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化学进展 2023, Vol. 35 Issue (2): 330-349 DOI: 10.7536/PC220718 前一篇   

• 综述 •

光催化产过氧化氢材料

李锋1,2, 何清运2, 李方2, 唐小龙1,2, 余长林2,*()   

  1. 1 华南理工大学化学与化工学院 广州 510000
    2 广东石油化工学院化学工程学院 茂名 525000
  • 收稿日期:2022-07-14 修回日期:2022-11-21 出版日期:2023-02-24 发布日期:2023-02-15
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(22272034); 广东省珠江学者特聘教授资助计划(2019); 广东省自然科学基金(2021A1515010305); 广东省自然科学基金(2022A1515011900); 广东省普通高校能源和环境绿色催化创新团队(2022KCXTD019)
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Materials for Hydrogen Peroxide Production via Photocatalysis

Feng Li1,2, Qingyun He2, Fang Li2, Xiaolong Tang1,2, Changlin Yu2()   

  1. 1 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology,Guangzhou 510000, China
    2 School of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology,Maoming 525000, China
  • Received:2022-07-14 Revised:2022-11-21 Online:2023-02-24 Published:2023-02-15
  • Contact: *e-mail: yuchanglinjx@163.com
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(22272034); Guangdong Province Universities and Colleges Pearl River Scholar Funded Scheme of China(2019); Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2021A1515010305); Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2022A1515011900); Environment and Energy Green Catalysis Innovation Team of Colleges and Universities of Guangdong Province(2022KCXTD019)

过氧化氢(H2O2)是一种很有潜力的能量载体,且作为一种环保型氧化剂广泛运用于有机合成、饮用水处理、废水处理等工业和医疗卫生领域。随着对环境保护要求的提升,预计H2O2的需求量将大幅增加。传统的蒽醌法(AQ)制备H2O2的工艺流程繁琐和存在有机物污染环境的现象。以O2和H2O为原料、太阳能为能源、半导体为光催化剂的光催化生产H2O2是一个绿色化学过程,具有反应条件温和、操作简单可控和无二次污染等优点。近年来,光催化产H2O2引起了人们的广泛关注。本综述介绍了光催化产H2O2的机理和效率低的原因,重点论述了光催化生成H2O2的体系以及提高光催化产H2O2的策略,最后对光催化产H2O2未来的发展方向进行了展望。

关键词： 光催化, 过氧化氢, 材料, 性能提升, 策略

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a promising energy carrier and an environmentally friendly oxidant which is widely used in industry and health fields including organic synthesis, drinking water treatment, wastewater treatment and medical hygiene. With the promotion of environmental protection requirements, the demand for H2O2 is expected to increase substantially. H2O2 production by the traditional anthraquinone method (AQ) has a tedious process and pollutes the environment with a large amount of organic matter. In contrast, photocatalytic H2O2 production technology is a green process which uses O2 and H2O as raw materials, solar energy as energy source, and semiconductor as photocatalyst, with some distinct advantages, e. g, mild reaction conditions, simple and controllable operation, and no secondary pollution. Nowadays, the production of H2O2 via photocatalytic route has attracted extensive attention. This review introduces the mechanism of photocatalytic H2O2 production and the reasons for its low efficiency. The typical photocatalyst systems and strategies for enhancing photocatalytic efficiency in H2O2 production are intensively summarized and discussed. Finally, the perspective for the future development of photocatalytic H2O2 production is proposed.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 The mechanism of photocatalytic H2O2 production and the reason for its low selectivity

