂O₄	hydrothermal route	Solar light	0.4 g/L	4-CP 100% (2 h)	60
Pd-NiFe₂O₄/rGO	hydrothermal route	300 W Xe lamp	1.0 g/L	RhB 99% (2 h)	61
BiOBr/NiFe₂O₄	hydrothermal route	500 W Xe lamp	1.0 g/L	RhB 100% (30 min)	62
Ag₃PO₄@CoFe₂O₄	precipitation approach	500 W halogen lamp	0.4 g/L	MB 100% (40 min)	64
Ag₃PO₄/CuFe₂O₄	deposition method	300 W Xe lamp	0.2 g/L	RhB 100% (35 min)	65
Ag₃PO₄/GO/NiFe₂O₄	deposition route	300 W Xe lamp	0.2 g/L	RhB 100% (30 min)	66
Ag₃PO₄/CoFe₂O₄/GO	precipitation process	300 W Xe lamp	0.3 g/L	MO 91% (15 min)	67
biochar@CoFe₂O₄/Ag₃PO₄	in-situ precipitation method	300 W Xe lamp	0.5 g/L	BPA 91% (60 min)	68
AgBr/NiFe₂O₄	a precipitation method	10 W LED lamp	1.0 g/L	RhB 100% (60 min)	14
AgBr/CoFe₂O₄	a precipitation method	10 W LED lamp	1.0 g/L	MO 95% (60 min)	15
AgBr-Cu-CuFe₂O₄	a precipitation method	10 W LED lamp	1.0 g/L	RhB 95.2% (60 min)	16]

图3 光生载流子转移示意图[44,46]

Fig.3 The schematic diagram of photo-generated carrier transfer[44,46]

图4 (a)Z型电荷转移机制[49];(b)Ⅱ型异质结电荷转移机理[50,51]

Fig.4 (a) Z-scheme charge transfer mechanism[49]; (b) Ⅱ-type heterojunction charge transfer mechanism[50,51]

表3 磁性铁氧体作为催化剂的过硫酸盐氧化技术去除水中的污染物

Table 3 Persulfate oxidation technologies with magnetic ferrite as catalyst used for the removal of pollutants from water