3 Photocatalytic H2O2 production materials

3.1 g-C3N4

3.2 Metal oxide

3.3 Transition metal sulfide

3.4 Organic framework

4 Modification strategies for photocatalyst materials

4.1 Morphology optimization

4.2 Defective engineering

4.3 Heterojunction engineering

4.4 Metal nanoparticles loading

4.5 Element doping

4.6 Introduction of quantum dot modification

4.7 Introduction of organic molecule or group

4.8 Construction of three phase reaction system

5 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: Photocatalytic, Hydrogen peroxide, Materials, Performance enhancements, Strategies
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图1 光催化产H2O2机理图
Fig.1 Mechanism diagram of photocatalytic H2O2 production
图2 光催化生成H2O2三种途径:(a)Au-Ag/TiO2光催化一步双电子ORR生成H2O2机理图[14],(b)a-C3N4光催化两步单电子ORR生成H2O2机理图[15],(c)CN1.8/ICT/CDs光催化双通道途径生成H2O2机理图[20]
Fig.2 Three ways of photocatalytic H2O2 production:(a) Mechanism diagram of Au-Ag/TiO2 photocatalytic generation of H2O2 by one-step two-electron ORR[14], (b) Mechanism diagram of a-C3N4 photocatalytic H2O2 production by two-step single-electron ORR[17],(c) Mechanism diagram of CN1.8/ICT/CDs photocatalytic H2O2 production by two channel way[20]
图3 (a)光催化产H2O2涉及反应的电位图,(b)光催化剂CB底和VB顶部电位图,(c) 在Au(111)上的4e-(蓝色)和2e-(红色)氧还原的自由能图[35]
Fig.3 (a) Potential diagram of the reaction involved in photocatalytic production of H2O2, (b) Potential diagram of CB bottom and VB top of photocatalysts, (c) Free energy diagram for the four- and two-electron oxygen reduction in blue and red, respectively, on Au(111)[35]
表1 g-C3N4基光催化剂光催化生成H2O2
Table 1 Summary of the photocatalytic production of H2O2 with g-C3N4-based photocatalysts
Photocatalyst Reaction conditions H2O2 generation rate (1). AQE/%
(2). AQY/%
(3). SCC/%		 ref
ZIF-8/C3N4 λ ≥420 nm, O2
Pure water		 2641 μmol·h-1·g-1 (1). 19.57(420 nm) 22
K-CN-2 λ ≥420 nm, O2
H2O∶IPA(4∶1)		 133 μmol(1 h) (3). 0.01 24
CNS-500 λ>400 nm, O2
Pure water		 498 μmol·L-1
(0.5 h)		 (2). 4.41
(λ = 420 ± 10 nm)		 26
Cu(2)-SCN λ(400~800 nm),O2
Pure water		 4800 μmol·L-1(6 h) — 27
Sb-SAPC λ≥420 nm, O2
Pure water		 12.4 mg·L-1(2 h) (1). 17.6(420 nm)
(3). 0.61		 37
CN-HP λ>420 nm, O2 H2O∶IPA(9∶1) 4080 μmol(40 min) (1). 2.41 64
g-C3N4
-NH-CH2-OH		 λ>420 nm, O2
Pure water		 213 μmol·L-1(7 h) — 69
Au/C3N4-3 λ≥420 nm, O2
Pure water		 990 μmol·L-1·h-1 — 78
O-CNC4 300 W Xe lamp, O2
H2O∶IPA(9∶1)		 2008.4 μmol·h-1·g-1 — 81
Nv—C ≡N—CN λ≥420 nm, O2 H2O∶IPA(9∶1) 3093 μmol·g-1·h-1 (1). 36.2(400 nm)
(3). 0.23		 86
αFe2O3/CQD@
g-C3N4		 λ>400 nm, O2
Pure water		 1.16 μmol·min-1 (1). 17.80(420 nm) 96
ZnO/g-C3N4 λ>350 nm, O2
EtOH/H2O		 1544 μmol·L-1·h-1 — 99
B-CNT 300 W Xe lamp, O2
IPA/H2O		 42.31 μmol·min-1 — 114
BNQDs/UPCN IPA, O2
λ>420 nm		 72.30 μmol·L-1(1h) — 103
PEI/C3N4 100 mW/cm2, O2
Pure water		 208.1 μmol·g-1·h-1 (2). 2.12(420 nm) 123
表2 金属氧化物基光催化剂光催化生成H2O2
Table 2 Summary of the photocatalytic production of H2O2 with metallic oxide-based photocatalysts
Photocatalyst Reaction conditions H2O2 generation rate (1). AQE/%
(2). AQY/%
(3). SCC/%		 ref
Au0.1Ag0.4/TiO2 λ>280 nm,O2
EtOH∶H2O(4∶96)		 3.4 mmol(12 h) — 13
10%-TC/TO EtOH, O2
λ=365nm		 179.7 μmol·L-1·h-1 — 16
Pd/APTMS/TiO2 AM=1.5 G, O2
Pure water		 150 μmol·h-1 (2). 0.13
(All optical spectrum)		 25
ZnO/g-C3N4 320<λ<800 nm,O2
EtOH/O2		 5312.45 μmol·L-1(8 h) — 65
(1T-2H)-MoSe2/TiO2 EtOH, O2
λ=254 nm		 57 μmol·h-1 — 67
CoOx/Mo∶BiVO4/Pd λ>420 nm, O2
Pure water		 1425 μmol·L-1·h-1 (2). 5.8
(420 nm)		 74
Au/F-TiO2 EtOH, O2
300 W Xe lamp		 6.62 mmol(12 h) — 77
Au/ZnO Ultraviolet light, O2
Pure water		 1.5 mmol·L-1·h-1 — 108
400-Au0.5/WO3 λ>420 nm, O2
MeOH∶H2O(4∶96)		 576 μmol(5 h) — 109
Au NIs/TiO2 λ=365 nm,O2
EtOH∶H2O(5∶95)		 1.9 mmol·g-1(20 min) — 111
SN-GQD/TiO2 API, O2
λ ≥ 300 nm		 451 μmol·L-1·h-1 — 120
ZnIn2S4/TiO2 400≤λ≤760 nm,O2
Pure water		 1530.59 μmol·h-1·g-1 (1). 10.39
(400 nm)		 124
0.1wt%Pd/BiVO4 MeOH, O2
λ>300 nm		 600 μmol (2h) — 128
Pd/A/BiVO4 λ>420 nm, O2
Pure water		 805.9 μmol·g-1·h-1 (3). 0.25 129
PF2FBT/TiO2 λ>420 nm, O2
Pure water		 110.4 μmol — 132
Au0.2/BiVO4 λ>420 nm, O2
Pure water		 40.2 μmol (10h) — 137
MnIn2S4/WO3
(Yb,Tm)		 300 W Xe lamp,O2
Circulating water		 1180 μmol·h-1·g-1 — 135
表3 金属硫化物基光催化剂光催化生成H2O2
Table 3 Summary of the photocatalytic production of H2O2 with metal sulfide-based photocatalysts
Photocatalyst Reaction conditions H2O2 generation rate (1). AQE/%
(2). AQY/%
(3). SCC/%		 ref
NH2-MIL-125@ZnS λ>420 nm, O2
BA, ACN		 120 mmol·g-1·h-1 55
Cd0.5Zn0.5S Air, Pure Water 151.6 μmol·g-1·h-1 56
NiS@g-C3N4-30 λ>420 nm, O2
H2O∶EtOH(9∶1)		 400 μmol(1 h) 57
CdS@ZnIn2S4 λ>420 nm
Pure Water		 604.8 μmol·g-1·h-1 (1). 1.63
(400 nm)		 58
Bi2S3@CdS@RGO λ>420 nm, O2
H2O∶IPA(9∶1)		 212.82 μmol·L-1
(3 h)		 59
Lu3NbO7: Yb, Ho/CQDs/AgInS2/In2S3 λ>420 nm, O2
H2O∶EtOH(9∶1)		 902.9 μmol
(5 h)		 72
ZrS1-yS2-x(15/100) NBs AM=1.5 G, O2
Pure water		 78.1±1.5 μmol·h-1 (2). 11.4
(400 nm)		 87
In2S3@Ov/In2O3 λ>420 nm, O2
Pure water		 4.59 μmol·g-1·min-1 (2). 28.9
(420 nm)		 88
SnS2/MoO3 Simulated sunlight, O2
Pure water		 1000 μmol·L-1
(100 min)		 — 97
表4 有机框架光催化剂光催化生成H2O2
Table 4 Summary of the photocatalytic production of H2O2 with organic framework-based photocatalysts
Photocatalyst Reaction conditions H2O2 generation rate (1). AQE/%
(2). AQY/%
(3). SCC/%		 ref
CTFs-NS-5BT λ≥420 nm, O2
H2O∶BA (9∶1)		 1630 μmol·h-1·g-1 (1). 6.6(420 nm) 25
COF-TfpBpy λ≥420 nm, air
Pure water		 1042 μmol·h-1 (2). 8(420~550 nm)
(3). 1.08(420 nm)		 62
OPA/Zr92.5Ti7.5-MOFs λ>420 nm,O2
H2O∶BA (9∶1)		 9700 μmol·L-1·h-1 — 85
MIL-125-NH2 λ>420 nm,O2
Pure water		 917 μmol·g-1·h-1 — 98
Ni-CAT-CN60 λ≥420 nm, O2
Pure water		 1801 μmol·h-1·g-1 (1). 0.96±0.07
(420 nm)		 102
MIL-125-PDI λ>420 nm,O2
Pure water		 4800 μmol·g-1·h-1 — 104
MOFs-CdS-10h λ>420 nm,O2
H2O∶IPA (4∶1)		 17.1 mmol(24 h) — 117
UiO-66-B AM-1.5,O2
H2O∶IPA (9∶1)		 1002 μmol·h-1g-1 — 126
MIL-125-0.14L2 λ>400 nm,O2
CH3CN∶TEOA (5∶1)		 1654 μmol·L-1·h-1 — 127