catalyst	Synthetic method	PMS or PDS dosage	Catalyst dosage	Pollutants and degradation efficiency	ref
CoFe₂O₄	hydrothermal method	0.8 mM PMS	0.4 g/L	ATZ 99% (30 min)	72
CoFe₂O₄	sol-gel method	0.5 mM PMS	0.25 g/L	TPhP 99.5% (6 min)	73
CoFe₂O₄/Al₂O₃	sol-gel method	0.5 mM PMS	1.0 mM	SCP 97.8% (15 min)	74
CoFe₂O₄/TiO₂	impregnation-calcination method	4.0 g/L PMS	0.01 g/L	RhB 100% (30 min) Phenol 97.2% (60 min)	75
CoFe₂O₄-rGO	solvothermal route	10 mg/150 mL	0.3 g/150 mL	Phenol 100% (30 min)	76
CoFe₂O₄-GO	hydrothermal method	0.5 mM PMS	0.3 g/L	NOR 100% (20 min)	77
CoFe₂O₄-EG	co-precipitation method	0.4 mM PMS	0.5 g/L	SMX ~92% (20 min)	78
CoFe₂O_4-_x	hydrogen calcination method	3 mM PDS	0.1 g/L	BPA 98% (60 min)	79
CuFe₂O₄	sol-gel combustion method	0.2 mM PMS	0.1 g/L	TBBPA 99% (30 min)	80
CuFe₂O₄	a citrate combustion method	20 μM PMS	0.1 g/L	IPM ~80% (10 min)	81
CuFe₂O₄	a citrate combustion method	0.5 g/L PMS	0.4 g/L	BPA 100% (60 min)	82
CuFe₂O₄	co-precipitation-calcination method	0.5 mM PMS	0.2 g/L	NOR 90% (120 min)	83
CuFe₂O₄	a coprecipitation method	0.2 mM PMS	0.1 g/L	PCB28 89% (8 h)	84
CuFe₂O₄-OMS-2	a solvent-free process	0.65 mM PMS	0.2 g/L	AO7 95.8% (20 min)	85
CuFe₂O₄-Fe₂O₃	a co-precipitation method	0.36 g/L PMS	0.2 g/L	BPA 100% (10 min)	86
CuFe₂O₄/MWCNTs	a sol-gel combustion method	0.6 mM PMS	0.2 g/L	TMP 90% (24 min)	87
CuFe₂O₄-NG	a hydrothermal route	1.0 g/L PMS	0.05 g/L	OⅡ 100% (70 min)	88
CuFe₂O₄/ kaolinite	a facile citrate combustion method	0.5 mM PMS	0.5 g/L	BPA 100% (60 min)	89
CuFe₂O₄	a sol-gel combustion method	8 mM PDS	30 g/L	PNP 89% (60 min)	90
CuFe₂O₄/MWCNTs	a sol-gel combustion route	1.0 g/L PDS	0.1 g/L	DEP 100% (30 min)	91
CuFe₂O₄-Cu	a solvothermal method	1.5 g/L PDS	0.3 g/L	TC 80% (120 min)	17
MnFe₂O₄	the nanocasting strategy	2 mM PMS	0.2 g/L	OⅡ 100% (30 min)	92
MnFe₂O₄	-	0.1 mM PMS	0.2 g/L	BPA 90% (30 min)	93
MnFe₂O₄	-	0.75 mM PMS	0.25 g/L	TCS 100% (20 min)	94
MnFe₂O₄-rGO	a precipitation method	0.5 g/L PMS	0.05 g/L	OⅡ 90% (120 min)	95
MnFe₂O₄-MX	a solvothermal method	0.5 g/L PMS	0.05 g/L	OⅡ 100% (6 min)	96
MnFe₂O₄-MnO₂	a hydrothermal method	0.4 g/L PMS	0.2 g/L	RhB 100% (40 min)	97
MnFe₂O₄	thermal decomposition	0.5 g/L PDS	3 g/L	Phenol 90% (360 min)	98
MnFe₂O₄/AC	a solvothermal method	0.5 g/L PDS	0.2 g/L	OG 100% (30 min)	99
CuO/MnFe₂O₄	an impregnation method	1.0 g/L PDS	1.0 g/L	LVF 87% (120 min)	100

表3 磁性铁氧体作为催化剂的过硫酸盐氧化技术去除水中的污染物

Table 3 Persulfate oxidation technologies with magnetic ferrite as catalyst used for the removal of pollutants from water

catalyst	Synthetic method	PMS or PDS dosage	Catalyst dosage	Pollutants and degradation efficiency	ref
CoFe₂O₄	hydrothermal method	0.8 mM PMS	0.4 g/L	ATZ 99% (30 min)	72
CoFe₂O₄	sol-gel method	0.5 mM PMS	0.25 g/L	TPhP 99.5% (6 min)	73
CoFe₂O₄/Al₂O₃	sol-gel method	0.5 mM PMS	1.0 mM	SCP 97.8% (15 min)	74
CoFe₂O₄/TiO₂	impregnation-calcination method	4.0 g/L PMS	0.01 g/L	RhB 100% (30 min) Phenol 97.2% (60 min)	75
CoFe₂O₄-rGO	solvothermal route	10 mg/150 mL	0.3 g/150 mL	Phenol 100% (30 min)	76
CoFe₂O₄-GO	hydrothermal method	0.5 mM PMS	0.3 g/L	NOR 100% (20 min)	77
CoFe₂O₄-EG	co-precipitation method	0.4 mM PMS	0.5 g/L	SMX ~92% (20 min)	78
CoFe₂O_4-_x	hydrogen calcination method	3 mM PDS	0.1 g/L	BPA 98% (60 min)	79
CuFe₂O₄	sol-gel combustion method	0.2 mM PMS	0.1 g/L	TBBPA 99% (30 min)	80
CuFe₂O₄	a citrate combustion method	20 μM PMS	0.1 g/L	IPM ~80% (10 min)	81
CuFe₂O₄	a citrate combustion method	0.5 g/L PMS	0.4 g/L	BPA 100% (60 min)	82
CuFe₂O₄	co-precipitation-calcination method	0.5 mM PMS	0.2 g/L	NOR 90% (120 min)	83
CuFe₂O₄	a coprecipitation method	0.2 mM PMS	0.1 g/L	PCB28 89% (8 h)	84
CuFe₂O₄-OMS-2	a solvent-free process	0.65 mM PMS	0.2 g/L	AO7 95.8% (20 min)	85
CuFe₂O₄-Fe₂O₃	a co-precipitation method	0.36 g/L PMS	0.2 g/L	BPA 100% (10 min)	86
CuFe₂O₄/MWCNTs	a sol-gel combustion method	0.6 mM PMS	0.2 g/L	TMP 90% (24 min)	87
CuFe₂O₄-NG	a hydrothermal route	1.0 g/L PMS	0.05 g/L	OⅡ 100% (70 min)	88
CuFe₂O₄/ kaolinite	a facile citrate combustion method	0.5 mM PMS	0.5 g/L	BPA 100% (60 min)	89
CuFe₂O₄	a sol-gel combustion method	8 mM PDS	30 g/L	PNP 89% (60 min)	90
CuFe₂O₄/MWCNTs	a sol-gel combustion route	1.0 g/L PDS	0.1 g/L	DEP 100% (30 min)	91
CuFe₂O₄-Cu	a solvothermal method	1.5 g/L PDS	0.3 g/L	TC 80% (120 min)	17
MnFe₂O₄	the nanocasting strategy	2 mM PMS	0.2 g/L	OⅡ 100% (30 min)	92
MnFe₂O₄	-	0.1 mM PMS	0.2 g/L	BPA 90% (30 min)	93
MnFe₂O₄	-	0.75 mM PMS	0.25 g/L	TCS 100% (20 min)	94
MnFe₂O₄-rGO	a precipitation method	0.5 g/L PMS	0.05 g/L	OⅡ 90% (120 min)	95
MnFe₂O₄-MX	a solvothermal method	0.5 g/L PMS	0.05 g/L	OⅡ 100% (6 min)	96
MnFe₂O₄-MnO₂	a hydrothermal method	0.4 g/L PMS	0.2 g/L	RhB 100% (40 min)	97
MnFe₂O₄	thermal decomposition	0.5 g/L PDS	3 g/L	Phenol 90% (360 min)	98
MnFe₂O₄/AC	a solvothermal method	0.5 g/L PDS	0.2 g/L	OG 100% (30 min)	99
CuO/MnFe₂O₄	an impregnation method	1.0 g/L PDS	1.0 g/L	LVF 87% (120 min)	100

图5 过一硫酸盐(a)和过二硫酸盐(b)的结构式

Fig.5 The structure of peroxymonosulfate (a) and peroxydisulfate (b)

图6 CoFe2O4活化PMS产生 SO 4 · -[72]

Fig.6 Activation of PMS by CoFe2O4 to generate SO 4 · -[72]

图7 CuFe2O4活化PMS生成 SO 4 · - [18]

Fig.7 PMS activation by CuFe2O4 to generate SO 4 · - [18]

图8 AC/MnFe2O4活化PDS生成 SO 4 · -[99]

Fig.8 PDS activation by AC/MnFe2O4 to generate SO 4 · -[99]

表4 不同铁氧体在3类高级氧化技术中的应用、催化机制以及活性增强方法的比较

Table 4 Comparison of the application, catalytic mechanism and methods for activity enhancement of different ferrite in AOPs