TPB-DMTP-COFs λ≥420 nm, O2
Pure water		 2882 μmol·h-1·g-1 (1). 18.4(420 nm)
(3). 0.76(420 nm)		 131
MIL-125-NH2-R7 λ>420 nm,O2
H2O∶BA (2∶5)		 2348 μmol(3 h) — 133
图4 引入C/N空位的g-C3N4分子模型图[79]
Fig.4 Molecular model diagram of g-C3N4 with C/N-vacancy[79]
图5 合成氮空位g-C3N4纳米片[26]
Fig.5 Synthesis of nitrogen vacancy g-C3N4 nanosheets[26]
图6 (a)Nv—C≡N—CN制备过程示意图[86],(b)g-C3N4七嗪单元合成过程中的缺陷结构变化[86](蓝色、灰色和白色的球体分别代表N、C和H原子),(c)合成过程中g-C3N4微观形态的变化[86]
Fig.6 (a) Schematic illustration of the preparation process of Nv—C≡N—CN[86], (b) Defect structure changes in g-C3N4 heptazine units during synthesis[86](The blue, gray, and white spheres represent N, C and H atoms, respectively), (c) The changes in the microscopic morphology of g-C3N4 during synthesis[86]
图7 (a)Z-型异质结原理图,(b)S-型异质结原理图
Fig.7 (a) Schematic diagram of Z-type heterojunction, (b) Schematic diagram of S-type heterojunction
图8 合成样品的(a)光电流和(b)电化学阻抗谱[72],(c)合成Lu3NbO7:Yb,Ho/CQDs/AgInS2/In2S3异质结[72]
Fig.8 Photocurrents (a) and electrochemical impedance spectra(b) of as-synthesized samples[72], (c) The synthetic process of Lu3NbO7:Yb,Ho/CQDs/AgInS2/In2S3 heterostructure[72]
图9 (a)制备的样品在紫外-可见光照射下光催化产生H2O2[99],(b)制备的样品驱动H2O2分解[99],(c) g-C3N4、Cu2(OH)PO4、CN/CuPO(20 wt%)的O2-TPD图[19],(d) g-C3N4、CQD@g-C3N4、α-Fe2O3/CQD@g-C3N4和α-Fe2O3的紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱[96]
Fig.9 (a) Photocatalytic H2O2 production over the prepared samples under UV-vis light irradiation[99], (b) Light-driven H2O2 decomposition on the prepared samples[99], (c)O2-TPD of g-C3N4, Cu2(OH)PO4, and CN/CuPO(20 wt%)[19], (d) UV-vis DRS spectra of g-C3N4, CQD@g-C3N4, α-Fe2O3/CQD@g-C3N4, and α-Fe2O3[96]
图10 (a) CoOx和Pd在Mo:BiVO4上负载示意图,扫描电镜图像:(b) Mo:BiVO4,(c) CoOx/Mo:BiV O 4 ,(d) CoOx/Mo:BiVO4/Pd,(e,f)伴随着白色箭头CoOx/Mo:BiVO4/Pd能量色散X射线光谱(EDS)元素图和谱线图[74]
Fig.10 (a) Schematic deposition processes of CoOx and Pd on Mo:BiVO4 and the corresponding SEM images of (b) Mo:BiVO4, (c)CoOx/Mo:BiVO4, and (d) CoOx/Mo:BiVO4/Pd. (e,f) Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) elemental mapping and line profile along with the white arrow of CoOx/Mo:BiVO4/Pd[74]
图11 B-CNT、P-CNT和S-CNT制备示意图[114]
Fig.11 Schematic illustration for the fabrication of B-CNT, P-CNT, and S-CNT[114]
图12 制备样品的稳态光致发光光谱(a)和时间分辨光致发光衰减光谱(b)[119]
Fig.12 Steady-state photoluminescence spectra (a) and time-resolved photoluminescence decay spectra of the as-prepared samples (b)[119]
图13 使用不同CTFs生成H2O2的不同反应途径示意图[125]
Fig.13 Schematic illustration of different reaction pathways toward H2O2 production using different CTFs[125]
图14 (a)UiO-66、UiO-66-B和UiO-66-B-X的制备示意图(X是MOF中CPBA的摩尔百分比),(b)UiO-66和(c)UiO-66-B吸附氧气后的模拟电子密度分布[126]
Fig.14 (a) Schematic diagram for the preparation of UiO-66, UiO-66-B and UiO-66-B-X (X is the molar percentage of CPBA in the MOF). Simulated electron density distribution after O2 adsorption onto (b) UiO-66 and (c) UiO-66-B[126]
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摘要

光催化产过氧化氢材料