Catalyst	Application in AOPs	Mechanism for organic pollutants degradation	Methods for the enhancement of activity
ZnFe₂O₄	(1)Fenton ^[19⇓~21]	≡Fe³⁺ + e^- → ≡Fe²⁺; ≡Fe²⁺+ H₂O₂→·OH + ≡Fe³⁺ + OH^- ·OH + pollutants → degradation products	Carbon modification^[20,21]
ZnFe₂O₄	(2)Photocatalysis ^{[13,41,43~44,46⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓~52,54,56]}	ZnFe₂O₄ + hν → e^- + h⁺O₂ + e^- → $O 2 · - O 2 · -$ /h⁺ + pollutants → degradation products	Carbon modification ^[49,52] Construction of heterojunction ^{[13,44,46⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓~52,54]}
NiFe₂O₄	(1)Fenton ^[22⇓~24]	≡Fe³⁺ + e^- → ≡Fe²⁺; ≡Ni²⁺+ ≡Fe³⁺ → ≡Fe²⁺+ ≡Ni³⁺ ≡Fe²⁺+ H₂O₂→·OH + ≡Fe³⁺ + OH^- ·OH + pollutants → degradation products	Carbon modification^[23,24]
	(2)Photocatalysis ^{[14,57,61,62,66]}	NiFe₂O₄ + hν → e^- + h⁺O₂ + e^- → $O 2 · -$ $O 2 · -$ /h⁺ + pollutants → degradation products	Metal deposition ^[57,61] Construction of heterojunction ^[14,62,66]
	CoFe₂O₄	(1)Fenton ^{[27⇓⇓~30]}	≡Co²⁺+ H₂O₂→·OH + ≡Co³⁺ + OH^- ≡Fe²⁺+ H₂O₂→·OH + ≡Fe³⁺ + OH^- ·OH + pollutants → degradation products	Carbon modification^[28,29]
(2)Photocatalysis ^{[15,60,64,67,68]}		CoFe₂O₄ + hν → e^- + h⁺O₂ + e^- → $O 2 · -$ $O 2 · -$ /h⁺ + pollutants → degradation products	Carbon modification^[60] Construction of heterojunction ^{[15,64,67,68]}
(3)Persulfate oxidation ^{[72⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓~79]}		≡Co²⁺-OH^-+ $HSO 5 -$ →≡CoO⁺+ $SO 4 · -$ +H₂O ≡Fe³⁺ + $HSO 5 -$ → ≡Fe²⁺+ $SO 5 · -$ + H⁺ ≡Fe²⁺ + $HSO 5 -$ → ≡Fe³⁺+ $SO 4 · -$ + OH^- $SO 4 · -$ +H₂O → $SO 4 2 -$ + ·OH + H⁺ $SO 4 · -$ /·OH + pollutants → degradation products	Metallic oxide modification ^[74,75] Carbon modification ^[76⇓~78]
CuFe₂O₄		(1)Fenton ^{[12,35,37⇓⇓~40]}	≡Cu⁺+ H₂O₂→·OH + ≡Cu²⁺ + OH^- ≡Fe²⁺+ H₂O₂→·OH + ≡Fe³⁺ + OH^- ·OH + pollutants → degradation products	Carbon modification ^[37,38,40] Metal modification ^[12]
	(2)Photocatalysis ^[16,58,65]	CuFe₂O₄ + hν → e^- + h⁺O₂ + e^- → $O 2 · -$ $O 2 · -$ /h⁺ + pollutants → degradation products	Construction of heterojunction ^[16,65] Metal deposition ^[58]
	(3)Persulfate oxidation ^{[17,80⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓~91]}	≡Cu⁺ + $HSO 5 -$ → ≡Cu²⁺+ $SO 4 · -$ + OH^- ≡Fe²⁺ + $HSO 5 -$ → ≡Fe³⁺+ $SO 4 · -$ + OH^- ≡Fe²⁺ + $HSO 5 -$ → ≡Fe³⁺ + $SO 4 2 -$ + ·OH ≡Cu⁺ + $HSO 5 -$ → ≡Cu²⁺ + $SO 4 2 -$ + ·OH S₂ $O 8 2 -$ + ≡Cu⁺→≡Cu²⁺ + $SO 4 · -$ + $SO 4 2 -$ S₂ $O 8 2 -$ + ≡ $Fe 2 +$ →≡Fe³⁺+ $SO 4 · -$ + $SO 4 2 -$ $SO 4 · -$ /·OH + pollutants → degradation products	Metal modification ^[17] Carbon modification ^[87,88,91] Metallic oxide modification ^[86]
MnFe₂O₄	(1)Fenton ^[31,33,34]	≡ $Mn 2 +$ + H₂O₂→·OH + ≡ $Mn 3 +$ + OH^-≡Fe²⁺+ H₂O₂→·OH + ≡Fe³⁺ + OH^- ·OH + pollutants → degradation products	Carbon modification ^[33]
MnFe₂O₄	(2)Persulfate oxidation ^{[92⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓~100]}	≡ $Mn 2 +$ + $HSO 5 -$ → ≡ $Mn 3 +$ + $SO 4 · -$ + OH^- ≡Fe²⁺ + $HSO 5 -$ → ≡Fe³⁺+ $SO 4 · -$ + OH^- S₂ $O 8 2 -$ + ≡ $Mn 2 +$ → ≡Mn³⁺+ $SO 4 · -$ + $SO 4 2 -$ $SO 4 · -$ +H₂O → $SO 4 2 -$ + ·OH + H⁺ $SO 4 · -$ /·OH + pollutants → degradation products	Carbon modification ^[95,99] Metallic oxide modification ^[97,100]

表4 不同铁氧体在3类高级氧化技术中的应用、催化机制以及活性增强方法的比较

Table 4 Comparison of the application, catalytic mechanism and methods for activity enhancement of different ferrite in AOPs

Catalyst	Application in AOPs	Mechanism for organic pollutants degradation	Methods for the enhancement of activity
ZnFe₂O₄	(1)Fenton ^[19⇓~21]	≡Fe³⁺ + e^- → ≡Fe²⁺; ≡Fe²⁺+ H₂O₂→·OH + ≡Fe³⁺ + OH^- ·OH + pollutants → degradation products	Carbon modification^[20,21]
ZnFe₂O₄	(2)Photocatalysis ^{[13,41,43~44,46⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓~52,54,56]}	ZnFe₂O₄ + hν → e^- + h⁺O₂ + e^- → $O 2 · - O 2 · -$ /h⁺ + pollutants → degradation products	Carbon modification ^[49,52] Construction of heterojunction ^{[13,44,46⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓~52,54]}
NiFe₂O₄	(1)Fenton ^[22⇓~24]	≡Fe³⁺ + e^- → ≡Fe²⁺; ≡Ni²⁺+ ≡Fe³⁺ → ≡Fe²⁺+ ≡Ni³⁺ ≡Fe²⁺+ H₂O₂→·OH + ≡Fe³⁺ + OH^- ·OH + pollutants → degradation products	Carbon modification^[23,24]
	(2)Photocatalysis ^{[14,57,61,62,66]}	NiFe₂O₄ + hν → e^- + h⁺O₂ + e^- → $O 2 · -$ $O 2 · -$ /h⁺ + pollutants → degradation products	Metal deposition ^[57,61] Construction of heterojunction ^[14,62,66]
	CoFe₂O₄	(1)Fenton ^{[27⇓⇓~30]}	≡Co²⁺+ H₂O₂→·OH + ≡Co³⁺ + OH^- ≡Fe²⁺+ H₂O₂→·OH + ≡Fe³⁺ + OH^- ·OH + pollutants → degradation products	Carbon modification^[28,29]
(2)Photocatalysis ^{[15,60,64,67,68]}		CoFe₂O₄ + hν → e^- + h⁺O₂ + e^- → $O 2 · -$ $O 2 · -$ /h⁺ + pollutants → degradation products	Carbon modification^[60] Construction of heterojunction ^{[15,64,67,68]}
(3)Persulfate oxidation ^{[72⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓~79]}		≡Co²⁺-OH^-+ $HSO 5 -$ →≡CoO⁺+ $SO 4 · -$ +H₂O ≡Fe³⁺ + $HSO 5 -$ → ≡Fe²⁺+ $SO 5 · -$ + H⁺ ≡Fe²⁺ + $HSO 5 -$ → ≡Fe³⁺+ $SO 4 · -$ + OH^- $SO 4 · -$ +H₂O → $SO 4 2 -$ + ·OH + H⁺ $SO 4 · -$ /·OH + pollutants → degradation products	Metallic oxide modification ^[74,75] Carbon modification ^[76⇓~78]
CuFe₂O₄		(1)Fenton ^{[12,35,37⇓⇓~40]}	≡Cu⁺+ H₂O₂→·OH + ≡Cu²⁺ + OH^- ≡Fe²⁺+ H₂O₂→·OH + ≡Fe³⁺ + OH^- ·OH + pollutants → degradation products	Carbon modification ^[37,38,40] Metal modification ^[12]
	(2)Photocatalysis ^[16,58,65]	CuFe₂O₄ + hν → e^- + h⁺O₂ + e^- → $O 2 · -$ $O 2 · -$ /h⁺ + pollutants → degradation products	Construction of heterojunction ^[16,65] Metal deposition ^[58]
	(3)Persulfate oxidation ^{[17,80⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓~91]}	≡Cu⁺ + $HSO 5 -$ → ≡Cu²⁺+ $SO 4 · -$ + OH^- ≡Fe²⁺ + $HSO 5 -$ → ≡Fe³⁺+ $SO 4 · -$ + OH^- ≡Fe²⁺ + $HSO 5 -$ → ≡Fe³⁺ + $SO 4 2 -$ + ·OH ≡Cu⁺ + $HSO 5 -$ → ≡Cu²⁺ + $SO 4 2 -$ + ·OH S₂ $O 8 2 -$ + ≡Cu⁺→≡Cu²⁺ + $SO 4 · -$ + $SO 4 2 -$ S₂ $O 8 2 -$ + ≡ $Fe 2 +$ →≡Fe³⁺+ $SO 4 · -$ + $SO 4 2 -$ $SO 4 · -$ /·OH + pollutants → degradation products	Metal modification ^[17] Carbon modification ^[87,88,91] Metallic oxide modification ^[86]
MnFe₂O₄	(1)Fenton ^[31,33,34]	≡ $Mn 2 +$ + H₂O₂→·OH + ≡ $Mn 3 +$ + OH^-≡Fe²⁺+ H₂O₂→·OH + ≡Fe³⁺ + OH^- ·OH + pollutants → degradation products	Carbon modification ^[33]
MnFe₂O₄	(2)Persulfate oxidation ^{[92⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓~100]}	≡ $Mn 2 +$ + $HSO 5 -$ → ≡ $Mn 3 +$ + $SO 4 · -$ + OH^- ≡Fe²⁺ + $HSO 5 -$ → ≡Fe³⁺+ $SO 4 · -$ + OH^- S₂ $O 8 2 -$ + ≡ $Mn 2 +$ → ≡Mn³⁺+ $SO 4 · -$ + $SO 4 2 -$ $SO 4 · -$ +H₂O → $SO 4 2 -$ + ·OH + H⁺ $SO 4 · -$ /·OH + pollutants → degradation products	Carbon modification ^[95,99] Metallic oxide modification ^[97,100]

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基于尖晶石型铁氧体的高级氧化技术在有机废水处理中的应用

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基于尖晶石型铁氧体的高级氧化技术在有机废水处理中的应用

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